Recognition of shock
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This document discusses the different types of shock, including their causes, pathophysiology, and signs. The four main types of shock are hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. Hypovolemic shock is most commonly caused by diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, or inadequate fluid intake. Distributive shock involves abnormal blood vessel dilation and includes septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock results from heart failure that prevents adequate circulation. Obstructive shock occurs when blood flow is physically blocked, such as in cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, or pulmonary embolism. The document provides details on the pathophysiology and signs
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Shock
The document provides an overview of shock, including its pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches. Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation leading to cellular dysfunction. There are several types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while rapidly restoring circulating volume and hemodynamics through fluid resuscitation and vasopressors if needed. Ongoing monitoring of vital signs, urine output, lactate levels, and other parameters is important to guide resuscitation efforts and evaluate tissue perfusion.
Management of shock
The document provides guidance on the nursing management of shock. It discusses assessing the type and phase of shock, providing emergency nursing care, monitoring the patient closely, making a diagnosis based on history and assessments, treating with fluid resuscitation and blood products, and monitoring the patient's response. It also covers age-related considerations and the three phases of shock: compensated, uncompensated, and irreversible.
Pericardial effusion
This document defines pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, discusses their pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, investigations, and management. Pericardial effusion is an abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial space, while cardiac tamponade is acute heart failure caused by compression of the heart from a large or rapidly developing effusion. Clinical manifestations depend on the rate of fluid accumulation and include chest pain, lightheadedness, and decreased pulse pressure. Investigations include echocardiography, electrocardiography, and pericardiocentesis. Management involves bed rest, medications, drainage procedures, and surgery in severe cases.
shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its history, definitions, types, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and management. It discusses the four main types of shock - cardiogenic, obstructive, hypovolemic, and distributive - describing the insult, physiologic effects, and compensatory mechanisms for each. Treatment of shock focuses on the ABCDE approach - airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Restoring adequate circulation through fluid resuscitation is key. The goals of treatment are to optimize oxygen delivery and achieve endpoints of resuscitation like urine output and hemodynamic parameters.
SHOCK - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, TYPES, APPROACH, TREATMENT.
1. Shock is defined as a state of poor tissue perfusion and cellular metabolism due to circulatory failure and hypoperfusion.
2. The main causes of shock include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, and respiratory etiologies.
3. The pathophysiology of shock involves a low cardiac output state leading to vasoconstriction and redistribution of blood flow away from non-vital organs to preserve perfusion of vital organs. Persistent shock can progress to cellular damage, organ dysfunction, and death.
Pericardial effusion
Pericardial effusion occurs when fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart. Normally up to 50 mL of fluid is present but the cavity can hold up to 2 L if the fluid builds up slowly. Fluid accumulation can negatively impact heart function. There are four main types of pericardial effusion: transudative, exudative, hemorrhagic, and malignant. The two main causes are an imbalance of fluid pressures that allows fluid to leave blood vessels, or inflammation/injury of the pericardium. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Fluid is collected via pericardiocentesis and tested based on
Shock
Shock is caused by inadequate systemic oxygen delivery that activates autonomic responses to maintain circulation. The main types of shock are hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, and obstructive. Treatment focuses on airway control, oxygen delivery, circulation optimization through fluid resuscitation, and achieving hemodynamic goals to restore tissue perfusion. Early goal directed therapy for septic shock involving aggressive fluid administration and inotropes improves outcomes.
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lungs. It can be cardiogenic (caused by heart problems increasing blood pressure in the lungs) or non-cardiogenic. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and measuring wedge pressure. Treatment focuses on reducing preload on the heart, lowering afterload, and providing supportive care like oxygen. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause but most cardiogenic cases resolve within 3 days with medical management.
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Shock
The document provides an overview of shock, including its pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches. Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation leading to cellular dysfunction. There are several types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while rapidly restoring circulating volume and hemodynamics through fluid resuscitation and vasopressors if needed. Ongoing monitoring of vital signs, urine output, lactate levels, and other parameters is important to guide resuscitation efforts and evaluate tissue perfusion.
Management of shock
The document provides guidance on the nursing management of shock. It discusses assessing the type and phase of shock, providing emergency nursing care, monitoring the patient closely, making a diagnosis based on history and assessments, treating with fluid resuscitation and blood products, and monitoring the patient's response. It also covers age-related considerations and the three phases of shock: compensated, uncompensated, and irreversible.
