This document outlines the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the initial conceptualization process and consultation with an adviser to define the research problem and parameters. It also describes the typical chapters in a research proposal, including the introduction, background, theoretical framework, statement of problem, and literature review. The methods and procedures section explains how to describe the research methodology, sampling, and instruments.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
UNIT – II: RESEARCH FORMULATION AND DESIGNING: Defining and formulating the
research problem-Selecting the problem, Literature review-Importance of literature review
in defining a problem-Sources of collecting reviews, Development of working hypothesis.
Ethical issues in formulation of business research. Research design-Basic Principles, Need of
research design - Features of good design, Types of research design-Descriptive,
Exploratory, Experimental.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. This process of developing the specific
research inquiry is referred to as
conceptualization. A gradual
clarification of concepts occurs,
influenced by changes which have
resulted from socio-cultural trends.
4. After the research problem is identified by
the student, it becomes timely to consult a
research adviser to set the parameters of the
projected inquiry. Such a consultation will
resolve the following issues:
1. Type of research work, whether it shall
be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory.
2. The sources suggested by an
experienced adviser .
5. 3. The timeframe for the research
project.
4. Other general matters can be
discussed with the adviser
preparatory to framing the research
proposal.
6. Such a consultation can help tie
together random ideas about a planned
project, conducive to the framing of a
suitable research proposal.
8. Elements of Research Proposal
Introduction
Background of the Study
Setting of the Study
Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Hypotheses of the Study
The Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
Definition of Key Terms
9. INTRODUCTION
The introduction serves to orient the
reader about the research project.
It may also include the rationale, legal
basis, and historical setting.
In effect, the introduction is a preview
of the whole study.
10. BACKGROUND THE STUDY
This presents the context of the
study, stating the external factors
which gave rise to the research
proposal.
11. In identifying the factors that contribute to
the Background of the Study, the following
questions may be asked:
What trends re occurring in the field?
What development are most promising?
What problems have surfaced or may
surface?
12. What is the impact of socio- cultural
factors?
If this paper is read 25 years after
its publication, how would the reader
benefit from the study?
What is the general state of
knowledge about the problem?
13. SETTING OF THE STUDY
Identifying the setting is important
as this will demonstrate that the
study is based on a true-to-life
setting about which accurate
observations and measurement
procedures can be made.
14. SETTING OF THE STUDY
Once the researcher works within a
paradigm, two benefits are achieved:
a) A more accurate understanding of
what could otherwise be simply od
actions and views
b) An avenue for new ways of thinking
and explaining things
15. SETTING OF THE STUDY
A different point of view from
another research may eventually
come to light, but the difference
may be in framework for
observation and understanding
17. Theoretical/Conceptual
Framework
This consists of elements called
COMPONENTS of the system and their
interrelationships.
The components interact with each other
and the interaction are either shown in a
diagram or mathematical form.
18. Statement of the Problem
A research proposal is prompted by questions
of observed phenomena which call for an
explanation.
In a research proposal the problem needs to
be stated correctly by the way of a precise
question which demands a specific answer. The
formulation of this question has a bearing a
several on several factors:
19. Statement of the Problem
1. Source of the problem such as from
the researcher’s interest from
suggestion by an adviser or peers , from
the course of the study, or from new
ideas inherent in previous researchers.
2. Factors in problem selection such as
focus, point of view and time frame.
3. Prospect of a good problem proposal
such as its relevance , novelty,
practicality.
20. After determining the problem, the researcher
may then take steps to develop a clear and
functional problem statement. This entails:
a)Establishing the research topic within the
general area of study
b)Developing a more narrowly defined
problem that represents an aspect of the
research topics
c)Formulating the defined issue, the problem
statement.
21. Hypothesis of the Study
The hypothesis is stated by way of a
declarative sentence, relating either in
general or in specific terms, the relationship
of these factors or variables with clear
implication that this relationship can be
empirically or statistically measured.
Without this characteristic of being
potentially measurable, the hypothesis is
not valid or is at least a poor assumption
22. Hypothesis of the Study
The importance of the hypothesis s a tool in
scientific research has long been established
because
a)They direct the research inquiry, saying in
effect what has to be done;
b)They enable the researcher, by the way of
their general relational statements, to make
deductions on specific manifestations
implied by the inquiry problem.
23. Hypothesis of the Study
A more radical way of stating
its importance is to say that a
research problem cannot be
scientifically solved unless it is
reduced into hypothesis form.
24. Significance of the Study
The presentation should prove the importance
of the study in terms of::
Solving a problem
Narrowing or bridging a knowledge gap
Improving socio- economic or politico-
cultural conditions
Validating research instruments and
methods
Supporting development thrusts
25. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The scope tells the extent to which
the results of an inquiry may find an
application.
The delimitation gives information
on the shortcomings of the
investigation, and where results may
fail to apply
26. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
One difficulty in research concerns
the issue of generality or specificity.
