This document provides information on adrenergic transmission, receptors, and drugs. It discusses the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, including their synthesis, storage, release, metabolism, and effects. It describes the different types of adrenergic receptors and their subtypes. The document also examines various adrenergic drugs, including direct-acting drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and indirect-acting drugs like amphetamines. It discusses the therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and side effects of many commonly used adrenergic drugs.
This document discusses adrenergic transmission and adrenergic drugs. It begins by introducing adrenergic receptors and the endogenous catecholamines - epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. It then describes the synthesis, storage, release and metabolism of catecholamines. The effects of various adrenergic drugs are summarized, including their actions on organs like the heart, blood vessels, and metabolic effects. Specific adrenergic drugs are then discussed in more detail, including endogenous catecholamines, sympathomimetics like epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and isoproterenol. Classes of adrenergic drugs like alpha and beta agonists are also introduced
This document discusses the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. It describes their biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, effects on different organs, clinical uses including anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest, dosages, side effects and comparisons between the two hormones. Adrenaline acts on alpha and beta receptors and has effects like increased heart rate and bronchodilation. Noradrenaline predominantly acts on alpha receptors, causing potent vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure without bronchodilation. Both are used to treat hypotension but noradrenaline is preferred for septic shock.
Sympathomimetic drugs act on adrenergic receptors to mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Noradrenaline is the major neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine can be synthesized naturally or synthetically. They are released from neurons via exocytosis and cleared via reuptake or metabolism.
Adrenergic drugs include direct-acting sympathomimetics that activate receptors directly, indirect drugs that promote neurotransmitter release, and mixed drugs. Their effects are mediated via alpha and beta receptors. Common therapeutic uses include treating anaphylaxis, asthma, cardiac issues, and bleeding. Side effects can
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It covers neurotransmitters in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems like acetylcholine and catecholamines. It then categorizes and describes drugs that act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, including sympathomimetics, sympathomolytics, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics. Specific drugs are discussed in detail including their mechanisms, uses, doses, and side effects.
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It describes the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine and their synthesis pathways. It explains the two types of adrenergic receptors - alpha and beta - and their subtypes and functions. The document classifies different adrenergic drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine based on their receptor actions and clinical uses. It provides details on indications, mechanisms, and side effects of various adrenergic drugs used for conditions like shock, asthma, hypertension.
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It describes the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine and their synthesis pathways. It explains the two types of adrenergic receptors - alpha and beta - and their subtypes and functions. The document classifies different adrenergic drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine based on their receptor actions and clinical uses. It provides details on indications, mechanisms, effects and adverse reactions of various adrenergic drugs used for cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic and central nervous system conditions.
Vasopressors are drugs that induce vasoconstriction and elevate blood pressure. This document discusses the history, physiology, classification, and pharmacology of various vasopressors used in the ICU setting. It describes how vasopressors act on different adrenergic receptors to increase blood pressure by either increasing cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or both. The document reviews commonly used vasopressors like norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, and ephedrine - outlining their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects.
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their uses. It defines alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, their locations, and functions. Examples of direct and indirect acting sympathomimetic drugs are provided along with their overall actions on the heart, blood vessels, blood pressure, respiration, eyes, and metabolism. Specific drugs discussed in more detail include adrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, ephedrine, and phenylephrine. Therapeutic uses of adrenergic drugs are outlined for conditions like hypotension, cardiac issues, bronchial asthma, mydriasis, uterine relaxation, attention deficit disorders, and obesity.
This document discusses adrenergic transmission and adrenergic drugs. It begins by introducing adrenergic receptors and the endogenous catecholamines - epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. It then describes the synthesis, storage, release and metabolism of catecholamines. The effects of various adrenergic drugs are summarized, including their actions on organs like the heart, blood vessels, and metabolic effects. Specific adrenergic drugs are then discussed in more detail, including endogenous catecholamines, sympathomimetics like epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and isoproterenol. Classes of adrenergic drugs like alpha and beta agonists are also introduced
This document discusses the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. It describes their biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, effects on different organs, clinical uses including anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest, dosages, side effects and comparisons between the two hormones. Adrenaline acts on alpha and beta receptors and has effects like increased heart rate and bronchodilation. Noradrenaline predominantly acts on alpha receptors, causing potent vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure without bronchodilation. Both are used to treat hypotension but noradrenaline is preferred for septic shock.