Pericardial effusion
This document defines pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, discusses their pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, investigations, and management. Pericardial effusion is an abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial space, while cardiac tamponade is acute heart failure caused by compression of the heart from a large or rapidly developing effusion. Clinical manifestations depend on the rate of fluid accumulation and include chest pain, lightheadedness, and decreased pulse pressure. Investigations include echocardiography, electrocardiography, and pericardiocentesis. Management involves bed rest, medications, drainage procedures, and surgery in severe cases.
shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its history, definitions, types, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and management. It discusses the four main types of shock - cardiogenic, obstructive, hypovolemic, and distributive - describing the insult, physiologic effects, and compensatory mechanisms for each. Treatment of shock focuses on the ABCDE approach - airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Restoring adequate circulation through fluid resuscitation is key. The goals of treatment are to optimize oxygen delivery and achieve endpoints of resuscitation like urine output and hemodynamic parameters.
SHOCK - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, TYPES, APPROACH, TREATMENT.
1. Shock is defined as a state of poor tissue perfusion and cellular metabolism due to circulatory failure and hypoperfusion.
2. The main causes of shock include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, and respiratory etiologies.
3. The pathophysiology of shock involves a low cardiac output state leading to vasoconstriction and redistribution of blood flow away from non-vital organs to preserve perfusion of vital organs. Persistent shock can progress to cellular damage, organ dysfunction, and death.
Pericardial effusion
Pericardial effusion occurs when fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart. Normally up to 50 mL of fluid is present but the cavity can hold up to 2 L if the fluid builds up slowly. Fluid accumulation can negatively impact heart function. There are four main types of pericardial effusion: transudative, exudative, hemorrhagic, and malignant. The two main causes are an imbalance of fluid pressures that allows fluid to leave blood vessels, or inflammation/injury of the pericardium. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Fluid is collected via pericardiocentesis and tested based on
Shock
Shock is caused by inadequate systemic oxygen delivery that activates autonomic responses to maintain circulation. The main types of shock are hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, and obstructive. Treatment focuses on airway control, oxygen delivery, circulation optimization through fluid resuscitation, and achieving hemodynamic goals to restore tissue perfusion. Early goal directed therapy for septic shock involving aggressive fluid administration and inotropes improves outcomes.
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lungs. It can be cardiogenic (caused by heart problems increasing blood pressure in the lungs) or non-cardiogenic. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and measuring wedge pressure. Treatment focuses on reducing preload on the heart, lowering afterload, and providing supportive care like oxygen. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause but most cardiogenic cases resolve within 3 days with medical management.
MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
This document provides an overview of the principles of shock management. It defines shock and describes its causes, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. The pathophysiology of shock is explained at the cellular, microvascular, and systemic levels. The stages of shock - non-progressive, progressive decompensated, and decompensated - are outlined. Signs and symptoms of shock are provided. Finally, the document discusses the general management of shock, which aims to improve oxygen delivery and utilization to prevent organ injury through restoration of perfusion and supportive care.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, usually due to a severe heart attack damaging the heart muscle. Symptoms include increased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, decreased urine output, and decreased consciousness. Treatment focuses on oxygenation, increasing systemic vascular resistance through vasopressors like epinephrine and norepinephrine, and improving heart contractility with medications that activate beta-1 receptors. Preventing cardiogenic shock involves maintaining a healthy heart through lifestyle.
Hypovolemic Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Block 3.2
Collage of Medicine, King Faisal University
Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Shock
1. Shock is defined as a systemic state of low tissue perfusion that is inadequate for normal cellular respiration. It occurs when there is insufficient delivery of oxygen and glucose to cells, causing cells to switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. If perfusion is not restored, cell death ensues.
2. The main types of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. Hypovolemic shock, the most common type, is caused by blood or fluid loss. Cardiogenic shock results from cardiac dysfunction that reduces cardiac output.
3. The goals of shock resuscitation are to increase oxygen delivery, decrease oxygen demand, improve cardiac
Shock - Pathophysiology, Clinical Features & Management
1. Hemorrhagic shock is the most common cause of shock in surgical or trauma patients and results from blood loss that exceeds 15% of circulating volume.
2. Initial management of hemorrhagic shock involves identifying the source of bleeding, providing immediate resuscitation with fluids and blood products, and controlling hemorrhage.
