Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Diuretics
Pharmacology
Katzung
Abnormalities in fluid volume and electrolyte composition are common and important clinical disorders. Drugs that block specific transport functions of the renal tubules are valuable clinical tools in the treatment of these disorders. Although various agents that increase urine volume (diuretics) have been described since antiquity, it was not until 1937 that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were first described and not until 1957 that a much more useful and powerful diuretic agent (chlorothiazide) became available. Technically, a “diuretic” is an agent that increases urine volume, whereas a “natriuretic” causes an increase in renal sodium excretion and an “aquaretic” increases excretion of solute-free water. Because natriuretics almost always also increase water excretion, they are usually called diuretics. Osmotic diuretics and antidiuretic hormone antagonists (see Agents That Alter Water Excretion) are aquaretics that are not directly natriuretic.
Diuretics
Pharmacology
Katzung
Abnormalities in fluid volume and electrolyte composition are common and important clinical disorders. Drugs that block specific transport functions of the renal tubules are valuable clinical tools in the treatment of these disorders. Although various agents that increase urine volume (diuretics) have been described since antiquity, it was not until 1937 that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were first described and not until 1957 that a much more useful and powerful diuretic agent (chlorothiazide) became available. Technically, a “diuretic” is an agent that increases urine volume, whereas a “natriuretic” causes an increase in renal sodium excretion and an “aquaretic” increases excretion of solute-free water. Because natriuretics almost always also increase water excretion, they are usually called diuretics. Osmotic diuretics and antidiuretic hormone antagonists (see Agents That Alter Water Excretion) are aquaretics that are not directly natriuretic.
Introduction to diuretics.
Therapeutic approaches.
Normal physiology of urine formation.
Classification of drugs .
Mechanism of action of Acetazolamide.
Mechanism of action of Thiazides.
Mechanism of action of Loop diuretics.
Mechanism of action of potassium sparing diuretics &aldosterone antagonists.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about diuretics. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Diuretics and antidiuretics detail STUDYNittalVekaria
diuretics and antidiuretics detail study
-diuretic are the drug which increase the urine formation and excretion.
- antidiuretic work by decrease the urine formation.
classification, mechanism of action, use ,pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic,adverse effect
-newer drug
-banned diuretic and antidiuretic drug
This ppt tells us about the topics diuretics and antidiuretics.
It also indicates us about their classification, mechanism of action, side effects and many more.
Diuretics enhances the urine output. It is mainly used in treatment of hypertension, hypervolumia, edema, congestive cardiac failure, electrolyte imbalances etc. They have some adverse reactions like hypotension, dehydration, hypovolumia, etc.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
4. Renal Physiology: Pharmacological Aspect
Site I:
Movement of Na+ is by:
• Direct Entry of Na+
• Coupled to active reabsorption of
organic anions via specific
symporters
• Exchange with H+ ions
• Diffusion through paracellular
pathways (along with Cl- ions)
Site II:
Medullary Portion:
• Na+K+2Cl- and Na+ K+ ATPase;
• Na+-Cl- symporter
5. Renal Physiology: Pharmacological Aspect
Site III:
• Na+ -Cl- symporter
• Impermeable to water
• Dilution of luminal/tubular fluid
Site IV:
• Na+ actively reabsorbed (Amiloride
sensitive Na+ channels)
• Cation-anion balance maintained
by:
• Passive Cl- diffusion
• Secretion of K+ (aldosterone
dependent) and H+
6. Net Movement of Potassium
• Movement of Potassium:
• Reabsorbed in Proximal Tubule (PT) and thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle
(Asc LH)
• Secreted in the Distal Tubule (DT) and Collecting Duct (CD)
• Net K+ loss depends on:
• Na+ load delivered to DT and CD
• Presence or Absence of Aldosterone
• Availability of H+
• Intracellular K+ stores
7. Role of Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
• Cells lining CD are sensitive to ADH
• ADH absent:
• Hypotonic fluid entering CD passes as such: dilute urine passed.
