Radars are very complex electronic and electromagnetic systems. Often they are
complex mechanical systems as well. Radar systems are composed of many different
subsystems, which themselves are composed of many different components. There is a great
diversity in the design of radar systems based on purpose, but the fundamental operation and
main set of subsystems is the same.
Radars are very complex electronic and electromagnetic systems. Often they are
complex mechanical systems as well. Radar systems are composed of many different
subsystems, which themselves are composed of many different components. There is a great
diversity in the design of radar systems based on purpose, but the fundamental operation and
main set of subsystems is the same.
Tutorial Content
This tutorial provides a broad-based discussion of radar system, covering the following topics:
-Introduction to Radars in Military and Commercial Applications
-Radar System Block Diagram
-Radar Antennas (slotted waveguide array, planar array), Transmitter (magnetron, solid-state), Receiver, Pedestal and Radome
-Plot Extraction, Tracking Algorithms and Display
-Radar Range Equation, Detection Performance
-Wave Propagation and Radar Cross Section
-Emerging and Advanced Radar Systems (phased-array, multi-beam, multi-mode, FMCW, solid-state)
In the discussion, practical systems, technical specifications and data will be used to enhance learning.In addition, simulation results will also be used to present findings.
The objective of the tutorial session is to equip participants with solid understanding of radar systems for system level applications and prepare them for advanced and professional radar courses, projects and research.
This tutorial is designed and developed based on the following references:
[1] G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar Second Edition, Scitech Publishing, 1998.
[2] L. V. Blake, A Guide to Basic Pulse-Radar Maximum-Range Calculation, NRL Report 6930, 1969.
[3] K. H. Lee, Radar Systems for Nanyang Technological University, TBSS, 2014.
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, ang...vijay525469
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range,
angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to
detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles,motor vehicles, weather
formations, and terrain.
Standard radar detection process requires that the sensor output is compared to a predetermined threshold. The
threshold is selected based on a-priori knowledge available and/or certain assumptions. However, any
knowledge and/or assumptions become in adequate due to the presence of multiple targets with varying signal
return and usually non stationary background. Thus, any predetermined threshold may result in either increased
false alarm rate or increased track loss. Even approaches where the threshold is adaptively varied will not
perform well in situations when the signal return from the target of interest is too low compared to the average
level of the background .Track-before-detect techniques eliminate the need for a detection threshold and provide
detecting and tracking targets with lower signal-to-noise ratios than standard methods. However, although trackbefore-
detect techniques eliminate
the need for detection threshold at sensor's signal processing stage, they often use tuning thresholds at the output
of the filtering stage .This paper presents a computerized simulation model for target detection process.
Moreover, the proposed model method is based on the target motion models, the output of the detection
process can easily be employed for maneuvering target tracking.
radar is about radio detection and ranging.it detects the far objects ,places and identify the distant targets and human beings in any resuce condition.
Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s). Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's location and speed.
Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II. A key development was the cavity magnetron in the UK, which allowed the creation of relatively small systems with sub-meter resolution. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging[1][2] or RAdio Direction And Ranging.[3][4] The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun, losing all capitalization.
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2. Introduction
RADAR is acronym for Radio Detection
and Ranging.
First successfully demonstrated in 1936.
It uses electromagnetic waves.
It enjoys wide range of application.
5. Radar Range Equation
R max = [P t G б A e /(4П)2Smin]1/4
G = 4ПAe / λ2
A e = Gλ2 / 4П
R max = [Pt Gλ2б / (4П)2 S min]1/4
Where Pr = power received
Pt = power transmitted
G = antenna gain
б = radar cross section of target
A e = effective area
8. Advantages
Uses low transmitting power, low power
consumption.
simple circuitry, small in size.
Disadvantages
several targets at a given bearing tend to
cause confusion.
Range discrimination can be achieved only
by introducing very costly complex
circuitry.
It is not capable of indicating the range of
target an can show only its velocity.
9. Gated CW Radar
It operate on the principle of pulsed
transmit signal and gated receive path,
along with an IF section of the receiver.
does not pass the entire received pulse of
frequency, but only the central
component.
Gated-CW radars have generally been
implemented using vector network
analyzers (VNAs) as the IF receivers.
10. Advantages
High level of performance, less cost.
Better accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity.
Good data acquisition speed.
Disadvantages
Experiences additional losses termed duty
cycle losses.
11. Pulse Radar
• Pulsed radar transmits high power, high-
frequency pulses toward the target.
• Choice of pulse repetition frequency
decides the range and resolution of the
radar.
• Two broad categories of pulsed radar
employing Doppler shifts are Moving
Target Indicator Radar and Pulse Doppler
Radar.
12. Moving Target Indicator Radar
• This radar uses Doppler effect .
• MTI radar distinguishes between moving
targets and stationary targets.
• The MTI Radar uses low pulse repetition
frequency (PRF) to avoid range
ambiguities.
• MTI Radars can have Doppler ambiguities.
14. MTI Application in UAVS
UAV Stands for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
These aircraft are without pilot on board.
One specific area of interest that has been
closely examined by the UAVB has been in the
area of cross-cueing applications Moving Target
Indicator (MTI).
JSTARS and TESARS are two type of UAVS
used by US Air force.
15. Pulse Doppler Radar
• Pulse Doppler Radar uses high PRF to avoid
Doppler ambiguities, but it can have
numerous range ambiguities.
• In MTI radar the prf is chosen so that there
are no range ambiguities, but there are
usually many Doppler ambiguities, or blind
speeds.
• A radar that increases its prf high enough to
avoid the problem of blind speeds is called a
pulse Doppler radar.
16. Resolving Velocity Ambiguity
Earlier multiple prf was used.
Velocity ambiguity can be resolved by
transmitting many carrier frequency.
fnd= nfr+f’nd
Where f’nd is doppler frequency
fnd = 2Vt fn/c
fr= 2vnfn/c
Therefore Vt = nVn+V’nt
17. Comparison
PARAMETER PULSE RADAR CONTINOUS WAVE
RADAR
TYPE OF SIGNAL Modulated Modulated and
Unmodulated
ANTENNA Duplexer Separate Antennas
RANGE Indicates Range Don't indicate Range
TRANSMITTING POWER high Low
CIRCUIT Complicated Simple
STATIONARY TARGET Affects Doesn't affect
MAXIMUM RANGE High Low
PRACTICAL
APPLICATION
More applications Less applications
MANY TARGETS Does not get affected Does get affected
18. Conclusion
RADAR is used to find velocity, range
and position of the object.
Advantage of RADAR is that it provide
superior penetration capability through
any type of weather condition.
LIDAR is advanced type of radar which
uses visible light from laser.
19. REFERENCES
[1] M. Kulkarni, “Microwave and Radar Engineering”, 3rd edition,
Umesh Publication, 2003, pp. 493 – 536
[2] Merri.I.skolnik, “Intoduction to Radar System”, 3rd edition, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2003
[3]“Types of Radar”, Engineers Garage,2012[online]. Available:
http://www.engineersgarage.
com/articles/type-of-radars [accessed: September 2012]
[4] “Types of Radar”, Cristian Wolff, June 10, 2012[online].
Available:http://www.radartutorial.
eu/02.basics/rp05.en.html [accessed: September 2012]
[5] “Radar Basics”, Infoplease, September 22, 2012 [online].
Available: http://www.infoplease.
com/ce6/sci/A0860616.html [accessed: September 2012]
[6] John F.Autin, John Caserta, Mark A.Bates, “A New Gated CW
Radar Implementation”
Horsham, 2010.