3. Damage control resuscitation principles are followed, including permissive hypotension to limit blood loss and balanced use of crystalloids, colloids, platelets, and plasma to prevent coagulopathy.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its history, definition, pathogenesis, stages, classification, and treatment. It discusses the various types of shock - hypovolemic (hemorrhagic), cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic). For hypovolemic shock, it outlines the stages, compensatory mechanisms, assessment including vital signs and labs, and classification based on percentage of blood loss. Treatment of hypovolemic shock involves initial and late resuscitation, with goals of hemodynamic stabilization while avoiding over-resuscitation and permissive hypotension when possible.
Acute coronary syndromes
1) Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) describe conditions caused by coronary plaque rupture and include ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina.
2) Plaque rupture triggers blood clot formation, which can partially or completely block blood flow to the heart. STEMI involves complete blockage, while NSTEMI and unstable angina involve partial blockages.
3) Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzyme tests, and angiography. Treatment depends on diagnosis but commonly includes aspirin, blood thinners, beta-blockers, and procedures like thrombolysis or angioplasty to restore blood flow.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is damaged and unable to pump enough blood to vital organs. This causes blood pressure to drop and organs to fail. It is a serious medical emergency. The heart loses its ability to contract effectively due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Clinical features include low blood pressure, confusion, and poor organ perfusion. Treatment aims to improve cardiac function and oxygen delivery through medications, surgeries like bypass and stenting, and devices like intra-aortic balloon pumps. Nursing care monitors the patient's condition and supports the medical management of this critical condition.
Acute coronary syndrome
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death in India. Atherosclerosis underlies most CAD cases. Unstable angina and NSTEMI are types of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) caused by a reduction in oxygen supply to the heart. The clinical presentation of ACS can include chest pain and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and risk stratification. Treatment focuses on anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, and revascularization. Myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures completely blocking a coronary artery. This leads to necrosis of heart muscle cells. Diagnosis of MI requires specific ECG changes and elevated cardiac
Cardiac tamponade
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
Management of Ischemic heart diseases
definition of IHD - introduction - types
Atherosclerosis definition and risky factors
Angina diagnosis : types - investigation and management
Acute coronary syndromes: types - investigation and management
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. It is usually caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses entering the bloodstream through invasive procedures like dental work or surgery. The microbes accumulate on the heart valves, forming vegetations that can damage the valves over time. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and other tests. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes valve replacement surgery. Complications can include heart failure, embolism, and stroke if left untreated.
Pulse- Abnormal Findings
Abnormal findings can occur in the pulse rate, rhythm, volume, character, vessel walls, and radiofemoral delay.
Tachycardia is a pulse rate over 100 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions. Bradycardia is a pulse rate under 60 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions.
An irregular pulse can be occasionally, regularly, or irregularly irregular and caused by conditions like extrasystole, ectopic beats, arrhythmias, and atrial fibrillation.
Other abnormalities include high or low pulse volume caused by physiological or pathological conditions, varying volume seen with
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater in the brain. It contains cerebrospinal fluid and spongy connective tissue. Bleeding into this space is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is often caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. CT and MRI are used to detect SAH. Treatment involves relieving vasospasm, removing blood, and clipping or coiling the aneurysm to prevent rebleeding. Complications include hydrocephalus, infarction, and herniation. The mortality rate of SAH is 30-60% even after reaching the hospital.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its classification, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. It defines shock as a clinical manifestation of inadequate tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia due to a reduction in effective circulating blood volume. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. The document examines the cellular, microvascular, and systemic pathophysiological changes that occur in shock, as well as compensatory mechanisms and signs of decompensation. Clinical features, diagnosis, and general management principles are also summarized.
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD). IHD is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and includes conditions like angina and myocardial infarction. The main causes are atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries leading to plaque buildup and blockages. Over time, plaques can rupture, causing blood clots that fully or partially block blood flow to the heart. This leads to insufficient oxygen delivery and cell death. The document outlines the pathogenesis and morphological changes that occur during angina and myocardial infarction as well as risk factors, diagnosis, and complications of IHD.
Shock : hypovolemic, septic and neurogenic
This document provides an overview of different types of shock, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment principles for each type. Hypovolemic shock is the most common and results from reduced circulating volume due to causes like bleeding or dehydration. Septic shock involves systemic inflammation and vasodilation in response to infection. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support, source control, and antibiotics depending on the shock etiology.