Sympathomimetic drugs act on adrenergic receptors to mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Noradrenaline is the major neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine can be synthesized naturally or synthetically. They are released from neurons via exocytosis and cleared via reuptake or metabolism.
Adrenergic drugs include direct-acting sympathomimetics that activate receptors directly, indirect drugs that promote neurotransmitter release, and mixed drugs. Their effects are mediated via alpha and beta receptors. Common therapeutic uses include treating anaphylaxis, asthma, cardiac issues, and bleeding. Side effects can
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It covers neurotransmitters in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems like acetylcholine and catecholamines. It then categorizes and describes drugs that act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, including sympathomimetics, sympathomolytics, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics. Specific drugs are discussed in detail including their mechanisms, uses, doses, and side effects.
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It describes the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine and their synthesis pathways. It explains the two types of adrenergic receptors - alpha and beta - and their subtypes and functions. The document classifies different adrenergic drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine based on their receptor actions and clinical uses. It provides details on indications, mechanisms, and side effects of various adrenergic drugs used for conditions like shock, asthma, hypertension.
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It describes the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine and their synthesis pathways. It explains the two types of adrenergic receptors - alpha and beta - and their subtypes and functions. The document classifies different adrenergic drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine based on their receptor actions and clinical uses. It provides details on indications, mechanisms, effects and adverse reactions of various adrenergic drugs used for cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic and central nervous system conditions.
Vasopressors are drugs that induce vasoconstriction and elevate blood pressure. This document discusses the history, physiology, classification, and pharmacology of various vasopressors used in the ICU setting. It describes how vasopressors act on different adrenergic receptors to increase blood pressure by either increasing cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or both. The document reviews commonly used vasopressors like norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, and ephedrine - outlining their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects.
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their uses. It defines alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, their locations, and functions. Examples of direct and indirect acting sympathomimetic drugs are provided along with their overall actions on the heart, blood vessels, blood pressure, respiration, eyes, and metabolism. Specific drugs discussed in more detail include adrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, ephedrine, and phenylephrine. Therapeutic uses of adrenergic drugs are outlined for conditions like hypotension, cardiac issues, bronchial asthma, mydriasis, uterine relaxation, attention deficit disorders, and obesity.
This document summarizes various inotropic drugs used to increase cardiac contractility including cardiac glycosides like digoxin, catecholamines like dopamine and dobutamine, phosphodiesterase inhibitors like milrinone, and calcium sensitizers like levosimendan. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, dosages, and side effects. The document focuses on the inotropic and hemodynamic effects of these drugs and their roles in treating low cardiac output states and heart failure.
This document discusses the adrenergic system including adrenoceptor physiology, adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It describes the different types of adrenoceptors (alpha and beta), their locations and responses. It then discusses various adrenergic agonists like epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, clonidine and dexmedetomidine and provides their mechanisms of action and dosages. Finally it covers various adrenergic antagonists like phentolamine, labetalol, esmolol, metoprolol and propranolol, describing their receptor selectivities, durations of action and dosages.
Adrenergic system , alfa blockers & beta blockersJeenaJoy10
This document discusses the adrenergic system and drugs acting on it. It begins by describing the sympathetic nervous system and its neurotransmitters adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It then covers the synthesis, release, reuptake and metabolism of catecholamines. It discusses adrenergic receptors and their locations. The rest of the document categorizes and describes various adrenergic drugs, including direct and indirect sympathomimetics, and drugs that act selectively on alpha and beta receptors. Key drugs discussed include adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, isoprenaline, clonidine, methyldopa, and fenoldopam.
Dr. Viraj Shinde's document provides an overview of sympathommimetic drugs. It defines them as drugs that mimic the actions of norepinephrine or epinephrine. It discusses the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, classification of sympathommimetic drugs, examples like epinephrine, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Receptor types, locations, agonists, and antagonists are outlined. The document also covers neurotransmitters, their criteria and the neurotransmission process. Specific drugs discussed include dopamine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, fenoldopam, phenylephrine, clonidine, and beta-2 selective agents.
