Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output by altering sodium handling in the kidneys, leading to increased water excretion. They are therapeutically applied in conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and edema, with various classifications including thiazide derivatives and loop diuretics. Common side effects of diuretics include nausea, dizziness, and muscle cramps, while serious effects can involve dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

1. DIURETICS
VINOD KUMAR
4TH YEAR B.PHARMACY

2. DIURETICS
 Diuretic drugs increase urine output by the kidney
(i.e., promote diuresis). This is accomplished by
altering how the kidney handles sodium. If the
kidney excretes more sodium, then water excretion
will also increase. Most diuretics produce diuresis
by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium at different
segments of the renal tubular system

3. The net result being:
– Increase the urine flow,
– change urine pH
– change the ionic composition
of the urine and blood.

4. THERAPEUTICAL APPLICATION
Hypertension(first line drug: thiazide dervatives and second line drug:spirnolactone and
triametrene )
Heartfailure
Edema: Pregnancy associated oedema
Nutritional nephrotic syndrome
Diabetes insipidus

5. EXCRETION RATE

6. Structure of nephron

7. Electrolyte Transport and Site of Action of Diuretics

8. CLASSIFICATION
 Thiazide dervatives: Chlorthiazide,
hydrochlorthiazide and cyclopenthiazide
 Loop diuretics: frusemide and ethacrynic acid
 CASe inhibitor: acetozolamide, methazolamide
 Osmotic diuretics: Mannitol and urea
 K+ sparing diuretic: sprinolactone and triameterene

10. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

14. DRUG PROFILES

15. HYDROCHLORTHIAZIDE
6- chloro 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 7 sulphonamide 1,1-
dioxide

16. SYNTHESIS

17. USES AND ADR
Hydrochlorothiazide is used to treat edema (fluid retention; excess fluid
held in body tissues) caused by various medical problems, including heart,
kidney, and liver disease and to treat edema caused by using certain
medications including estrogen and corticosteroids.
Common side effects may include:
nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite;
diarrhea, constipation;
muscle spasm; or.
dizziness, headache.

18. FUROSEMIDE
4-chloro-2-(furan-2-ylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoylbenzoic
acid

19. SYNTHESIS

20. ETHACRYNIC ACID

21. SYNTHESIS
Site of
action
and
MOA

22. USES AND ADR
It's used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure and oedema (a build up of
fluid in the body).
Common side effect
increased urination,
thirst,muscle cramps,
itching or rash,weakness,
dizziness,spinning sensation,
diarrhea,stomach pain, and
constipation.
Serious side effects include:
dehydration,dark urine,clay-colored
stools,nausea,
vomiting,fever,jaundice (yellowing of skin
or eyes),electrolyte abnormalities,
loss of appetite, andrapid weight loss.

23. ACETAZOLAMIDE

24. SYNTHESIS

25. MOA

26. SAR OF LOOP DIURETICS

28. SAR OF THIAZIDE

29. SAR OF CASE INHIBITORY

30. THANK YOU