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when there is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. It is usually caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, and hypertension. Patients often present with a sudden and severe headache described as "the worst headache of my life". Diagnosis is typically made through CT scan or lumbar puncture. Treatment involves securing the aneurysm through clipping or coiling to prevent rebleeding, as well as managing complications such as cerebral vasospasm, seizures, and hydrocephalus.
Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
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Shock (2)
The document discusses different types of shock, including hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, septic, traumatic, neurogenic, and hypoadrenal shock. It defines shock as a life-threatening condition characterized by a reduction in circulating blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion. The pathogenesis of different types of shock is explained, noting how reduced blood supply can lead to cellular injury and anoxia in tissues. Clinical features common to many types of shock include tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria or anuria, and alterations in mental state. Specific causes and effects of hypovolaemic, cardiogenic and septic shock are detailed.
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MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
This document provides an overview of the principles of shock management. It defines shock and describes its causes, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. The pathophysiology of shock is explained at the cellular, microvascular, and systemic levels. The stages of shock - non-progressive, progressive decompensated, and decompensated - are outlined. Signs and symptoms of shock are provided. Finally, the document discusses the general management of shock, which aims to improve oxygen delivery and utilization to prevent organ injury through restoration of perfusion and supportive care.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, usually due to a severe heart attack damaging the heart muscle. Symptoms include increased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, decreased urine output, and decreased consciousness. Treatment focuses on oxygenation, increasing systemic vascular resistance through vasopressors like epinephrine and norepinephrine, and improving heart contractility with medications that activate beta-1 receptors. Preventing cardiogenic shock involves maintaining a healthy heart through lifestyle.
Hypovolemic Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Block 3.2
Collage of Medicine, King Faisal University
Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Shock
1. Shock is defined as a systemic state of low tissue perfusion that is inadequate for normal cellular respiration. It occurs when there is insufficient delivery of oxygen and glucose to cells, causing cells to switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. If perfusion is not restored, cell death ensues.
2. The main types of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. Hypovolemic shock, the most common type, is caused by blood or fluid loss. Cardiogenic shock results from cardiac dysfunction that reduces cardiac output.
3. The goals of shock resuscitation are to increase oxygen delivery, decrease oxygen demand, improve cardiac
Shock - Pathophysiology, Clinical Features & Management
1. Hemorrhagic shock is the most common cause of shock in surgical or trauma patients and results from blood loss that exceeds 15% of circulating volume.
2. Initial management of hemorrhagic shock involves identifying the source of bleeding, providing immediate resuscitation with fluids and blood products, and controlling hemorrhage.
3. Damage control resuscitation principles are followed, including permissive hypotension to limit blood loss and balanced use of crystalloids, colloids, platelets, and plasma to prevent coagulopathy.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its history, definition, pathogenesis, stages, classification, and treatment. It discusses the various types of shock - hypovolemic (hemorrhagic), cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic). For hypovolemic shock, it outlines the stages, compensatory mechanisms, assessment including vital signs and labs, and classification based on percentage of blood loss. Treatment of hypovolemic shock involves initial and late resuscitation, with goals of hemodynamic stabilization while avoiding over-resuscitation and permissive hypotension when possible.
Acute coronary syndromes
1) Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) describe conditions caused by coronary plaque rupture and include ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina.
2) Plaque rupture triggers blood clot formation, which can partially or completely block blood flow to the heart. STEMI involves complete blockage, while NSTEMI and unstable angina involve partial blockages.
3) Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzyme tests, and angiography. Treatment depends on diagnosis but commonly includes aspirin, blood thinners, beta-blockers, and procedures like thrombolysis or angioplasty to restore blood flow.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is damaged and unable to pump enough blood to vital organs. This causes blood pressure to drop and organs to fail. It is a serious medical emergency. The heart loses its ability to contract effectively due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Clinical features include low blood pressure, confusion, and poor organ perfusion. Treatment aims to improve cardiac function and oxygen delivery through medications, surgeries like bypass and stenting, and devices like intra-aortic balloon pumps. Nursing care monitors the patient's condition and supports the medical management of this critical condition.