Dr. Viraj Ashok Shinde's document discusses sympathommimetic drugs. It defines them as drugs that partially or completely mimic the actions of norepinephrine or epinephrine. It describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, classifications of sympathommimetic drugs, examples like epinephrine, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. The summary provides an overview of the key topics covered in the document.
CARDIAC INOTROPES - DR SANDEEP MOHANAN.ppsxAnand804240
This document discusses cardiac inotropes, which are drugs that increase the force of myocardial contraction. It outlines the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, clinical applications, side effects, and guidelines for currently used inotropic drugs like dobutamine, dopamine, and milrinone. It also mentions newer inotropes still in development. The document uses a case scenario of a patient with acute decompensated heart failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and hypotension to discuss when and which inotropes may be appropriate to add to the treatment regimen.
This document provides an overview of adrenergic drugs. It begins by discussing the endogenous catecholamines - norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine - and their effects. It then classifies adrenergic receptors and describes the response of effector organs. The document proceeds to classify and describe the mechanisms and effects of various adrenergic drugs, including direct-acting, indirect-acting, and mixed sympathomemetics. It discusses individual drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, isoproterenol, and clonidine. The document provides a detailed but technical summary of adrenergic pharmacology.
This document defines inotropes and vasopressors, and discusses their uses, mechanisms of action, and considerations for treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Inotropes such as dobutamine increase myocardial contractility, while vasopressors cause vasoconstriction. The most common inotropes recommended for refractory heart failure are dobutamine, dopamine, and milrinone, which aim to improve cardiac output and renal blood flow. Epinephrine can rapidly increase blood pressure to improve coronary perfusion. Vasopressors may be used with inotropes if blood pressure remains low. The rational use of vasopressors and inotropes is guided by their dose
This document summarizes adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It describes the synthesis and metabolism of catecholamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It also discusses the different adrenergic receptor types (alpha and beta), their locations and functions. Various adrenergic drugs are classified and their mechanisms, effects, uses, and adverse effects outlined, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, dopexamine, fenoldopam, phenylephrine, clonidine and others.
Emergency medications are used to treat life-threatening conditions and save patients' lives. They work quickly to control symptoms and stabilize vital functions. This document outlines several emergency drugs including adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, nitroglycerin, and others. It describes their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and important nursing considerations for safe administration. Understanding these critical care medications is important for emergency treatment of patients.
This document discusses vasoconstrictors which are drugs added to local anesthetics to prolong their duration and effectiveness. It classifies vasoconstrictors based on their chemical structure and mode of action. Epinephrine is described as the most commonly used vasoconstrictor due to its direct effects on alpha-1 and beta-2 receptors, which causes vasoconstriction and increased duration of anesthesia. Side effects are also discussed, noting the risks of hypertension, tachycardia and cardiac issues if overused. Maximum safe doses are provided for different local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine or other vasoconstrictors like norepinephrine and phenylephrine.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are catecholamines that act as hormones and neurotransmitters. They are synthesized from tyrosine and phenylalanine through a series of enzymatic reactions. Adrenaline acts on alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta receptors and causes effects like increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, bronchodilation and glycogenolysis. Noradrenaline predominantly acts on alpha-1 and beta-1 receptors, causing potent vasoconstriction with little bronchodilation. Both are used to treat hypotension, cardiac arrest and anaphylaxis. Their administration must be closely monitored due to risks of hypertension, arrhythmias and tissue necrosis from vasoconstrict
This document discusses catecholamines and their roles in the sympathetic nervous system. It details the pathways of catecholamine synthesis from tyrosine to epinephrine. It describes catecholamine receptors, uptake and metabolism. It lists target organs and effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Adrenergic drugs used to stimulate or block catecholamine receptors are also outlined.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying blood pressure levels from normal to grades 1-3 hypertension. It then provides introductions on hypertension prevalence and consequences. The document is primarily focused on detailing specific antihypertensive drug classes including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and others. For each class, it lists example drugs and discusses mechanisms of action, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and other relevant details. The goal is to serve as a reference for the appropriate use of antihypertensive medications.
This document summarizes recommendations for vasopressor therapy in sepsis and septic shock. It discusses the pathophysiology of sepsis and progression to septic shock. Early sepsis is characterized by hypovolemia, lactic acidosis, and increased oxygen extraction. Late-stage septic shock involves vasoplegia, reduced stroke volume, microcirculatory failure, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to multi-organ failure. The document recommends norepinephrine as the initial vasopressor and considers epinephrine, vasopressin, and dobutamine as adjunctive therapies. It cautions against the use of dopamine and phenylephrine based on their adverse effects.
