This document summarizes recent advances in renal pharmacology presented by Dr. Kalpana Tiwari. It begins by classifying kidney disease as either acute or chronic, then describes stages and treatments for acute kidney injury including optimization of hemodynamics, elimination of nephrotoxins, and initiation of renal replacement therapy if needed. Chronic kidney disease is defined and stages outlined. New pharmacological treatments discussed include ferric citrate, ferric carboxymaltose, belatacept, tolvaptan, etelcalcetide, and ravulizumab-cwvz. The mechanisms of action and side effects of these drugs are summarized.
Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output and sodium excretion. They work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in different parts of the nephron. Loop diuretics like furosemide work in the loop of Henle, thiazides work in the distal tubule, and potassium-sparing diuretics work in the collecting duct. Diuretics are used to treat conditions caused by fluid overload like hypertension, heart failure, and liver disease. Common side effects include electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia and hyponatremia. The document also discusses the mechanisms and uses of various classes of diuretics like loop diuretics, thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics
Diuretics act at different sites along the nephron to promote the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. The main classes are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. They are used to treat conditions like edema, hypertension, and liver cirrhosis. Each class has a distinct mechanism of action and side effect profile. For example, loop diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle but can cause ototoxicity, while thiazides target the distal tubule and cause hypokalemia. The site and mechanism of the drug determines its clinical applications and adverse effects
The 76-year-old woman who had been taking furosemide is experiencing symptoms of hypokalemia such as nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, muscle cramps and weakness. She had previously developed mild hypokalemia from furosemide and was prescribed a potassium supplement, but her current symptoms indicate her hypokalemia has worsened. Diuretics like furosemide can cause hypokalemia by increasing potassium excretion in the urine as sodium is exchanged for potassium in the distal tubule.
Potassium-sparing diuretics work by antagonizing the effects of aldosterone in the collecting tubules, preventing potassium secretion. They include spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, and triamterene. Spironolactone and eplerenone directly block mineralocorticoid receptors, while amiloride and triamterene inhibit sodium influx. Their use can cause hyperkalemia due to reduced potassium excretion. Combining them with thiazides can ameliorate thiazide-induced hypokalemia but requires careful dose adjustment to avoid adverse effects. Loop diuretics combined with thiazides provide an additive diuretic response by blocking sodium
Mechanisms of diuretic drugs. Diuretic drugs increase urine output by the kidney (i.e., promote diuresis). This is accomplished by altering how the kidney handles sodium. If the kidney excretes more sodium, then water excretion will also increase.
Diuretics are drugs that promote the excretion of sodium and water from the body by acting on the kidney. They work by interfering with sodium transport mechanisms in different segments of the nephron. The main types are loop diuretics which act on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, thiazide diuretics which act on the early distal tubule, and potassium-sparing diuretics which act on the late distal tubule and collecting duct. Diuretics are important drugs used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and edema.
This document summarizes recent advances in renal pharmacology presented by Dr. Kalpana Tiwari. It begins by classifying kidney disease as either acute or chronic, then describes stages and treatments for acute kidney injury including optimization of hemodynamics, elimination of nephrotoxins, and initiation of renal replacement therapy if needed. Chronic kidney disease is defined and stages outlined. New pharmacological treatments discussed include ferric citrate, ferric carboxymaltose, belatacept, tolvaptan, etelcalcetide, and ravulizumab-cwvz. The mechanisms of action and side effects of these drugs are summarized.
Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output and sodium excretion. They work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in different parts of the nephron. Loop diuretics like furosemide work in the loop of Henle, thiazides work in the distal tubule, and potassium-sparing diuretics work in the collecting duct. Diuretics are used to treat conditions caused by fluid overload like hypertension, heart failure, and liver disease. Common side effects include electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia and hyponatremia. The document also discusses the mechanisms and uses of various classes of diuretics like loop diuretics, thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics
Diuretics act at different sites along the nephron to promote the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. The main classes are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. They are used to treat conditions like edema, hypertension, and liver cirrhosis. Each class has a distinct mechanism of action and side effect profile. For example, loop diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle but can cause ototoxicity, while thiazides target the distal tubule and cause hypokalemia. The site and mechanism of the drug determines its clinical applications and adverse effects
The 76-year-old woman who had been taking furosemide is experiencing symptoms of hypokalemia such as nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, muscle cramps and weakness. She had previously developed mild hypokalemia from furosemide and was prescribed a potassium supplement, but her current symptoms indicate her hypokalemia has worsened. Diuretics like furosemide can cause hypokalemia by increasing potassium excretion in the urine as sodium is exchanged for potassium in the distal tubule.
Potassium-sparing diuretics work by antagonizing the effects of aldosterone in the collecting tubules, preventing potassium secretion. They include spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, and triamterene. Spironolactone and eplerenone directly block mineralocorticoid receptors, while amiloride and triamterene inhibit sodium influx. Their use can cause hyperkalemia due to reduced potassium excretion. Combining them with thiazides can ameliorate thiazide-induced hypokalemia but requires careful dose adjustment to avoid adverse effects. Loop diuretics combined with thiazides provide an additive diuretic response by blocking sodium
Mechanisms of diuretic drugs. Diuretic drugs increase urine output by the kidney (i.e., promote diuresis). This is accomplished by altering how the kidney handles sodium. If the kidney excretes more sodium, then water excretion will also increase.
Diuretics are drugs that promote the excretion of sodium and water from the body by acting on the kidney. They work by interfering with sodium transport mechanisms in different segments of the nephron. The main types are loop diuretics which act on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, thiazide diuretics which act on the early distal tubule, and potassium-sparing diuretics which act on the late distal tubule and collecting duct. Diuretics are important drugs used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and edema.
1) Diuretics are drugs that cause net loss of sodium and water in urine. They are classified as loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics.
2) Loop diuretics like furosemide work by inhibiting sodium-potassium-chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle, while thiazide diuretics inhibit sodium-chloride reabsorption in the distal tubule.
3) Diuretics are used to treat conditions like edema, hypertension, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cerebral edema. Common side effects include
This document provides an overview of diuretics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and uses. It discusses urine formation through the nephron and covers various diuretic drug classes like carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazides, and potassium-sparing diuretics. Key points include that diuretics act primarily by inhibiting sodium transport at different nephron sites and that their primary effects impact electrolyte excretion patterns and secondary effects.
Drugs used for enhance excretion ( Diuretics)Adarsh SA
Diuretics enhances the urine output. It is mainly used in treatment of hypertension, hypervolumia, edema, congestive cardiac failure, electrolyte imbalances etc. They have some adverse reactions like hypotension, dehydration, hypovolumia, etc.
This document provides an overview of diuretics, including their definition, classification, mechanisms of action, and pharmacology. It focuses on the physiology of urine formation and the mechanisms and sites of action of thiazide and loop diuretics. Thiazide diuretics act in the early distal tubule by inhibiting sodium-chloride reabsorption, while loop diuretics act in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle by blocking the sodium-potassium-chloride transporter. The document compares the mechanisms, indications, doses, side effects and drug interactions of thiazide and loop diuretics.
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses. It covers carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Diuretics work by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium in different regions of the nephron. They are used to treat hypertension, edema, and maintain urine output. Common side effects include electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia and metabolic alterations. Drug-drug interactions can also occur due to effects on absorption or elimination of other drugs.
in this presentation i have tried to briefly discuss about diuretics (water pills), their classification, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs
Potassium sparing diuretics work by interfering with sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron, thereby inhibiting the indirect secretion of potassium. The main classes are aldosterone antagonists like spironolactone and eplerenone, and epithelial sodium channel inhibitors like amiloride and triamterene. They are used to treat edema and hypertension while preserving potassium levels. Adverse effects include hyperkalemia and hypokalemia, so monitoring of electrolyte levels is important when using these drugs.