Acute coronary syndrome
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death in India. Atherosclerosis underlies most CAD cases. Unstable angina and NSTEMI are types of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) caused by a reduction in oxygen supply to the heart. The clinical presentation of ACS can include chest pain and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and risk stratification. Treatment focuses on anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, and revascularization. Myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures completely blocking a coronary artery. This leads to necrosis of heart muscle cells. Diagnosis of MI requires specific ECG changes and elevated cardiac
Cardiac tamponade
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
Management of Ischemic heart diseases
definition of IHD - introduction - types
Atherosclerosis definition and risky factors
Angina diagnosis : types - investigation and management
Acute coronary syndromes: types - investigation and management
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. It is usually caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses entering the bloodstream through invasive procedures like dental work or surgery. The microbes accumulate on the heart valves, forming vegetations that can damage the valves over time. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and other tests. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes valve replacement surgery. Complications can include heart failure, embolism, and stroke if left untreated.
Pulse- Abnormal Findings
Abnormal findings can occur in the pulse rate, rhythm, volume, character, vessel walls, and radiofemoral delay.
Tachycardia is a pulse rate over 100 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions. Bradycardia is a pulse rate under 60 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions.
An irregular pulse can be occasionally, regularly, or irregularly irregular and caused by conditions like extrasystole, ectopic beats, arrhythmias, and atrial fibrillation.
Other abnormalities include high or low pulse volume caused by physiological or pathological conditions, varying volume seen with
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater in the brain. It contains cerebrospinal fluid and spongy connective tissue. Bleeding into this space is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is often caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. CT and MRI are used to detect SAH. Treatment involves relieving vasospasm, removing blood, and clipping or coiling the aneurysm to prevent rebleeding. Complications include hydrocephalus, infarction, and herniation. The mortality rate of SAH is 30-60% even after reaching the hospital.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its classification, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. It defines shock as a clinical manifestation of inadequate tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia due to a reduction in effective circulating blood volume. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. The document examines the cellular, microvascular, and systemic pathophysiological changes that occur in shock, as well as compensatory mechanisms and signs of decompensation. Clinical features, diagnosis, and general management principles are also summarized.
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD). IHD is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and includes conditions like angina and myocardial infarction. The main causes are atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries leading to plaque buildup and blockages. Over time, plaques can rupture, causing blood clots that fully or partially block blood flow to the heart. This leads to insufficient oxygen delivery and cell death. The document outlines the pathogenesis and morphological changes that occur during angina and myocardial infarction as well as risk factors, diagnosis, and complications of IHD.
Shock : hypovolemic, septic and neurogenic
This document provides an overview of different types of shock, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment principles for each type. Hypovolemic shock is the most common and results from reduced circulating volume due to causes like bleeding or dehydration. Septic shock involves systemic inflammation and vasodilation in response to infection. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support, source control, and antibiotics depending on the shock etiology.
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when there is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. It is usually caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, and hypertension. Patients often present with a sudden and severe headache described as "the worst headache of my life". Diagnosis is typically made through CT scan or lumbar puncture. Treatment involves securing the aneurysm through clipping or coiling to prevent rebleeding, as well as managing complications such as cerebral vasospasm, seizures, and hydrocephalus.
Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
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Shock - Pathophysiology, Clinical Features & Management
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The document discusses different types of shock, including hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, septic, traumatic, neurogenic, and hypoadrenal shock. It defines shock as a life-threatening condition characterized by a reduction in circulating blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion. The pathogenesis of different types of shock is explained, noting how reduced blood supply can lead to cellular injury and anoxia in tissues. Clinical features common to many types of shock include tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria or anuria, and alterations in mental state. Specific causes and effects of hypovolaemic, cardiogenic and septic shock are detailed.
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This document defines and describes shock, including its basic causes, contributing factors, dangers, signs and symptoms, and types. Shock is a depressed condition where not enough blood circulates due to injury or illness. The basic causes are pump failure from heart damage, hypovolemia from blood or fluid loss, and relative hypovolemia where blood vessels dilate too much. Signs include pale or cold skin, irregular breathing and pulse. First aid aims to improve circulation and oxygen supply while maintaining normal body temperature.
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This seminar covers different types of shock including definitions, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. The main types discussed are hypovolaemic shock, traumatic shock, cardiogenic shock, neurogenic shock, septic shock, and crush syndrome. Hypovolaemic shock is the most common and results from sudden loss of blood or fluid volume. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation and controlling bleeding. Septic shock has a high mortality and is usually caused by gram-negative bacteria. Crush syndrome occurs after body portions are compressed by heavy weights.
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shock types management
The document discusses various types and causes of shock, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, hypoadrenal, and anaphylactic shock. It covers the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, classification, management, and treatment of shock. Key points include that shock results from inadequate tissue perfusion due to various etiologies, management involves identifying the cause and restoring circulating volume through intravenous fluids, blood products, and surgical intervention if needed.
