This document presents a detailed overview of radar technology, including its principles, classifications, components, and applications. It covers the basic functioning of radar systems, the historical development of radar, and important terminology associated with radar operation. Additionally, it lists key applications such as weather forecasting, law enforcement, and air traffic control.

1. SEMESTER PROJECT
PRESENTATION
ON
ELECTRONICS BASED DEVICES
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE
& TECHNOLOGY ,SHIBPUR

2. By’ Nitesh
kumar

3. RADARSYSTEMS
Preparedby:
NITESH KUMAR
E&Tc Dept.-6th SEM
ID No.:110712009
IIEST,SHIBPUR

4. 1.INTRODUCTION
2.BASIC PRINCIPLE
3.CLASSIFICATIONS
4.RADAR TECHNOLOGY
5.RADAR COMPONENTS
6.APPLICATIONS

5. 1.Introduction
# defination: Radar is an object-detection system
that uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects.
*RADAR stands for RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING
# historical review:
1886: H.R.Hertz Discovered Electromagnetic wave.
1897: G.Marconi (known as pioneer of radio
communication) firstly transmitted
electromagnetic wave for long distance.
1930: L.A.Hyland,Locates an aircraft for first time.

6. 2.Basic principles And Design
# Radar Principle: The electronic principle on which
radar operates is very similar to the principle of
sound-wave reflection.Radar uses electromagnetic
energy pulses in much the same way. The radio-
frequency (rf) energy is transmitted to and
reflected from the reflecting object.
Fig.1 radar principle

9. # Basicdesign: The radar signal is generated by a
powerful transmitter and received by a highly
sensitive receiver. The radar antenna
illuminate the target with a microwave signal,
which is then reflected and picked up by a
receiving device and Radar signals can be
displayed on the traditional plan position indicator
(PPI) other more advanced radar display systems
Fig.2: Block diagram
of a primary radar

10. # Important terms:
Some frequently used term are –
1.Maximum Unambiguous Range:The maximum
range
at which a target can be located such that the
leading edge of the recieved backscatter
from that target is receivd before transmission
begins for the next pulse. This range is
called maximum unambiguous range
Where ; PRT is pulse repetition time
Pw is pulse width
Rmax =
c0 · ( PRT − PW )
2

11. 2.Minimal Measuring Range:
Theminimal measuring range Rmin (“blind range”)
is the minimum distance which the target must
have to be detect. Therein, it is necessary that the
transmitting pulse leaves the antenna completely
and the radar unit must switch on the receiver.
Rmin=
c0·(τ + trecovery)
𝟐
Where:
τ =transmitting time
trecovery = recovery time
Fig:The Radars “blind range”

12. # The Radar equation:
(Argumentation/Derivation)
Radar range equation represents the physical dependences of
the transmit power, one can assess the performance of the radar set
with the radar equation (or the radar range equation).
Non directional Power Density (su) :
Su =
Ps
4 · π · R1
2
Directional Power Density (sg) :
Sg = Su · G
The reflected power Pr :
Pr =
Ps· G · σ
4 · π · R1
2 [W/m2]
The received power PE :

13. PE =
Ps · G2· σ · λ2
(4 · π)3 · R4
The Antenna Gain (G):
G =
4 · π· A · Ka
λ2
The radar range equation:
R=
4 Ps · G2· σ · λ2
(4 · π)3.PE
Where: PS = transmitted power [W
σ = radar cross section [m2]
R1 = range, distance antenna - aim [m]
R2 = range aim - antenna [m]
Aw =Effective apparture antenna [𝑚2
]
=A · Ka

14. 3.Classifications

15. *Brief Explanation:
(A)Primary Radar
A Primary Radar transmits high-frequency signals which
are reflected at targets. The arisen echoes are received and
evaluated.
a)Pulsed Radars: Pulse radar sets transmit a high-
frequency impulse signal of high power. After this impulse
signal, a longer break follows in which the echoes can be
received, before a new transmitted signal is sent out.
b)Continuous- Wave Radar:
CW radar sets transmit
a high-frequency signal continu-
-ously. the transmitting antenna
and the receiving antenna are
separate.
Fig:The continuous wave radar