This document summarizes diuretic drugs. It discusses how diuretics work by increasing urine output through inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. The main types of diuretics covered are loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Specific diuretic drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and mannitol. The document also reviews the mechanisms and side effects of different classes of diuretic medications.
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs. It begins with an overview of diuretics and their uses for fluid retention and hypertension. It then covers the sites of action and pharmacology of different classes, including high efficacy loop diuretics, medium efficacy thiazide diuretics, weak potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. Specific drugs like furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and spironolactone are discussed in depth. The document concludes with a short quiz reviewing the material.
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action and sites of action in the kidney. It covers carbonic anhydrase inhibitors which act in the proximal convoluted tubule, loop diuretics which act in the loop of Henle, thiazide diuretics which act in the distal convoluted tubule, and potassium-sparing diuretics which act in the cortical collecting duct. Adverse effects are discussed for each class. The key functions of the kidney in filtration, reabsorption and regulation of water and electrolytes are also summarized.
This document provides information on diuretics, including what they are, the conditions they can treat, their mechanisms of action, and classifications. The main points are:
1. Diuretics promote urine production and can treat conditions like heart failure, kidney issues, hypertension, and liver cirrhosis. They work by either increasing glomerular filtration or decreasing tubular reabsorption of water and ions in the kidneys.
2. Diuretics can be classified as mercurial or non-mercurial. Common non-mercurial classes include thiazides, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and loop diuretics which act at different parts of the nephron.
3. Thiaz
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their sites of action in the nephron, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It covers osmotic diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics. The main points are that diuretics work by inhibiting transport in different parts of the nephron like the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, or distal convoluted tubule. They are used to treat conditions like edema, hypertension, and heart failure. Common side effects among the classes include electrolyte imbalances and metabolic alterations.
1) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide and dorzolamide work by inhibiting sodium bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule. They cause metabolic acidosis and decrease aqueous humor and CSF production.
2) Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide block the sodium-chloride symporter in the early distal convoluted tubule. They cause hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and metabolic alkalosis.
3) Loop diuretics like furosemide block sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. They can cause hypokalemia, hypocalcemia
This document provides an overview of diuretics, including their definition, classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects. It discusses the physiology of urine formation and the roles of the kidney in homeostasis. Specific sections cover thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, their mechanisms in inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and thick ascending limb, respectively. Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, and effects on calcium and magnesium levels. The document compares the potencies and durations of action of different diuretic classes and individual drugs.
The document discusses various classes of diuretics including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. It focuses on the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of specific drugs within each class. It provides details on the pharmacology of spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene, acetazolamide, and mannitol. Clinical uses and precautions for different diuretics in conditions like edema, hypertension, heart failure, and kidney stones are also reviewed.
This document discusses different classes of diuretics. It begins by classifying diuretics as high ceiling, medium efficacy, or weak/adjunctive. It then describes the mechanisms and uses of various weak diuretics, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide, osmotic diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, and renal epithelial sodium channel blockers. It discusses how each works and their potential adverse effects and drug interactions. The document concludes with reviewing the key points and reminding students to prepare for the next practical class by revising topics from their book.
Vasopressors are drugs that induce vasoconstriction and elevate blood pressure. This document discusses the history, physiology, classification, and pharmacology of various vasopressors used in the ICU setting. It describes how vasopressors act on different adrenergic receptors to increase blood pressure by either increasing cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or both. The document reviews commonly used vasopressors like norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, and ephedrine - outlining their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects.
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It covers neurotransmitters in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems like acetylcholine and catecholamines. It then categorizes and describes drugs that act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, including sympathomimetics, sympathomolytics, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics. Specific drugs are discussed in detail including their mechanisms, uses, doses, and side effects.
1) Diuretics are drugs that cause net loss of sodium and water in urine. They are classified as loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics.
2) Loop diuretics like furosemide work by inhibiting sodium-potassium-chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle, while thiazide diuretics inhibit sodium-chloride reabsorption in the distal tubule.