SHOCK
1. Shock is a life-threatening condition defined as inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues due to acute circulatory failure, leading to cellular injury and death if untreated.
2. The document classifies and describes the pathophysiology and stages of different types of shock, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, and neurogenic shock.
3. Left untreated, the stages of shock progress from initial compensated shock to decompensated shock and finally irreversible shock, with multi-organ failure potentially leading to death.
Shock
Shock is a condition where the cardiovascular system fails to adequately perfuse tissues. It can be caused by an impaired pump (cardiogenic shock), reduced circulating volume (hypovolemic shock), or maldistribution of blood flow (distributive shock). The main effects are cellular hypoxia, impaired metabolism, and organ damage or failure if not treated. Compensatory mechanisms aim to increase perfusion but eventually fail, leading to irreversible cellular damage and death if shock persists.
Shock - Pathophysiology / Types & Management
This PPT on Shock is typically based on the Topic given in Bailey & Love. It will be useful to MBBS students - Final year.
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Shock.ppt
Shock is defined as a condition where the circulatory system cannot provide adequate circulation to vital organs due to low blood pressure. The main types of shock are hypovolemic (low blood volume), cardiogenic (heart failure), distributive (widespread vasodilation), and obstructive (blocked blood flow). Symptoms include increased heart rate, pale and cold skin, low urine output, and organ dysfunction. Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause, restoring blood volume, and increasing blood pressure through fluids, vasopressors, and inotropes to improve organ perfusion. The prognosis depends on the cause but septic shock carries a high mortality rate even with treatment.
Shock
This document discusses different types of shock. It classifies shock into hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. Hypovolaemic shock is due to reduced circulating volume. Cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure. Obstructive shock involves mechanical obstruction of cardiac filling. Distributive shock involves abnormal blood vessel dilation leading to low blood pressure and organ perfusion issues. Endocrine shock combines features of other shock types and can be caused by thyroid or adrenal issues. The document provides examples and details on the pathophysiology of each shock type.
SHOCK Assignment.pptx
Critical Care Nurse Student | Assistant Clinical Researcher | Chairperson National Nurses of Kenya-Siaya Branch | Mentor | SRHR & Boys Advocate.
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Pathogenesis and Medicolegal aspect of shock
shock is one of the main cause of death very common encountered in day to day practice,in this presentation we look at how it happen,what are the causes and how we diagnose it in brief and its forensic importance
The complication of shock with classification
This document contains lecture notes on circulatory shock. It defines shock as a state where there is widespread and serious reduction in tissue perfusion that can lead to impaired cellular function if prolonged. The document classifies and describes the causes, symptoms, and pathophysiology of different types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic), and discusses the body's compensatory mechanisms during shock like activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system. It outlines the progression from cellular hypoxia to organ dysfunction and failure if shock is not corrected.
Pathophysiology and management of shock
This document provides information on the pathophysiology of shock. It defines shock and describes the main types: primary/initial shock, secondary/true shock. It then discusses the mechanisms and stages of shock, including compensated/non-progressive shock, decompensated progressive shock, and decompensated/irreversible shock. The management of different types of shock such as hypovolaemic shock and septic shock is also summarized.
Word of shock
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shock.pptx
The document discusses the pathophysiology of shock. It defines shock and describes the types and stages of shock. The types of shock include hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and anaphylactic shock. The stages are initial compensated shock, progressive decompensated shock, and decompensated irreversible shock. The mechanisms of shock involve reduced circulating volume and tissue anoxia. Management involves treating the underlying cause, restoring perfusion and oxygen delivery, and supportive care.
2 shock 1
Shock is defined as failure to meet the metabolic demands of tissues due to decreased systemic tissue perfusion. There are several stages and types of shock. The pathophysiology involves cellular hypoxia leading to metabolic acidosis, endothelial injury, and organ dysfunction. Management involves addressing airway, breathing, circulation, and the underlying cause of shock. Fluid resuscitation is initially used but vasopressors may be needed. Complications can include acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multi-organ failure if shock is not promptly recognized and treated.