18. (B) Secondary Radar:
Defination: A secondary radar system is a cooperative Target
identification system in which the interrogator Transmits an encoded
signal to the target. the signal transmitted by the secondary radar is
intercepted and received by the target .the target has a transponder on
board that interperts the encoded signal and transmits an encoded reply
back to the interrogator .the secondary radar systems receives and
interprets the target encoded signal.
* Two important part:
1)Ground interrogator
2)Air Craft Transponder
*It provide IFF
(Identification of friend
And foe).
Fig :Block diagram of a secondary
radar

19. *Pictorial View

20. 4.Radar technology:

21. # RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
*WHY SIGNAL PROCESSING ??
-Signal processing is employed in radar system to
reduce the radar interference effect.
- Constant alarm rate and digital terrain object
processingare also used in clutter environment
* DISTANCE MEASURMENT:
-For the PULSE RADAR the round trip- time is used to
detect the distance.
-In CONTINIOUS WAVE RADAR is measured by the
product of one-half of the trip time and the speed
of signal.

22. 5.Radar Components

23. 1.ANTENNA
. The Antenna is the transitional structure
between free-space and a guided devices
. Type: a)Wireless Antenna
b)Aperture Antenna
c)Reflector antenna
d)microstrip antenna
. Antenna Characteristics:
1)Antenna Gain: It is the ratio between the
amount of energy propagated in these directions compared
to the energy that would be propagated if the antenna were
not directional .

24. 2) Aperture:
The area presented to the radiated or
received signal.
Fig: The antenna aperture is a section of a spherical
surface
3)Polarization of electromagnetic waves:
* The radiation field of an antenna is
composed of electric and magnetic lines of force.
*It is polarization of wave transmitted by
antenna.
2) Beam Width: The angular range of the antenna
pattern in which at least half of the maximum

25. *few images of antenna:

26. 2.RADAR TRANSMITTER
* A radar transmitter generates RF- energy, necessary
for scanning the free space.
*It should have the following operating
characteristics:
a)The transmitter must have a suitable RF bandwidth
b)The transmitter must be easily modulated to meet
waveform design requirements.
*Type:
1.Keyed-oscillator type
2.Power-Amplifier-Transmitters (PAT)

27. 3.RADAR RECEIVER
*It take the weak echoes from the antenna system,
amplify them sufficiently, detect the pulse envelope,
amplify the pulses, and feed them to the indicator.
*The ideal radar receiver
is required to:
-amplify the received signal
without adding noise
-optimise the probability of
detection of the signal by its
bandwidth characteristisc.
Fig: Block diagram of an automatic
frequency control in a radar set.

28. • Few images of receiver

29. 4.DUPLEXER
* DUPLEXER is an electronics switching circuit that allow time
share a single antenna between the transmitter and receiver signal.
* THE BALANCED DUPLEXER is based on the shortslot hybrid
junction which consists of two sections of waveguides joined along
one of their narrow walls with a slot cut in the common wall to
provide coupling between the two.
Figure 11.3 Balanced duplexer
consisting dual TR tubes
and two short-slot hybrid
junctions. (a) Transmit
condition and (b) receive
condition
.

30. 6.APPLICATION

31. # SOME OTHER MAJOR USES ARE:
1.Weather forcasting
-locate precipitate.
-Calculate its motion.
-Forcast future position and intensity
2.MILLATORY
3.LAW ENFORCEMENT AND HIGHWAY SAFTEY
4.Planetary observation
5.Air traffic control.
6.Air craft saftey and navigation.
7.Ship saftey .
8.Radio astronomy.
9.Non contact measurment of speed & distance.
10.Oil and gas exploration.