3) Diuretics are used to treat conditions like edema, hypertension, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cerebral edema. Common side effects include
This document provides an overview of diuretics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and uses. It discusses urine formation through the nephron and covers various diuretic drug classes like carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazides, and potassium-sparing diuretics. Key points include that diuretics act primarily by inhibiting sodium transport at different nephron sites and that their primary effects impact electrolyte excretion patterns and secondary effects.
Drugs used for enhance excretion ( Diuretics)Adarsh SA
Diuretics enhances the urine output. It is mainly used in treatment of hypertension, hypervolumia, edema, congestive cardiac failure, electrolyte imbalances etc. They have some adverse reactions like hypotension, dehydration, hypovolumia, etc.
This document provides an overview of diuretics, including their definition, classification, mechanisms of action, and pharmacology. It focuses on the physiology of urine formation and the mechanisms and sites of action of thiazide and loop diuretics. Thiazide diuretics act in the early distal tubule by inhibiting sodium-chloride reabsorption, while loop diuretics act in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle by blocking the sodium-potassium-chloride transporter. The document compares the mechanisms, indications, doses, side effects and drug interactions of thiazide and loop diuretics.
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses. It covers carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Diuretics work by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium in different regions of the nephron. They are used to treat hypertension, edema, and maintain urine output. Common side effects include electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia and metabolic alterations. Drug-drug interactions can also occur due to effects on absorption or elimination of other drugs.
in this presentation i have tried to briefly discuss about diuretics (water pills), their classification, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs
Potassium sparing diuretics work by interfering with sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron, thereby inhibiting the indirect secretion of potassium. The main classes are aldosterone antagonists like spironolactone and eplerenone, and epithelial sodium channel inhibitors like amiloride and triamterene. They are used to treat edema and hypertension while preserving potassium levels. Adverse effects include hyperkalemia and hypokalemia, so monitoring of electrolyte levels is important when using these drugs.
This document summarizes diuretic drugs. It discusses how diuretics work by increasing urine output through inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. The main types of diuretics covered are loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Specific diuretic drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and mannitol. The document also reviews the mechanisms and side effects of different classes of diuretic medications.
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs. It begins with an overview of diuretics and their uses for fluid retention and hypertension. It then covers the sites of action and pharmacology of different classes, including high efficacy loop diuretics, medium efficacy thiazide diuretics, weak potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. Specific drugs like furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and spironolactone are discussed in depth. The document concludes with a short quiz reviewing the material.
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action and sites of action in the kidney. It covers carbonic anhydrase inhibitors which act in the proximal convoluted tubule, loop diuretics which act in the loop of Henle, thiazide diuretics which act in the distal convoluted tubule, and potassium-sparing diuretics which act in the cortical collecting duct. Adverse effects are discussed for each class. The key functions of the kidney in filtration, reabsorption and regulation of water and electrolytes are also summarized.
This document provides information on diuretics, including what they are, the conditions they can treat, their mechanisms of action, and classifications. The main points are:
1. Diuretics promote urine production and can treat conditions like heart failure, kidney issues, hypertension, and liver cirrhosis. They work by either increasing glomerular filtration or decreasing tubular reabsorption of water and ions in the kidneys.
2. Diuretics can be classified as mercurial or non-mercurial. Common non-mercurial classes include thiazides, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and loop diuretics which act at different parts of the nephron.
3. Thiaz
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their sites of action in the nephron, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It covers osmotic diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics. The main points are that diuretics work by inhibiting transport in different parts of the nephron like the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, or distal convoluted tubule. They are used to treat conditions like edema, hypertension, and heart failure. Common side effects among the classes include electrolyte imbalances and metabolic alterations.
1) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide and dorzolamide work by inhibiting sodium bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule. They cause metabolic acidosis and decrease aqueous humor and CSF production.
2) Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide block the sodium-chloride symporter in the early distal convoluted tubule. They cause hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and metabolic alkalosis.