shock.pptx
Shock is defined as a life-threatening condition where blood flow to organs is low, decreasing oxygen and nutrient delivery and waste removal. There are four main types of shock: hypovolemic from low blood volume, cardiogenic from low cardiac output despite adequate volume, distributive from low vascular resistance usually due to sepsis, and obstructive from outflow obstruction. Hypovolemic shock is caused by blood loss, fluid loss, or decreased intake and presents with tachycardia, hypotension, and decreased urine output. Initial management focuses on restoring circulating volume through fluid resuscitation and controlling any bleeding. Cardiogenic shock presents with cool skin, tachypnea, hypotension, and altered mental status and
Shock ppt
This document defines shock and describes the different types of shock. It explains the pathology of shock as decreased blood volume leading to reduced cardiac output and blood pressure failure. It outlines the compensatory mechanisms the body employs in response to shock like increased adrenaline and fluid shifts. The clinical features of mild, moderate and severe shock are provided based on percentage of blood volume lost. Treatment focuses on resuscitation, bleeding control, fluid replacement and various drugs to support the heart rate, contractions and vascular tone.
Approach to paediatric shock dr jason
1. Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion to meet metabolic demand and can be caused by hypovolemia, cardiac dysfunction, obstruction of blood flow, or inappropriate blood vessel dilation.
2. Clinical signs of shock include tachycardia, abnormal capillary refill time, weak pulses, hypotension, and altered mental status.
3. Management of shock involves optimizing oxygen delivery through fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, vasopressors, ventilation, and treating the underlying cause to increase blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
SHOCK
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing / Adult Health Nursing
Title: Shock
Prepared by: Misfa Khatun, Nursing tutor
Content:
- Introduction
- Definition of Shock
- Classify Shock
- Stages of Shock
- Enumerate the Causes of shock
- Pathophysiology of Shock
- Identify the Signs and symptoms of Shock
- First ais management of Shock
- Treatment of Shock
- Management of Shock
- Nursing management of Shock
11- Shock.pdf
The document discusses shock, including:
1. Circulatory shock occurs when the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate circulation and tissue perfusion, leading to cellular hypoxia and energy deficit.
2. Shock is classified as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, or distributive. Hypovolemic shock results from blood or fluid loss while cardiogenic shock stems from heart problems reducing cardiac output.
3. During the reversible phase of hemorrhagic shock, compensatory mechanisms aim to maintain perfusion through vasoconstriction, tachycardia, fluid shifts, and hormonal responses. However, irreversible shock leads to organ dysfunction and failure without rapid intervention.
SHOCK
- Shock occurs when there is not enough blood flow through the body to supply organs and tissues. It can be caused by injuries, blood loss, infections, burns, and other conditions.
- There are four main types of shock: hypovolemic from decreased blood volume, vasogenic from increased blood vessel capacity, cardiogenic from heart disease, and obstructive from blocked blood flow.
- Symptoms include low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, pale and cold skin, rapid breathing, and loss of consciousness. Treatment focuses on restoring blood circulation through fluid resuscitation, medications, blood transfusions, and treating the underlying cause.
Presentation 4.pdf
1) Shock is a clinical syndrome characterized by inadequate blood flow to tissues due to low cardiac output. There are four main types of shock: hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive.
2) Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood volume is reduced, such as from hemorrhage, trauma, surgery, or dehydration. Early signs include rapid pulse, rapid breathing, pale skin, and low blood pressure.
3) Distributive shock involves widespread vasodilation, such as in anaphylaxis, infection-related sepsis, or neurological causes. This decreases peripheral resistance despite normal blood volume.
Shock
Shock is defined as a state of cellular hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery or utilization. It can be classified as initial/primary shock which is transient and benign, or true/secondary shock which involves a circulatory imbalance at the cellular level. Hinshaw and Cox classify shock into four categories: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, extracardiac obstructive, and distributive. All forms of shock involve reduced circulating blood volume, reduced oxygen supply to tissues leading to anoxia, and release of inflammatory mediators from cellular injury. Compensatory responses aim to maintain circulation and maximize cardiac function to redistribute perfusion to vital organs. Diagnosis involves monitoring physiology, while management focuses on treating the underlying cause, organ
Shock
This document discusses different types of shock, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment. It covers hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. Hypovolemic shock is defined as decreased intravascular volume and can be caused by external or internal fluid loss. Signs include rapid pulse, tachypnea, cool skin, and cyanosis. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation. Cardiogenic shock results from impaired heart function and common causes are heart attacks or cardiomyopathy. Septic shock is a severe infection that causes vasodilation and maldistribution of blood flow. Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that also causes vasod
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Recognition of shock
- 1. 1) Most common type of shock in children worldwide. 2) Body’s first action to maintain the Cardiac Output? 3) Common forms of Distributive Shock? 4) Causes of Obstructive Shock? 5) 3 factors that determine Stroke Volume?
