Definition
Type of Hernia
risk factor
pathophysiology
diagnostic procedure
physical assessment
management for hernia
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
Definition
Type of Hernia
risk factor
pathophysiology
diagnostic procedure
physical assessment
management for hernia
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden, progressive form of respiratory failure characterized by severe dyspnea, refractory hypoxemia, and diffuse bilateral infiltrates.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden, progressive form of respiratory failure characterized by severe dyspnea, refractory hypoxemia, and diffuse bilateral infiltrates.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Presentation on clinical signs of hypovolemic shock and the best ways to approach stabilizing these patients before sending them on to a referral center with more sophisticated equipment for treating such cases.
Cardiogenic shock : Medical Surgical NursingRaksha Yadav
This
presentation is designed for Nursing students and it gives a brief
about what you should know while caring for a client with Cardiogenic
shock and also its prevention.
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing / Adult Health Nursing
Title: Shock
Prepared by: Misfa Khatun, Nursing tutor
Content:
- Introduction
- Definition of Shock
- Classify Shock
- Stages of Shock
- Enumerate the Causes of shock
- Pathophysiology of Shock
- Identify the Signs and symptoms of Shock
- First ais management of Shock
- Treatment of Shock
- Management of Shock
- Nursing management of Shock
Case report: A 49-year-old previously healthy man was admitted to the ICU after cardiac arrest following a short history with headache, blurred speech and reduced consciousness. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation perfusion rhythm was regained, but the patient didn`t regain consciousness. The arterial blood gas analysis at the ICU revealed a severe metabolic acidosis with pH at 6.86 and lactate levels of 16 mmol/L. The white blood cells count was also markedly increased (312 * 109/L), and blood smear showed immature cells indicating acute leukemia. The severe metabolic acidosis, at first thought to be due to systemic hypoperfusion, did not improve in spite of fluid and vasopressor resuscitation. A CT scan of the head performed the next day, revealed massive cerebellar haemorrhage, edema in both hemispheres and signs of anoxic brain damage. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood was consistent with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
Diagnostic accuracy of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the direct identification of clinical pathogens from urine
Journal Club (Systematic Review & Meta Analysis)
Clinical Microbiology Fellowship
Approach to Aquatic Skin & Soft Tissue Infections. Clinical Microbiology Residency Program
King Fahd Hospital of The University, Al Khobar
Saudi Arabia
To Present an up-to-date summary of the best microbiology practice related to malaria diagnostics
PGY-3, IAU Clinical Microbiology Residency
Dammam, KSA
Best Practice for Colistin Susceptibility Testing: Methods and Evidence (Mini...Abdullatif Al-Rashed
Mini-Review presentation
Best Practice for Colistin Susceptibility Testing: Methods and Evidence
Clinical Microbiology Residency Program, King Fahd Hospital of the University
Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
Antiretroviral Resistance in HIV-1 Patients at a Tertiary Medical Institute in Saudi Arabia: a Retrospective Study and Analysis.
Journal Club,
Virology Rotation , 1/5/2019
Clinical Approach To Aseptic Meningitis and Encephalitis
Virology Rotation (R2) , Clinical Microbiology Residency
King Fahd Hospital of The University
23/4/2019
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. The Case
Mustafa a 22 years old Saudi medical student was
driving his car at a speed of 145 Km/Hour without
fastened his seatbelt when he was involved in a single-vehicle
automobile accident.
When attended to by Red Crescent emergency team
personnel, no information was available about the time
of the accident
When attended to by Red Crescent emergency team
personnel, no information was available about the time
of the accident
4. The Case
He was found to be agitated and complaining of
abdominal pain. His airway was patent
At the scene, he was breathing at 32 breaths/ min
with BP of 90/60 mmHg and a pulse of 130 Bpm.
At the scene, he was breathing at 32 breaths/ min
with BP of 90/60 mmHg and a pulse of 130 Bpm.
He was placed in a hard cervical collar on a back
board and transported to the emergency room
He was placed in a hard cervical collar on a back
board and transported to the emergency room
5. The Case
Upon arrival his vital signs were the same, with
temp. of 36 C. His abdomen was markedly
distended. His hands and feet were cold, his legs
mottled.
A NG tube revealed green liquid. A urinary catheter
revealed dark yellow urine. His Hb is 7. His FAST
examination is positive in Morrison’s Pouch.
A NG tube revealed green liquid. A urinary catheter
revealed dark yellow urine. His Hb is 7. His FAST
examination is positive in Morrison’s Pouch.
8. Hypovolemic Shock
• Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in
which severe blood and fluid loss make the heart
unable to pump enough blood to the body due to
decreased preload.
• The diminished preload decreases the CO and the
SVR increases in an effort to compensate for the
diminished CO and maintain perfusion to the vital
organs.
• It leads to multiple organs failure.
14. The Answer
• The effect of fluid loss on acid-base balance is
variable.
• Although many patients maintain a normal
extracellular pH, either metabolic acidosis or
metabolic alkalosis can occur.
• Lactate acidosis is common in cases of
hypovolemic shock.
15. The Answer
• Lactic acidosis , considered a type of metabolic acidosis, is
a physiological condition characterized by low pH in body
tissues and blood (acidosis) accompanied by the buildup of
lactate.
• Lactic acidosis is characterized by lactate levels >5 mmol/L
and serum pH <7.35.
• Type A lactic acidosis is the most common type of lactic
acidosis in hypovolemic shock
16. 4/ What is the effect of this
kind of shock on kidneys,
heart, lungs, brain, and
intestines.
17. Kidneys
• The urine output will decrease do to renal
hypoperfusion.
Blood loss 750-
1500ml
Blood loss 1500-
2000
Blood loss >2000
Urinary output mildly
affected
Urinary output
mildly/severely
affected.
Severe oliguria or
anuria
18. Heart
• Cardiovascular signs are due to
adrenergic response to blood loss.
(Shock class I) (Shock class II) (Shock class III) (Shock class IIII)
NONE Tachycardia due to
catecholamine
release.
Weak pulse or
absent pulses (they
are more significant
than weak pulses).
Skin: pale, moist
and cool.
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Tachycardia, very
weak pulse.
Capillary refill is
undetectable.
The skin is pale
and moist.
Blood pressure
very low or
undetectable.
19. Lungs
• Tachypnoea due to central nervous
system chemoreceptor stimulation by a
decreased pH and hypoxia.
20. Brain
• Symptoms are duo to cerebral
hypoperfusion and acidosis.
(Shock class I) (Shock class II) (Shock class III) (Shock class IIII)
None or
orthostatic
dizziness.
Restlessness,
anxiety,
agitation.
Anxiety,
confusion.
Confusion,
drowsiness,
and coma
21. Intestine
• Decreased intestinal motility due to intestinal
hypoperfusion.
• This leads to bilious aspirate “Green liquid in
Nasogastric tube aspirate”
23. The Answer
• Hypovolemic shock is characterized by a loss in
intravascular volume that results in decreased preload.
• Since preload is one of the determinants of stroke
volume, cardiac output falls.
24. The Answer
• The initial hemodynamic abnormality of fluid loss
activates the compensatory mechanisms under
neuroendocrine control, which maintain adequate central
perfusion despite the fall in cardiac output.
• However, systemic vasoconstriction may lead to tissue
ischemia, hypoxia, and eventually to altered cellular
function and global organ dysfunction.