3) Loop diuretics like furosemide block sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. They can cause hypokalemia, hypocalcemia
This document provides an overview of diuretics, including their definition, classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects. It discusses the physiology of urine formation and the roles of the kidney in homeostasis. Specific sections cover thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, their mechanisms in inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and thick ascending limb, respectively. Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, and effects on calcium and magnesium levels. The document compares the potencies and durations of action of different diuretic classes and individual drugs.
The document discusses various classes of diuretics including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. It focuses on the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of specific drugs within each class. It provides details on the pharmacology of spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene, acetazolamide, and mannitol. Clinical uses and precautions for different diuretics in conditions like edema, hypertension, heart failure, and kidney stones are also reviewed.
This document discusses different classes of diuretics. It begins by classifying diuretics as high ceiling, medium efficacy, or weak/adjunctive. It then describes the mechanisms and uses of various weak diuretics, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide, osmotic diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, and renal epithelial sodium channel blockers. It discusses how each works and their potential adverse effects and drug interactions. The document concludes with reviewing the key points and reminding students to prepare for the next practical class by revising topics from their book.
Vasopressors are drugs that induce vasoconstriction and elevate blood pressure. This document discusses the history, physiology, classification, and pharmacology of various vasopressors used in the ICU setting. It describes how vasopressors act on different adrenergic receptors to increase blood pressure by either increasing cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or both. The document reviews commonly used vasopressors like norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, and ephedrine - outlining their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects.
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It covers neurotransmitters in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems like acetylcholine and catecholamines. It then categorizes and describes drugs that act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, including sympathomimetics, sympathomolytics, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics. Specific drugs are discussed in detail including their mechanisms, uses, doses, and side effects.
The document summarizes different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects. It discusses loop diuretics like furosemide that act in the loop of Henle, thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide that act in the distal tubule, potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone that antagonize aldosterone, and osmotic diuretics like mannitol that cause water diuresis through osmosis. Loop and thiazide diuretics can cause hypokalemia and metabolic alterations while potassium-sparing diuretics risk hyperkalemia if not carefully monitored. Di
alpha blocker, receptors, antagonist, mechanism of actionNishiThawait
Alpha blockers work by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system. They are classified as non-selective or selective alpha-1 blockers. Non-selective blockers like phenoxybenzamine irreversibly block both alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors. Selective alpha-1 blockers like prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by relaxing blood vessels and bladder neck. Tamsulosin is a selective alpha-1A blocker used for BPH. Ergot alkaloids are partial agonists and antagonists at multiple receptors and cause vasoconstriction.
The document compares the cholinergic and adrenergic systems. Some key differences include:
- Cholinergic preganglionic fibers are longer while adrenergic fibers are shorter.
- Cholinergic ganglia are farther from organs and closer to the spinal cord, while adrenergic ganglia are nearer to organs and farther from the spinal cord.
- The cholinergic system is generally stimulatory except in the heart and blood vessels, while the adrenergic system is generally inhibitory except in the heart and blood vessels.
This document discusses the role of opioids and NSAIDs in pain management for physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR). It begins by classifying opioids based on receptor occupation and describing their mechanisms of action and pharmacological effects. Specific opioids discussed include morphine, fentanyl, tramadol, and tapentadol. It then covers the classification of NSAIDs, their mechanisms of action, and specific drugs like aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and ketorolac. The document concludes by outlining the specific roles of opioids and NSAIDs in managing pain conditions commonly treated in PMR.
Scope: This subject is intended to impart the fundamental knowledge on various aspects
(classification, mechanism of action, therapeutic effects, clinical uses, side effects and
contraindications) of drugs acting on different systems of body and in addition,emphasis
on the basic concepts of bioassay. Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
1. Understand the mechanism of drug action and its relevance in the treatment of
different diseases
2. Demonstrate isolation of different organs/tissues from the laboratory animals by
simulated experiments
3. Demonstrate the various receptor actions using isolated tissue preparation
4. Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with related medical sciences
Inotropic agents work by increasing the force and velocity of cardiac muscle contraction. They are used to improve myocardial function and support circulation in heart failure. Common inotropic agents include cardiac glycosides like digoxin which inhibit Na+-K+-ATPase, beta-adrenergic agonists like dobutamine which stimulate beta-1 receptors, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors like milrinone which increase cAMP levels. While inotropes can provide short-term hemodynamic support, long-term use does not improve survival and may increase mortality in heart failure patients.
