Radar uses radio waves to detect distant objects by transmitting pulses and measuring their reflection. It can determine an object's range, angle, speed, and other features. Originally developed for military use, radar is now widely used in civil applications like weather monitoring. It works by transmitting microwave pulses and measuring properties of the returning echo, allowing it to calculate characteristics of detected objects.

1. Radar:
Principles and applications
Vivek srivastava

2. • Radar: Radio detection and ranging
• Radio stands for microwaves and range means
distance
• Radar sensors were originally developed and
used by millitary but now they are used in civil
applications widely such as environmental
monitoring

3. What is Radar?
• RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging)
is a way to detect and study far off
targets by transmitting a radio pulse in
the direction of the target and observing
the reflection of the wave.
• It’s basically radio echo

4. 4
What is RADAR?
• A Radar system has three primary functions:
- It transmits microwave (radio) signals towards a
scene
- It receives the portion of the transmitted energy
backscattered from the scene
- It observes the strength (detection) and the time
delay (ranging) of the return signals.
• Radar is an active remote sensing system & can
operate day/night

5. RADAR
RAdio Detection And Ranging
Radar observables:
• Target range
• Target angles
• Target size
• Target speed
• Target features
Antenna
Transmitted
Pulse
Target
Cross
Section
Propagation
Reflected
Pulse
(“echo”)

6. The Range
• Distance from the
radar
• Measured from time
delay between
transmitted pulse and
returned signal
received

7. The Range
• Remember, in general v=d/t and d=vt
• The range is just a distance
• Since radio waves travel at the speed of
light (v = c = 300,000 km/sec )
range = c•time/2
• Why divided by 2?

8. The Range
• The “2” is because the measured time is
for a round trip to and from the target. To
determine the range, you only want the
time to the object, so you take half!

9. Radar Range Measurement
Transmitted
Pulse
Reflected
Pulse
Range
Target
• Target range =
cτ
2
where c = speed of light
τ = round trip time

10. Why microwaves
• Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with
wavelength between 1 cm to 1 m
• Used by radars because can penetrate clouds and
haze or fog
• Microwave remote sensing is considered as an
active remote sensing but passive sensors are
also used which detect naturally emitted
microwave energy
• Mainly used in meteorology, hydrology and
oceanography

11. • In radar, antenna transmits microwave signals
to the earth’s surface and they are
backscattered
• The part of the electromagnetic energy which
is scattered into the direction of the antenna
is detected by the sensor
• Active sensors are divided into two groups:
imaging and non imaging
• Radar is an imaging microwave sensor

12. • The non-imaging microwave
instruments include altimeters which
collect distance information such as
sea surface height and
scatterometers which acquire
information about object properties
such as wind speed

13. • Radar is an active sensor means it is having its
own energy source
• Since radar is an active sensor so data can be
acquired any time
• Another advantage of radar is that signal
characteristics (wavelength, polarization,
incidence angle etc.) can be easily controlled

14. Principles of imaging radar
• The main systems of an imaging radar includes:
transmitter, receiver, an antenna and a recorder
• Transmitter is used to generate microwave
signals and transmit the energy to the antenna
from where it is emitted towards the earth
surface
• Antenna accepts the backscattered signals and
transfer it to the receiver which amplifies the
signals for recording purpose
• Recorder then stores the received signals
• Bistatic radar and monostatic radar

15. • Radar acquires an image according to the
strength of the backscattered energy that is
received from the ground
• The energy received from each transmitted
radar pulse can be expressed as radar
equation
• Pr = G2
λ2
Pt σ/(4π)3
R4

16. • Pr = G2
λ2
Pt σ/(4π)3
R4
• Pr: received energy
• G: antenna gain(measure of the ability of the
antenna to focus the radiation in particular
direction )
• λ: wavelength of radiation
• Pt: transmitted power
• σ: backscattering constant (measure of the
strength of the radar signals reflected )
• R: Distance (Range between target and sensor)

17. • Transmitting antenna: How well the antenna
converts input power into radio waves headed
in a specified direction
• Receiving antenna: How well the antenna
converts radio waves arriving from a specified
direction into electrical power

24. • Some radar transmitters do not transmit constant,
uninterrupted electromagnetic waves. Instead, they transmit
rhythmic pulses of EM waves with a set amount of time in
between each pulse. The pulse itself would consist of an EM
wave of several wavelengths with some dead time after it in
which there are no transmissions. The time between each
pulse is called the pulse repetition time (PRT) and the number
of pulses transmitted in one second is called the pulse
repetition frequency (PRF)

25. • Once the radar receives the returned signal, it
calculates useful information from it such as
the time taken for it to be received, the
strength of the returned signal, or the change
in frequency of the signal. This information is
then translated to reveal useful data: an
image, a position or the velocity of the
speeding car.

26. Radar images

28. Earth Science and RF Radiometery
Microwave
Radiometry
Applications.
Ocean surface wind
Soil moisture
Sea surface temperature/
Sea surface salinity
Atmospheric temperature, humidity, and clouds
Precipitation
Atmospheric chemistry