- 2. RECOGNITION OF SHOCK Dr.Manoj Prabhakar.M, Resident (Dept of Pediatrics)
- 3. THIS PART DISCUSSES THE FOLLOWING Definition of shock Pathophysiology of shock Etilogy and signs of the 4 most common types of shock.
- 4. DEFINITION OF SHOCK A critical condition that results from inadequate tissue delivery of O2 and nutrients to meet the tissue metabolic demands.
- 5. SHOCK CAN RESULT FROM Inadequate blood volume or oxygen carrying capacity Inappropriate distribution of blood volume and flow Impaired cardiac contractility Obstructed blood flow.
- 7. COMPONENTS OF TISSUE OXYGEN DELIVERY Adequate tissue O2 delivery depends on Sufficient blood flow to the tissues Appropriate distribution of blood flow to the tissues.
- 8. STROKE VOLUME Amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat. Determined by 3 factors: FACTOR CLINICAL DEFINITION Preload Volume of blood present in the ventricle before contraction. Contractility Afterload Resistance against which the ventricle is ejecting
- 9. COMPENSATORY MECHANISMS Tachycardia Increase in systemic vascular resistance Increase in strength of cardiac contraction Increase in venous smooth muscle tone
- 10. EFFECT ON BP Systolic BP may initially remain normal or even slightly elevated. Pulse pressure is often narrrowed.
- 11. COMMON SIGNS Compensatory Mechanism Area Sign Increased heart rate Heart Tachycardia Increased SVR Skin Cold Pale Mottled diaphoretic Peripheral Circulation Delayed capillary refill Pulses Weak peripheral pulses narrow pulse pressure Increased renal and splanchnic vascular resistance Kidney Oliguria Intestine Vomiting, ileus
- 12. IDENTIFICATION OF SHOCK BY TYPE HYPOVOLEMIC DISTRIBUTIVE CARDIOGENIC OBSTRUCTIVE
- 13. 1. HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK • Causes : • Diarrhea • Vomiting • Hemorrhage • Inadequate fluid intake • Osmotic diuresis • Large burns
- 14. Airway Typically patent Breathing Tachypnea Circulation Tachycardia Weak or absent peripheral pulses Delayed capillary refilling Oliguria Cold pale skin HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
- 15. 2. DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK Abnormal distribution of blood flow in the small blood vessels results in inadequate supply of blood to the body's tissues and organs Most common forms of distributive shock are: SEPTIC SHOCK ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK NEUROGENIC SHOCK
- 16. SIGNS OF DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK SEPTIC SHOCK: Fever or hypothermia Altered WBC ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK: Anxiety or agitation Nausea & vomiting Urticaria Angioedema Hypotension Tachycardia
- 17. Neurogenic Shock : - Hypotension with a wide pulse pressure - Normal heart rate or bradycardia.
- 18. Airway Usually patent Breathing Quiet tachypnea Circulation Tachycardia Bounding peripheral pulses Brisk or delayed capillary refill Warm and flushed skin ( Warm shock ) Pale and mottled skin ( cold shock ) DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK
- 19. 3) CARDIOGENIC SHOCK Inadequate circulation of blood due to primary failure of the ventricles of the heart to function effectively Causes It can be due to damage to the heart muscle Congenital heart disease Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmias Poisoning due to drug toxicity Myocardial Injury
- 20. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK Airway Usually patent Breathing Tachypnea Increased respiratory effort Circulation Tachycardia Signs of congestive cardiac failure Cyanosis Cold and pale skin
- 21. 4. OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK Shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself. CARDIAC TAMPONADE- Muffled heart sounds Pulsus paradoxus Distended neck veins
- 22. TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX: Tracheal deviation towards contralateral side Hyper resonant on affected side Diminished breath sounds on affected side OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK
- 23. DUCT DEPENDED LESIONS Higher pre ductal vs post ductal blood pressure Absence of femoral pulses Metabolic acidosis OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK
- 24. MASSIVE PULMONARY EMBOLISM Tachycardia Cyanosis Hypotension Chest pain OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK
- 25. RECOGNITION OF SHOCK FLOWCHART
- 26. THANK YOU