This document discusses various classes of diuretic drugs including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, thiazide-like diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of these diuretic classes with a focus on furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, acetazolamide, spironolactone, triamterene, and mannitol. Key sites of action in the nephron are identified for each drug class.
This document discusses different types of diuretic drugs, how they work, and their uses. It covers high-ceiling loop diuretics which inhibit sodium reabsorption; thiazide diuretics which inhibit sodium transport in the distal convoluted tubule; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors which reduce hydrogen ion secretion; potassium-sparing diuretics which act in the cortical collecting duct; and osmotic diuretics like mannitol. Diuretics are used to treat conditions causing fluid retention like heart failure and liver disease. Side effects include electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration. Loop diuretics are commonly used for heart failure but may require intravenous administration for severe cases.
This document discusses drugs that modulate the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. It begins by describing acetylcholine and how it is synthesized and degraded by acetylcholinesterase. It then discusses anticholinesterases, which are drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels. The main classes described are reversible inhibitors like carbamates and tacrine, and irreversible inhibitors like organophosphates. It provides details on the mechanisms, pharmacology, individual drug properties, uses and treatment of organophosphate poisoning with atropine and pralidoxime.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of various cardiovascular agents, including cholinergic drugs, adrenergic drugs, catecholamines, and vasodilators. It discusses the mechanisms and therapeutic uses of specific drugs from each class, such as neostigmine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, milrinone, and levosimendan. The document also compares the effects and clinical applications of different catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine.
This document discusses the mechanism of action and classification of diuretic drugs. It begins by explaining the normal physiology of urine formation in the kidney and sites of tubular reabsorption. It then classifies diuretics based on potency and site of action. Loop diuretics such as furosemide are described as very potent diuretics that act in the thick ascending loop of Henle by inhibiting sodium-potassium-chloride reabsorption. Their pharmacological effects and mechanisms are explained in detail. Other loop diuretics including torsemide and bumetanide are also briefly discussed. The document concludes by noting some important drug interactions with loop diuretics.
The document discusses kidney function and urine formation processes. It then summarizes the key functions of the kidneys, which include regulating electrolyte and fluid balance and removing waste from the blood. It describes the three main processes involved in urine formation - filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The document then focuses on hypertension, describing classifications of blood pressure and types of hypertension. It outlines mechanisms for blood pressure control and discusses non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches to hypertension management.
This document provides information on adrenergic transmission, receptors, and drugs. It discusses the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, including their synthesis, storage, release, metabolism, and effects. It describes the different types of adrenergic receptors and their subtypes. The document also examines various adrenergic drugs, including direct-acting drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and indirect-acting drugs like amphetamines. It discusses the therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and side effects of many commonly used adrenergic drugs.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, vasodilators, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects of specific drugs within each class like furosemide, lisinopril, losartan, hydralazine, and amlodipine. The document is intended to educate healthcare professionals about the management of hypertension through pharmacological approaches.
The document provides information on managing acute poisoning in adults. It discusses how poisoning is common in emergency departments, accounting for 3-5% of attendances with 900 deaths per year in Egypt. The summary outlines general management principles of assessing airway, breathing, circulation, disability and glucose (ABCDG). It then discusses specific management of paracetamol, opiate, salicylate and tricyclic antidepressant overdoses, including use of N-acetylcysteine, naloxone, sodium bicarbonate, haemodialysis, activated charcoal and gastric lavage to treat different poisonings. The key message is that the initial focus is on supportive care while considering ways to decrease drug absorption or increase
This document discusses opioids, including their endogenous peptides, receptors, mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and classifications. Some key points:
- Opioids act on mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors and produce analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression and other effects.
