determination of water classification properties pH and conductivity of different Delhi and NCR region.

1. Determination Of Water Classification Properties
pH And Conductivity Of Different Delhi And
NCR Region
B.Megha
Department Of Information Technology
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University For women
Kashmere Gate, Delhi, India
Abstract: In this paper I represent pH and conductivity of various samples water
collected from different parts of delhi and near capital territory(north delhi, south delhi,
east delhi, waest delhi, gurgaon, faridabad). The main objective of this study was to
classify domestic water on the basis of ph and conductivity.The present study provides
a glimpes of the ph and conductivity values of the domestic wate supplied and its
effects. During the study the highest pH (8.10-8.12) was found in west delhi region and
highest conductivity(5.10) was recorded in north delhi region.
Introduction
pH and conductivity
Two measurements often made on water matrices are pH and conductivity. These are
usually categorized as physical tests, though they are strongly dependent on the

2. chemical characteristics of an aqueous solution. The tests are easy to conduct and are
usually performed shortly after obtaining a sample. Constant values from day to day give
some indication that conditions are stable; and correspondingly changes in these
parameters suggest that underlying conditions are also changing.
pH
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water. Water can be ionized by the
following reaction:
H2O <=> H+ + OH-
Mathematically:
pH = -log[H+]
What this means is that for every tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration, there is
a one unit change in pH. The pH scale is usually said to run from 1 to 14, though the pH
of say, six molar sulphuric acid is less than zero.
In pure water, [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 M. So the pH of pure water is pH 7. Adding acids or
bases to water shifts this balance. Acids add H+, so adding acid raises the [H+] and
lowers the pH. If we add just enough hydrochloric acid to pure water to bring the [H+]
to 10-6 molar, what would the pH be?
The pH of water must be close to neutral (pH 7) for fish or other aquatic organisms to
survive. Similarly, the pH of water in the pore spaces of soil must be close to 7. The soil
pH may also affect the availability to plants of nutrients in the soil. Water with a low pH
(below about 6.5) is corrosive to metal surfaces (eg, copper pipes, steel tanks).

3. Many lab tests require samples to be adjusted to a particular pH by adding a buffer.
Likewise, media used to grow or assay microbes usually need to be adjusted to a certain
pH range. A buffer is a solution that has a high ability to absorb acid or base without
changing pH. Borate, citrate, phosphate, phthalate and other multivalent anions are
often used to make buffer solutions. Buffers can be made quite precisely for calibrating
pH measurements.
We measure pH using indicator dyes, pH test strips, or a pH meter. Dyes are organic
compounds with absorbances in the visible range. Some of these, such that water
supplied for drinking purpose has to undergo many processe such as neutralisation,
precipitation , coagulation etc. All these processes ar are ph dependent. ph of natural
water lies between 4.4-8.5.
For the determining the pH of a solution different methods are employed. the most
widely used method is by using pH metre. the value of pH, the logrithm of the reciprocal
of the hydrogen ion concentation in solution, is determined by measuring the difference
in potential bwtween two electrode immersed in a sample soluion.the method based is
based on the determination of the potential difference between an electrode pair
consisting of a glass electrode sensutive tothe difference in the hydrogen ion activity in
the sample solution and the internal filling solution,and a reference electrode, which is
supposed to have a constant potential independent of the immersing solution. these
days, combined electrodes are used in which the reference electrode is combined with a
glass electrode. the measured potential difference is compared with the potential
obtained when both elctrode are immersed in a solution or buffer with known pH or
hydrogen ion concentration.