• High ADH levels:
• CD cells fully permeable to water
• Tubular fluid gets equilibrate with hyperosmotic medulla
• Concentrated urine passed
10. High Ceiling Diuretics(Loop Diuretics):
Furosemide
Mechanism Of Action:
Inhibits Na+K+2Cl- cotransport in thick
ascending limb of loop of Henle decreased
Na+ and Cl- absorption increased urine
passed
Weak Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitory action
Changes in systemic and renal blood flow:
resulting in decreased reabsorption at Proximal
tubules
12
11. High Ceiling Diuretics: Uses
• Edema
• Preferred in CHF
• Nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, resistant edema
• Impending acute renal failure
• Acute pulmonary edema (acute Left Ventricular Failure, following Myocardial
Infarction)
• Hypertension
• Co-existing renal insufficiency, CHF, resistant cases, hypertensive emergencies
• Along with Blood Transfusion
• Hypercalcemia of malignancy
• Cerebral edema
• Combined with osmotic diuretics to improve efficacy
12. Medium Efficacy Diuretics: Thiazide and
Thiazide like diuretics
Mechanism Of Action:
Inhibits Na+-Cl- symport in early Distal Tubule
decreased Na+ and Cl- absorption increased
urine passed
Additional carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action:
generally weak
Well absorbed orally, no injectable preparations
Onset of Action within 1hr, duration 6-48 hrs
13. Thiazide and Thiazide like diuretics: Uses
• Hypertension
• One of the First line drugs (Chlorthalidone)
• Edema
• Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
• Nephrogenic DI
• Hypercalciuria with recurrent calcium stones in the kidney
14. Adverse Drug Reaction of Loop Diuretics,
Thiazide and Thiazide like Drugs
Loop Diuretics Thiazide
Hypokalemia
• Brisk Diuresis
• Low Dietary K+ intake
Less common than thiazides More common than Loop
Diuretics
Acute Saline Depletion
• Dehydration
• Fall in BP (erect)
• Hemoconcentration – venous thrombosis
Seen with overuse of Loop Diuretics Not So Common
Dilutional Hyponatremia After vigorous use of Loop diuretics in CHF Rare with thiazides
GIT and CNS Disturbances Nausea/Vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, giddiness, weakness,
paresthesias, impotence
Hearing Loss Only with Loop diuretics
Allergic manifestation Rahses photosensitivity, blood dyscrasias rare, especially in pts
hypersensitive to sulfonamides
15. Loop Diuretics Thiazide
Hyperuricemia Avoid probenecid Long term use of high dose
thiazides
Hyperglycaemia and
hyperlipidemia
Minimal with low dose thiazides
used these days
Hypocalcemia Seen on chronic administration Raises serum Ca2+ levels, may cause
hypercalcemia
Magnesium depletion Seen after prolonged use
Renal insufficiency Can be used in renal insufficiency Aggravated due to decreased GFR
• Brisk diuresis in cirrhotics may lead to mental disturbances and hepatic coma:
may be due to hypokalemia, increased blood NH3 levels
• Avoided in toxaemia of pregnancy
Adverse Drug Reaction of Loop Diuretics,
Thiazide and Thiazide like Drugs
16. Loop Diuretics and Thiazides: Interactions
• Potentiates all other Hypertensives
• As it induces Hypokalemia:
• Enhances digitalis toxicity
• Increased risk of Cardiac arrhythmia
• Reduces sulfonylurea action (oral hypoglycaemics)
• Additive ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides
• Higher incidence of thrombocytopenia when combined with co-
trimoxazole
• Actions reduced when used with indomethacin and other NSAIDs
• Probenecid and diuretics reduces each other’s actions
• Serum Lithium level rises
17. Carbonic Anhydrase (CAse) inhibitors:
Acetazolamide
Reversibly inhibits CAse (type II) in PT cells decreased H2CO3 formation decreased H+
concentration Na+-H+ antiport cannot function: Mild alkaline diuresis
Secretion of H+ in DT and CD also interfered
Causes marked kaliuresis
18. Acetazolamide
Uses
Glaucoma: as an adjuvant
Acute Mountain Sickness
Other uses:
• Periodic Paralysis
• Alkalinise urine
• Epilepsy: adjuvant
Adverse Effects
• Acidosis
• Hypokalemia
• Drowsiness
• Paresthesias
• Fatigue
• Abdominal Discomfort
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Bone marrow depression (rare)