- Common opioids discussed include morphine, fentanyl, remifentanil and meperidine. Their pharmacokinetics, uses, and differences are outlined.
- Opioids are widely used for pain management, especially in cancer, and can decrease anesthetic requirements. However, tolerance and dependence may develop upon prolonged use.
The document discusses drug excretion through the renal system. It defines excretion as the elimination of drugs and metabolites from the body through the urinary system. Drugs are excreted either unchanged or after being metabolized. The kidneys eliminate polar compounds more efficiently than lipid-soluble substances. The kidneys remove waste through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption in the nephrons. Several factors influence renal excretion, such as a drug's ionization, concentration, pH, extent of plasma protein binding, glomerular filtration rate, and renal blood flow.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
3. INTRODUCTION :-
• Kidney is mainly a regulatory organ
• It has also a excretory function
• The functional unit of kidney is nephron
• Each kidney contain about 1 million nedphron
FUNCTION OF KIDNEY :-
1. Regulatory :- acid –base fluid and electrolyte balance
2. Excretory :- excretion of nitrogenous waste products
3. Hormonal :- activation of vitamin D , production of renin and
erythropoietin
4. CLASSIFICATION OF DIURETICS :-
According to primary site of action in the nephron :-
1. Drugs acting to PCT (site 1):-
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor :_ Acetazolamide
2. Drugs acting at thick ascending limb of loop of henle (site 2):-
Loop diuretics :- furosemide , bumetanide, torsemide
3. Drugs acting at early distal tubule (site 3) :-
a) Thiazide :-chlorothiazide , hydrochlorothiazide ,hydroflumethiazide ,bezthiazide
b) Thiazide related diuretics :- chlorthalidone ,indapamide metolazone
4. Drug acting at late distal tubule and collecting duct (site 4):-
a) Aldosterone antagonists :- spironolactone ,eplerenone
b) Direct acting inhibitor of renal epithelial Na+ channel:-Amiloride , triamterene
5. Drug acting on entire nephron (main site action is loop of henle ):-
a) osmotic diuretics :- mannitol , glycerol , isosorbide
6. USES :-
• Acetazolamide is not used as diuretics because of low efficacy
1. Glaucoma :- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decreases IOP by
reducing formation of aqueous humour
2. To alkalinize urine in acidic drug poisoning
3. Acute mountain sickness :- used for both symptomatic relief
and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness
4. Miscellaneous :- epilepsy , familial periodic paralysis
8. CONTRAINDICATION:-
1. Liver disease :- hepatic coma may precipitate in patient with
cirrhosis due to decrease excretion of NH3 in alkaline urine
2. COPD:- worsening of metabolic acidosis in patient with COPD
10. PHARMACOKINETICS:-
• Administered IV neither metabolised in body nor
reabsorbed from renal tubules .
• Pharmacodynamically inert , is freely filtered at
Glomerulus
11. USES :-
• Mannitol is used to reduce the elevated intra cranial
tension (ICT) head injury or tumour
• Mannitol (20%) IV , glycerol(50%) oral is used to reduce
IOP in acute congestive glaucoma
• Mannitol is used to maintain the osmolality of ECF after
dialysis
12. ADVERSE EFFECT:_
•Too rapid ,too much quantity of IV mannitol
cause expansion of ECF volume leads to
pulmonary oedema .
•Headache
•Nausea
•Vomiting
•Glycerol cause hyperglycaemia
16. USES:-
Useful in initial
stages of renal
and cardiac
oedema
Useful in hepatic
oedema –vigorous
diuretics should be
avoided to prevent
hepatic coma
Acute
oedema
Hypertension
23. USES:-
In oedema condition associated with CCF , hepatic
cirrhosis
CCF:-used in moderate – severe Heart failure because it
block effect of aldosterone
Used with thiazides /loop diuretics :- serum K+ level is
maintained and antihypertensive efficacy is enhanced .