4. A chemical cell consisting of an acid-permeable glass membrane separating two
solutions will develop a voltage related to the difference between the hydrogen ion
activities in the two solutions. (Chemical activity is closely related to concentration).
The voltage is related to the activities (or concentrations) by the Nernst equation:
E = E0 - (2.303RT/nF)log([H+]in/[H+]out)
where eare the electrode potential, r is the universal gas constant, t the absolute
temperature and f is the faraday constant.
Conductivity
Conductivity is a measure of how well a solution conducts electricity. Water with
absolutely no impurities (which really does not exist) conducts water very poorly. In real
life, the impurities in water increase its conductivity. Because of this, if we measure the
conductivity of water, we have some estimate of the degree of impurity. The current is
actually carried almost entirely by dissolved ions. The ability of an ion to carry current is
a functions of its charge and its mass or size: Ions with more charge conduct more
current; larger ions conduct less.
To measure conductivity we use a machine called a conductivity meter. The actual
amount of electricity that a given water solution will conduct changes with how far apart
the electrodes are and what temperature the water is. This quantity is expressed in
units called mhos (the unit of resistivity is the ohm; mho is ohm spelled backwards). The

5. meter has a probe with two electrodes, usually 1 centimeter apart. Most of the modern
ones sense the temperature as well and electronically correct for its effects. Since the
meter gives a reading which is corrected for temperature and electrode separating
distance, the number is called "specific conductance," expressed in mhos per
centimeter at 25° C. The SI unit of conductivity is the siemen (S) named after the
French physicist and equivalent to the mho.
Thus 1 microsiemen per meter (mS/m) is equivalent to 100 mmho/cm. Very often, a
meter will read out in mS/cm or mS/cm (or just mS or mS which are assumed to be per
centimeter).
Laboratory pure water has a specific conductance of about one millionth of a mho/cm.
What is the conductivity of our distilled water? Wells and lakes in Connecticut usually
have a specific conductance of about 50 to 500 times that. To make these number easy
to write, we usually use units of micromhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm). Thus laboratory
pure water is around 1 mmho/cm; tapwater is usually around 50 to 500 mmhos/cm.
Procedure
Calibration of electrode as per the following procedure:
• Connect the pH metre to the pwer supply. switch on the instrument.
• Take a standard buffer solution of pH 7 in 100ml beaker. note the temperature of
the buffer.
• Set the temperature control of the pH metre tot he temperature of the buffer
solution.
• Remove the combination electrode from the storage solution, wash it with distilled
water and blot dry with soft tissue paper.
• Connect the combination elctrode to the input socket and dip the electrode in 7 oh

6. buffer solution.
• Set the function selector switch to pH position and adjust with 'calibrate' control till
the digital display show the pH 7.
• Now move the fiunction switvh to 'stand by' position.
• Remove the electrode from the buffer solution and wash it with distilled water. dry
with tissue paper.
• Dip the electrode in the buffer solution having pH 4.
• Set the "temperature" tothe temperature of the soluion.
• Set the function selector switch to pH position and adjust with 'slope correction'
control till the digital display show the pH 4
pH measurement
• Connect the combination electrode to yhe input socket after washing it with distilled
water.
• Dip the combined electrode in the solution under test.
• Set the temperature knob to the temperature of the solution.
• Set the 'function selector switch' to pH position.
• Note the pH of the solution.
• Repeat the same procedure for other water samples.
Procedure to determine conductivity
• Wash the conductivity cell thoroughly with distilled water.
• Rinse the conductivity cell repeatedly with kcl solution.
• Take the sufficient volume of kcl solution in a beaker and note down its
temperature.
• Connect the instrument to the mains and switch on the instrument using the power
switch. connect the electrode leads in the input socket at the rear of the instrument.
• Set the 'function switch' to 'check' position and adjust the displayto 1.000 with CAL

7. control at the back panel.
• Dip the conductivity cell in kcl solution and adjust the temperature knob of the
conductivity bridge at the conductivity bridge at the temperature of the kcl solution.
• Move the 'function' switch to 'conductance' position and range position to
appropriate range.
• Adjust the cell constant knob so tht the display reads the known value of the kcl
solution at that temperature.
• Bring the 'function switch' to 'cell constant' position and read the value of the cell
constant from the display window.
• Take 100ml of the water sample and note its conductiviy.
• Similarly note the conductivity of all the samples.
Experimental
Observations