If a research problem is too general,
it can become to vague, thus not
measurable. General terms such as
democracy, innovation, self-
transformation do not carry
immediate empirical value.
27. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
On the other hand, there is the
other extreme of too much
specificity. While every scientific
research needs to be narrowed
down, there is the danger of
making the inquiry too thin and
trivial.
28. Definition of Terms
Universally accepted terms are not
defined in the research study. Terms
whose meanings may be different in
the context of the inquiry need to be
defined in this section. Operational
definition of terms are preferred
over dictionary definition of terms.
30. This chapter is divided into four sub-
sections:
FOREIGN LITERATURE – These are
materials published in books, professional
journals, magazines, newspapers and other
publications in other countries
LOCAL LITERATURE – These are
materials found in books, professional
journals, magazines, newspaper and other
publications in the country.
31. FOREIGN STUDIES – These are
unpublished materials, such as
manuscripts, thesis and dissertations
produced in foreign countries
LOCAL STUDIES – These are
unpublished materials, such as
manuscripts, theses and dissertations
produced in the disagreement in the
field of study.
32. Literature and studies are said to
relate to the present research due
to their resemblance by way of:
1. CONTENT
2. METHODOLOGY AND
SAMPLING PLAN
3. USE OF THE SAME SET OF
FACTORS OR VARIABLES IN THE
PRESENT STUDY
33. To establish the baseline information
about the research problem;
To pinpoint strengths and weaknesses
of the literature material or studies;
To lead the researcher to the correct
procedure for obtaining valid results;
and
To highlight the importance of the
inquiry.
34. The chapter may be organized in several ways,
the most common of which are:
THEMATIC ORGAIZATION. The discussion of
the researcher is based on the similarities of ideas or
themes.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION. The study
is organized according to episodes or periods.
SITE ORGANIZATION. The studies are grouped
into “Foreign” or “Local”. The review of Foreign and
Local Studies gives a balanced presentation of an
inquiry by way of determining geographical settings.
35. SOME POINTS TO CONSIDER IN WRITING
THE CHAPTER ARE:
1.Materials reviewed must relate in
purpose, method, and findings with
the current study.
2.Interrelationship of the materials
should be clarified, whie strengths
and weaknesses of each material are
pointed out.
36. 3. The transition from the past study to
the present must be shown, possibly
showing the evolvement of one work to
another.
4. In the text, only the last names of the
authors are given. However, initials are to
be included in case the works cited are
written by persons with the same
surnames.
37. A good review or related literature and
studies is characterized by the following:
1.Most recent materials are used.
2.Review is objective and unbiased.
3.The materials reviewed are relevant
4.The basis of the review conforms to
genuinely original materials; the facts
and data are validly true and reliable.
38. 5. Materials are sufficient enough to
provide insight to research problem.
6. While the length of this section is
not prescribed, it is best to limit it to
the most recent and the most related
materials in order to effect a holistic
and organized review.
39. IV. Methods and Procedures
Methods of research used
-This refers to over all plan and scheme in
conducting te study.
Respondents of the study
-this provide specific information about those who
will participate in the research, either the subjects
in quantitative research or the participants in
qualitative researches.
40. Sampling tehniques used
-this refers to the design for getting respondents that
resulting observations will be representative o the entire
popuaion
1.Probability sampling-uses the”chance process” in
selecting the sample of the research.
2.Non-probability-comprises”convenience sampling”
which utilizes what are available or “purposive sampling”
which includes as samples those that have unique
characteristics
41. Instruments used in the study
Observation w/c determines what is occuring or what
individuals are doing
Interview or the direct method which is an oral type of
questionnaire to determine the perceptions of individuals or
group
The questionnaire or the indirect method w/c use carefuly
planned and printed items given to repondents in order to elicit
answers to question of the research
surveys w/c are administered to assess opinons,perceptions
and attitudes
Documents w/c entil analysis o records such as registry of
birth,death ,marriages
42. Validation of the instruments used
Validity-refers to the extent w/ the
instrument measures what it intends to
measure
Reliability-extent of the consistency of the
instrument
readability –refers to the level of clarity of
the instrument possibly conducting second
run of validation, to make sure the
instrument posseses the mentioned criteria
44. Based on the instrument
questions, the appropriate
statistical tools are used, such as
frequency counts, percentage
scoring, mean and standard
deviation procedure, use of the
5-point likert scale, the t-test etc.
46. Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation
Presentation contains data organized into logical
sequential and meaningful categories and
classified in order to make the data useful for
study and interpretation
Textual
Tabular
Graphical
47. Analysis of Data
This process requires
summarizing the trend patterns
observed in the data presented in
order to arrived at concrete and
acceptable findings
48. Interpretation of Data
This involves inferences relevant
to the problem. Supported by
data or documents, conclusion
may be drawn about the
problems
49. Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation
Summary – it is best to organized the summary
statement according to the stated problem
Conclusions are inferences, deduction and or
generalizations base on findings
Recommendations are addressed to those
concerned to help solve the problem guided by
the research findings.