This document discusses alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, which are drugs used to treat hypertension. It describes the three subtypes of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and how activating them lowers blood pressure by decreasing sympathetic nervous system outflow from the brain. Several alpha-2 agonists are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects. Clonidine, alpha-methyldopa, guanabenz, and guanfacine are highlighted as examples of drugs in this class.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of various cardiovascular agents, including cholinergic drugs, adrenergic drugs, catecholamines, and vasodilators. It discusses the mechanisms and therapeutic uses of specific drugs from each class, such as neostigmine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, milrinone, and levosimendan. The document also compares the effects and clinical applications of different catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine.
This document discusses adrenergic receptors and modulators. It describes the sympathetic nervous system and neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Norepinephrine is stored in synaptic vesicles and released via calcium-dependent fusion. Release can be modulated by prejunctional autoreceptors and heteroreceptors. There are alpha and beta adrenergic receptors which are G-protein coupled and have various effects. Drugs can affect receptors as agonists or antagonists and are used to treat conditions like hypertension and heart failure.
This document discusses drugs used to treat cardiac failure. It begins by defining cardiac failure and ejection fraction. The main treatments discussed are:
1. ACE inhibitors to reduce preload and afterload.
2. Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics to increase salt and water loss and reduce blood volume.
3. Cardiac glycosides like digoxin which have a positive inotropic effect to increase contractility without increasing oxygen consumption.
4. Other drugs discussed include beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, organic nitrates, calcium sensitizers, and inotropic drugs for acute heart failure. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of these
Crush syndrome is caused by prolonged pressure on muscle tissue, leading to rhabdomyolysis. This releases myoglobin and other intracellular contents into the bloodstream, which can cause kidney damage, metabolic abnormalities, and complications affecting other organs. Treatment involves aggressive fluid resuscitation, dialysis if needed to manage kidney dysfunction, and surgery such as fasciotomy to release pressure in compartments. Early medical management is important to prevent further complications from crush syndrome.
1) Arterial blood pressure is regulated by the balance of cardiac output and peripheral resistance, with regulatory systems including baroreceptors and the renin-angiotensin system maintaining homeostasis.
2) Primary hypertension has an unknown cause but may involve defects in regulatory mechanisms or membrane ion pumps, while secondary hypertension can result from renal, endocrine, neurogenic, drug or other causes that increase blood volume or activate vasoconstriction.
3) Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to organ damage over time through mechanisms such as left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, stroke and renal failure.
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This document summarizes various inotropic drugs used to increase cardiac contractility including cardiac glycosides like digoxin, catecholamines like dopamine and dobutamine, phosphodiesterase inhibitors like milrinone, and calcium sensitizers like levosimendan. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, dosages, and side effects. The document focuses on the inotropic and hemodynamic effects of these drugs and their roles in treating low cardiac output states and heart failure.
This document discusses the adrenergic system including adrenoceptor physiology, adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It describes the different types of adrenoceptors (alpha and beta), their locations and responses. It then discusses various adrenergic agonists like epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, clonidine and dexmedetomidine and provides their mechanisms of action and dosages. Finally it covers various adrenergic antagonists like phentolamine, labetalol, esmolol, metoprolol and propranolol, describing their receptor selectivities, durations of action and dosages.
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This document discusses cardiac inotropes, which are drugs that increase the force of myocardial contraction. It outlines the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, clinical applications, side effects, and guidelines for currently used inotropic drugs like dobutamine, dopamine, and milrinone. It also mentions newer inotropes still in development. The document uses a case scenario of a patient with acute decompensated heart failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and hypotension to discuss when and which inotropes may be appropriate to add to the treatment regimen.
This document provides an overview of adrenergic drugs. It begins by discussing the endogenous catecholamines - norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine - and their effects. It then classifies adrenergic receptors and describes the response of effector organs. The document proceeds to classify and describe the mechanisms and effects of various adrenergic drugs, including direct-acting, indirect-acting, and mixed sympathomemetics. It discusses individual drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, isoproterenol, and clonidine. The document provides a detailed but technical summary of adrenergic pharmacology.