8. AREA pH conductitvity (mho/cm)
Tilak Nagar 7.99 0.51
Krishna Nagar 7.87 1.66
Kashmere Gate 7.87 0.73
shivaji Nagar 7.21 0.64
Gurgaon NCR 7.94 0.69
Vasant Vihar 7.07 0.15
Dwarka sector 5 7.72 4.42
Shahdara 8.1 0.38
Lajpat Nagar 8.01 0.39
Paschim Vihar 7.97 0.5
Adarsh nagar 8 0.76
North Delhi 7.36 0.78
Netaji Nagar 7.93 0.59
Dwarka 7.67 0.65
West Delhi 8.12 1.52
Central Delhi 7.85 0.77
East Delhi 6.8 0.47
North Delhi 7.57 5.4
Paschim Vihar 7.62 0.45
Dwarka sector 1 7.31 0.67
Dwarka sector19 7.98 0.42
RK Puram 7.97 0.54
Shahdara 7.94 0.52
rajuri garden(.e) 7.53 0.265
anand vihar 7.07 1.5
subash nagar 7.12 0.74
kirti nagar 7.04 0.942
dwarka sec-6 6.93 1
Paschim Vihar 6.98 0.406
panchsheel 7.16 0.456
dwarka(sec- 12) 7.1 0.704
dwarka 7.28 0.375
palam 6.91 1
east of kailash 7.25 0.201
munrka dda flats 7.13 0.261
dilshad garden 7.41 0.18
vasantkunj dda flats 7.11 1.182
mehraul 7.19 0.209
dwarka(sector-17) 6.97 0.781
laxmi nagar 7.21 0.198
pitampura 7.37 0.278
govindpuri dda flats 7.26 0.199
patparganj 7.08 0.817
rohini 7.04 1
mayur vihar 7.12 0.017
shahdra 7.1 0.192

9. Result and discussion
The observations of all drinking water samples collected from several distinct regions of
Delhi-NCR with repect to the most important chemical parametres are presented in the
table . most of the chemical parametres fell within the standard prescrubed values or
using the select water purificatioon technologies, were successfully brought within
permissible limits.
The two main objective of this report were to analyse the drinking waer being supplied
in the dwelling units of Delhi-NCR and to spread awareness among students about the
need and importance of safe drinking water. Our project commenced on aspectic
collection of water samplesfraom different Delhi-NCR region. students were asked to
bring tap water samples from their homes followed by analyses of water by standard
protocols.
chemical parametres, such as, pH and conductivity of the collected samples of Delhi-
NCR region are presented in the table above. the pH value of the regions like dwarka,
shahdra, lajpat nagar, adarsh nagar lied between (8-8.5) which is very close to WHO
limits (6.5-8.5) and are somewhat alkaline in anture.central delhi was rated much better
than others with respect to pH and conductivity. pH of the water samples from paschim
vihar, dwarka sec-17, panchsheel, dwarka sec-7, east delhi and palm vuhar was found to
be a bit on acidic side with ph ph lying in the range of (6.5-6.9). the pH of all other
regions satisfied the WHO set norms well with pH between (7.1-7.5).
The electrical conductivity of water releates to the total concentration of dissolved ions.
Conductivity of most of the samples collected from different regions was found to lie
between (maximum allowed limits is 1.055 mhos/cm). Conductivity of the regions like
krishna nagar, anand vihar, west delhi, dwarka, vasant kunj lied between (1.0-1.5
mho/cm). conductivity of west delhi was found to be exceedind the permissible limits
(1.52 mho/cm). Rest all regions' conductivity lied with the set norms.

10. Conclusion
It was relieving and resuring that the municipality treated drinking water supply across
Delhi-NCR was found to be reasonably good quality, adequately treated and safe for
comsumption. Chemical parametres pH and conductivity values of the MCD water
supplies were found to be mostly within permissible limits.