Contraindicated in liver disease: potential to induce hepatic coma
19. Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Aldosterone Antagonist
• Spironolactone, Eplerenone
• Mechanism of Action:
• Blocks aldosterone activity by
blocking mineralocorticoid
receptor, Aldosterone Induced
Protein / Na+ channels not
expressed decreased
absorption of Na+ and water
• Acts from the interstitial side
• No aldosterone = no effect
Inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+
channels
• Triamterene, Amiloride
• Mechanism of Action:
• Blocks Amiloride sensitive Na+
channels at DT and CD entry of
Na+ ions blocked transepithelial
potential not generated
excretion of K+ decreased
• Due to decreased transepithelial
potential, H+ ion secretion (via H+
ATPase pump) is decreased
predisposes to acidosis
20. Uses
Aldosterone Antagonist
• Weak diuretic, always used in
combination
1. Hypertension: adjuvant to
thiazide
2. Edema (cirrhotic/nephrotic,
refractory)
3. Congestive Heart Failure
Inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+
channels
• Used in conjunction with other
diuretics
1. Hypertension: prevent
hypokalemia, increase
natriuretic response
21. Aldosterone Antagonist: Spironolactone
• Interactions
• K+ supplements: dangerous hyperkalemia
• Aspirin: decreases potency of Spironolactone
• ACE inhibitors/ARB: pronounced hyperkalemia
• Digoxin: increased levels of plasma digoxin
• Adverse Effects
• Hyperkalemia
• Drowsiness, mental confusion, ataxia, epigastric discomfort, loose motions
• Gynaecomastia, erectile dysfunction, loss of libido
• Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities
• Acidosis in cirrhotics
Contraindicated in Peptic ulcer patient : may aggravate ulcers
22. Inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+ channels:
Amiloride
• Adverse Effects
• Hyperkalemia
• Should not be given with K+ supplements
• More likely in patients receiving ACE inhibitors/ARBs, β- blockers, NSAIDs,
• More likely in patients with renal impairment
• Elevated Plasma Digoxin levels
• Nausea, Dizziness, Muscle cramps, rise in blood urea
• Impaired glucose tolerance, photosensitivity
23. Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol
• Pharmacologically inert
• Mechanism of Action:
• Retains water isoosmotically in PT
• Inhibits transport process in thick Asc LH
• Expands extracellular fluid volume
• Increased renal blood flow
• Increases urinary output, excretion of all cations and anions also
enhanced
• Given as intravenous drip
24. Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol
• Uses
• Increased intracranial and intraocular tension
• To maintain glomerular filtration rate and urine flow in impending acute renal
failure: prognostic benefits not proven
• Counteract low osmolality of plasma/e.c.f.
• Contraindications
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Anuria
• Pulmonary Edema, acute left ventricular failure, CHF, cerebral haemorrhage
• Side Effects
• Headache, nausea/vomiting, hypersensitive reactions
Thick Asc LH:
Relatively impermeable to water
medullary (cuboidal cells) and cortical part (flattened cells)
Medullary portion:- Luminal membrane carrier NaKCl; Basolateral carrier NaKATPase; fluid gets hypotonic as it passes through AscLH & interstitium hypertonic: corticomedullary osmotic gradient is established:- draws water from descending limb LH, resulting in hypertonic fluid being delivered to Asc LH
Cells of DT and CD rich in K+, chemical gradient responsible for diffusion into tubular lumen
Uses:
Management of Hypertension
Edema
Most Commonly Used Diuretics
Much greater natriuretic effect
Diuretic response proportional to dose: upto 10L/day urine can be produced.
Prompt onset of action: i.v. 2-5 min, oral 20-40 min
Secreted in PT by organic anion transport and reaches AscLH where it acts from luminal side
Increased K+ excretion because of high load of Na delivered to DT, K+ loss less than thiazide at euqinatriuretic doses
Weak Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitory action: HCO3- excretion increased, slightly alkaline urine passed. Predominant urinay anion Cl-; so acidosis does not develop. Acid-base balance not disturbed. Mild alkalosis at high doses.