This document defines inotropes and vasopressors, and discusses their uses, mechanisms of action, and considerations for treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Inotropes such as dobutamine increase myocardial contractility, while vasopressors cause vasoconstriction. The most common inotropes recommended for refractory heart failure are dobutamine, dopamine, and milrinone, which aim to improve cardiac output and renal blood flow. Epinephrine can rapidly increase blood pressure to improve coronary perfusion. Vasopressors may be used with inotropes if blood pressure remains low. The rational use of vasopressors and inotropes is guided by their dose
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Emergency medications are used to treat life-threatening conditions and save patients' lives. They work quickly to control symptoms and stabilize vital functions. This document outlines several emergency drugs including adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, nitroglycerin, and others. It describes their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and important nursing considerations for safe administration. Understanding these critical care medications is important for emergency treatment of patients.
This document discusses vasoconstrictors which are drugs added to local anesthetics to prolong their duration and effectiveness. It classifies vasoconstrictors based on their chemical structure and mode of action. Epinephrine is described as the most commonly used vasoconstrictor due to its direct effects on alpha-1 and beta-2 receptors, which causes vasoconstriction and increased duration of anesthesia. Side effects are also discussed, noting the risks of hypertension, tachycardia and cardiac issues if overused. Maximum safe doses are provided for different local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine or other vasoconstrictors like norepinephrine and phenylephrine.
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This document discusses catecholamines and their roles in the sympathetic nervous system. It details the pathways of catecholamine synthesis from tyrosine to epinephrine. It describes catecholamine receptors, uptake and metabolism. It lists target organs and effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Adrenergic drugs used to stimulate or block catecholamine receptors are also outlined.
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1. ACE inhibitors to reduce preload and afterload.
2. Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics to increase salt and water loss and reduce blood volume.
3. Cardiac glycosides like digoxin which have a positive inotropic effect to increase contractility without increasing oxygen consumption.
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This document provides an overview of the nervous system and autonomic nervous system, with a focus on the cholinergic system. It describes the organization and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It discusses cholinergic transmission in detail, including the different types of cholinoceptors (muscarinic and nicotinic), the mechanism of cholinergic transmission, and cholinergic drugs. It summarizes the pharmacological actions and uses of cholinergic agonists like acetylcholine and cholinesterase inhibitors.
This document discusses levels of organization in living organisms and microscopy techniques. It begins by outlining 7 control questions on the topic, including the levels of organization (molecular genetic, cellular, tissue, organ, organismic, population-species, biogeocenotic). It then provides instructions for making temporary specimens of onion skin cells under a microscope, including placing a liquid drop on a slide, positioning the sample using tweezers, and lowering a cover slip to avoid bubbles. The document aims to teach biological organization and basic microscopy methods.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
9. Termination of action
1) Reuptake into nerve terminals by NET
(Na+ dependent )
2)Dilution by diffusion out of Jn: cleft followed by Extra-neuronal
uptake (not Na+ dependent )
3) Metabolic transformation by MAO & COMT
39. USES
1) Acute Bronchial Asthma
0.3-0.5 ml of a 1/1000,given S/C, 1/100 (N)
2)Cardiac arrest, resuscitation
0.2-0.5 ml of a 1/1000,given I/T
3) Anaphylactic shock – DOC
0.2-0.5 ml of a 1/1000,given IM
40. 4) Local Haemostatic- after tonsillectomy,
Tooth extraction etc.
Epinephrine pack dipped in 1/10000,1/20000 solution
5) Along with LA- 1/20000,1/100000 solution
(prolongs action, decreases toxicity)
6) Glaucoma- Prodrug –Dipivefrine
after absorption converted into Epinephrine
AH formation
45. USE
• Treatment of refractory Hypotension (neurogenic)
• Effect disappear 1-2’ after stopping infusion
So taper it off gradually.
46. DOPAMINE
(3,4 di OH phenyl ethylamine) MIXED ACTING
D1, β1, α1, Indirect Action
ACTIONS
Central - neurotransmitter involved in the
regulation of movement
Periphery - synthesized in the PCT ( local diuretic & natriuretic
effect)
On BP - ↑ SBP & PP, no effect on DBP.