Increases systemic venous capacitance and decreases left ventricular filling pressure (PG mediated): quick relief in LVF & Pulmonary edema
Increases Ca2+ & Mg2+ excretion by abolishing trasnepithelial potential difference in thick AscLH
Rises blood uric acid levels by competitng with its proximal tubular secretion as well as by increasing reabsorption in PT. (increased reabsorption is due to reduced ecf volume).
Acute pulmonary edema (acute Left Ventricular Failure, following Myocardial Infarction): initial due to vasodilator effect, then decrease in blood volume and venous return
Does not affect corticomedullary osmotic gradient
Reaches its site of action via organic acid secretory pathway in PT and then along the tubular fluid to early DT
Additional carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action: increase HCO3 and PO43- excretion
Increased Na+ load to DT, more of it exchanges with K+ urinary K+ excretion is increased in parallel to natriuretic response
Flat dose response curve; little additional diuresis occurs when the dose is increased beyond 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide or equivalent
Do not cause significant alteration in acid-base balance.
Reduces gfr: not effective in patient with low gfr.
Decrease Ca2+ excretion, increase Mg2+ excretion
Greater reduction in urate excretion than furosemide
Extra-renal actions: slowly developing fall in BP in hypertensives; elevation of blood sugar due to decreased insulin release which is probably a consequence of hypokalemia
Edema
May be considered for maintenance therapy
Act best in cardiac Edema; less effective in hepatic or renal edema
Cannot be used in renal failure
Cirrhotics develop refractoriness to thiazides due to development of secondary hyperaldosternism
Longer acting drugs cause more K+ loss
Symptoms- weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, cardiac arrhythmias
Prevented/ treated by- high dietary intake, (KCl supplements, concurrent use of K+ sparing agents- ACE inhibitors/ AT1 antagonists: cirrhotics, cardiac pts-post MI, receiving digitalis, antiarrhythmics, TCA, elderly pts)
Acute saline infusion: treat with saline infusion
Dilutional Hyponatremia: water retained due to compensatory mechanism of kidney, Na not rertained due to diuretics, ecf gets diluted, pt thirsty, t/t: withhold diuretics, restrict water intake, give glucocorticoids, treat co-existing hypokalemia
Hyperuricemia: counteracted by allopurinol, probenecid better avoided
Carbonic Anhydrase functions in CO2 and HCO3- transport and in H+ ions
Sites of presence of Case: renal tubular cell (Proximal tubule), gastric mucosa, exocrine pancreas, ciliary body of eye, brain and RBC
Inhibition of brush border CAse-IV: less CO2 diffuses into the cell, inhibition of HCO3- (and Na+) resorption in PT
Most of the Na+ rejected in the PT is reabsorbed at the high capacity AscLH
H+ secreted at DT and CD by H+ ATPase, H+ generated by CAse
Na+ in DT is exchanged with K+ if CAse is given; excess K+ is lost.
Urine passed under the action of acetazolamide: alkaline rich in HCO3-, with equal no of Na+ and K+ ions
Continuous action: depletes HCO3- leading to acidosis; less HCO3- filtered at glomerulus; less diuretic action (self limiting diuretic action)
Aldosterone: mineralcorticoid; retains water and salt
Reverses resistance to other diuretics due to secondary aldosteronism
Mild saluteric
Antagonises K+ loss due to other diuretics
Adds to natriuretic response
Amiloride: mild increase in Na+ excretion, conserves K+ and H+
Higher dose- inhibits Na reabsorption in PT
Decreased Ca2+ and Mg2+ excretion (augments hypercalcaemic effect of thiazide), increases urate excretion (hyperuricaemic action partly annulled)
Eplerenone: newer, more selective. Low affinity for steroidal receptors, long term use in HTN, moderate to severe CHF, post-infarction LV dysfunction S/E: hyperkalemia, g.i. s/e
Amiloride 10x more potent than Triamterene
Blocks Li+ entry: mitigates DI induced by lithium.
Low molecular weight non electrolyte
Minimally metabolised
Can be given in large quantity sufficient to raise osmolarity of plasma and tubular fluid.
Freely filtered at glomerulus, limited reabsorption