48. Moderate doses (2-10µg/kg/mt)
D1 + β1 & release NE (contribute -effect on the heart)
• ↑β1 : +ve inotropic action
• ↑ in BP due to + inotropic action. Also ↑ blood flow to vital organs
• little chronotropic & ↓ arrhythmogenic.
High doses (10-20 µg/kg/mt)
α1
• ↑ BP by VC &
• ↓ blood flow to vital organs
50. USES
Severe CCF in patients with oliguria & low or normal PR
Improves physiological parameters in the Rx of
cardiogenic & septic shock
Improve cardiac & renal function in severely ill patients
with chronic heart d/s or renal failure
56. Clonidine
• Imidazoline derivative
• Rapid I/V infusion - acute rise in BP
( activation of post synaptic α2 in vascular smooth muscles )
Mechanism of action
-(1) activation of α2 receptors in the VMC.
(2) Imidazoline receptors (GPCR) I 1,2,3
(3) activates presynaptic α2 to ↓ NE release
57. Clonidine
• Pharmacokinetics
- well absorbed orally
- t ½- 8-12 hour
- max. hypotensive effect after 2-4 hrs.
Preparations
- oral
- i/v
- Epidural
- TD patch
59. USES
1) Antihypertensive (moderate HTN) – 100 µg BD
2) opioid & nicotine withdrawal symptoms
(↓ craving )
(3) Prophylaxis of Migraine
(4) Along with anesthetics
(5) ↓ Pain in severe painful conditions like cancer, post –op,
labor etc
60. CLONIDINE- T/D- Menopausal syndrome for ↓ hot
flashes
Miscellaneous uses of clonidine
Atrial Fibrillation
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Hyperhidrosis
Mania
Post Herpetic Neuralgia
Ulcerative Colitis, etc
61. α Methyl DOPA
• central action - similar to clonidine in action
• Peripheral - “false transmitter” (α methyl NE)
• Not as potent as NE
• Used in PIH
67. Prenalterol
• Moderate inotropic action (sympathetic – low)
• Marked inotropic action ( symp activity high) – during exercise
• Use –
for short term control of mild to moderate heart failure
( i/v infusion)
75. Mech. of CNS action
Release of
• NE (alerting & anorectic actions)
• Dopamine ( locomotor activity & stereotype behavior)
• 5HT (disturbance of perception & overt psychotic
behavior)
76. ACTIONS
• CNS - Produces alertness, initiative,
• ↑ concentration & self confidence.
• delays onset of fatigue
• Improves physical performance, ( due to cortical action)
• Produce wakefulness by ↑ RAS
• CVS - Cardiac stimulation, ↑ BP - β1
• Smooth muscle- contract sphincters – α1
• Others- Respiratory stimulant, suppress appetite
77. ADR
Anxiety, restlessness, tremor, irritability, delirium,
psychosis, tachycardia, palpitation, angina, arrhythmia
Dry mouth , metallic taste, N,V, D, Urine retension
Fatal doses- convulsions, coma & cerebral H’ages
Use – seldom used due to addiction liability & risk of
psychosis
Narcolepsy, obesity, ADHD,
78. Tyramine
• By product of tyrosine metabolism
• Metabolized by MAO ( liver )
• High first-pass effect
• Spectrum of action is similar to that of norepinephrine
• Patients taking MAO inhibitors must be very careful to avoid tyramine-
containing foods
79. Catecholamine Reuptake Inhibitors
• Atomoxetine ( norepinephrine reuptake transporter)
• Reboxetine
• Sibutramine - NE & 5 HT reuptake (-)
- appetite suppressant for long-term treatment of obesity
80. Catecholamine Reuptake Inhibitors
• Duloxetine
serotonin and norepinephrine transporter
• Milnacipran
• Cocaine
- produces an amphetamine-like psychological effect
- inhibit dopamine reuptake into neurons in the “pleasure
centers
85. TACHYPHYLAXIS
acute tolerance
With drugs like Ephedrine, Tyramine, Amphetamine, 5HT,
Isoprenaline when administered repeatedly, at very short intervals,
the pharmacological response elicited decreases progressively.
87. VASCULAR
• Hypotensive states -
• ( adrenaline in anaphylactic shock)
• Along with local anaesthetics
• Control of local bleeding
• Nasal decongestant
• Peripheral vascular disease