Qunatative inheritance by iqra aslam
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
12 likes•5,726 views
This document discusses polygenic or quantitative inheritance, where multiple genes each have a small effect on a trait, resulting in continuous variation in phenotypes. Key points: - Traits like height, weight, eye color are polygenic, with no clear boundaries between types. - The multiple factor hypothesis proposes that multiple genes, each with small effects, combine to produce quantitative variation in traits. - Characteristics of polygenic traits include each gene having an additive, cumulative effect and no dominance or epistasis between genes. Environmental factors also influence phenotypic expression. Examples of polygenic traits in humans are skin and eye color.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
10.3 polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a trait, as opposed to single-gene inheritance. It can result in continuous variation, where a wide range of phenotypes exist between extremes. Human skin color and wheat seed color are examples of polygenic traits that show continuous variation, with skin color determined by 3-4 genes influencing melanin production and seed color by 3 genes determining red pigment levels.
Multiple allelism
This document discusses multiple allelism, which refers to more than two alternative allelic forms of a gene occupying the same locus. It provides examples of multiple allelism in eye color in Drosophila, with 14 alleles producing different shades from white to red, and in human blood groups with the A, B, and O alleles. The characteristics of multiple alleles are described, including that only two alleles are present per individual. Multiple allelism in inheritance of blood groups and determining blood group combinations in offspring are also covered.
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Population genetics deals with genetics at the level of populations rather than individuals. It considers the genetic composition of populations and how gene frequencies change over generations. The genetic constitution of a population is described by the proportion of individuals with each genotype and the transmission of genes from one generation to the next. Population genetics was first applied to genetic improvement in livestock. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that genotype and gene frequencies remain constant in a large, randomly mating population with no evolutionary influences. It provides a simple relationship between gene and genotype frequencies.
Polygenic inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple genes cumulatively control a phenotypic trait, rather than a single gene following Mendelian ratios. It provides skin color in humans as an example of polygenic inheritance controlled by multiple genes. The document outlines the ratios expected from two or three controlling genes, and shows how skin color ranges from light to dark depending on the number of dominant alleles present, with the most dominant alleles resulting in darker skin.
Polygenic inheritance
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
Qtl analysis and its mapping
This document discusses quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and mapping. It begins with a brief history of genetics and quantitative traits. QTL analysis uses phenotypic and genotypic data to link complex trait variation to genetics. There are several approaches for QTL analysis, including single marker analysis, interval mapping, and association mapping. Interval mapping uses flanking markers and likelihood estimates to more precisely map QTL locations compared to single marker analysis. Composite interval mapping further refines this by using additional markers as cofactors. The accuracy of QTL mapping is influenced by genetic and environmental factors as well as population size and experimental error. QTLs can be confirmed through multiple methods such as stability across environments or using near-isogenic lines.
Genetics: Quantitative Inheritance
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
Penetrance and expressivity
This document presents information about penetrance and expressivity for Sir Faisal Iqbal. It defines penetrance as the percentage of individuals that show expression of a mutant genotype. Expressivity reflects the range of expression of the mutant genotype. An example is given of the eyeless gene in flies, which can result in normal eyes to complete absence of eyes. Penetrance and expressivity are used to study the degree of expression of a trait quantitatively. Phenotypic mutations can occur due to reasons other than genotype, such as genetic background and environmental factors.
Recommended
10.3 polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a trait, as opposed to single-gene inheritance. It can result in continuous variation, where a wide range of phenotypes exist between extremes. Human skin color and wheat seed color are examples of polygenic traits that show continuous variation, with skin color determined by 3-4 genes influencing melanin production and seed color by 3 genes determining red pigment levels.
Multiple allelism
This document discusses multiple allelism, which refers to more than two alternative allelic forms of a gene occupying the same locus. It provides examples of multiple allelism in eye color in Drosophila, with 14 alleles producing different shades from white to red, and in human blood groups with the A, B, and O alleles. The characteristics of multiple alleles are described, including that only two alleles are present per individual. Multiple allelism in inheritance of blood groups and determining blood group combinations in offspring are also covered.
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Population genetics deals with genetics at the level of populations rather than individuals. It considers the genetic composition of populations and how gene frequencies change over generations. The genetic constitution of a population is described by the proportion of individuals with each genotype and the transmission of genes from one generation to the next. Population genetics was first applied to genetic improvement in livestock. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that genotype and gene frequencies remain constant in a large, randomly mating population with no evolutionary influences. It provides a simple relationship between gene and genotype frequencies.
Polygenic inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple genes cumulatively control a phenotypic trait, rather than a single gene following Mendelian ratios. It provides skin color in humans as an example of polygenic inheritance controlled by multiple genes. The document outlines the ratios expected from two or three controlling genes, and shows how skin color ranges from light to dark depending on the number of dominant alleles present, with the most dominant alleles resulting in darker skin.
Polygenic inheritance
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
Qtl analysis and its mapping
This document discusses quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and mapping. It begins with a brief history of genetics and quantitative traits. QTL analysis uses phenotypic and genotypic data to link complex trait variation to genetics. There are several approaches for QTL analysis, including single marker analysis, interval mapping, and association mapping. Interval mapping uses flanking markers and likelihood estimates to more precisely map QTL locations compared to single marker analysis. Composite interval mapping further refines this by using additional markers as cofactors. The accuracy of QTL mapping is influenced by genetic and environmental factors as well as population size and experimental error. QTLs can be confirmed through multiple methods such as stability across environments or using near-isogenic lines.
Genetics: Quantitative Inheritance
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
Penetrance and expressivity
This document presents information about penetrance and expressivity for Sir Faisal Iqbal. It defines penetrance as the percentage of individuals that show expression of a mutant genotype. Expressivity reflects the range of expression of the mutant genotype. An example is given of the eyeless gene in flies, which can result in normal eyes to complete absence of eyes. Penetrance and expressivity are used to study the degree of expression of a trait quantitatively. Phenotypic mutations can occur due to reasons other than genotype, such as genetic background and environmental factors.
Genotype and Enviornment and their Interaction
Genotype – environment –microenvironment and macro-environment – classification of environmental variation – genotype × environment interaction – adaptation – types of adaptation – adaptability – stability – models for stability analysis.
Linkage mapping
This document discusses linkage mapping, which involves determining the relative positions of genes on chromosomes based on how often they are inherited together through analysis of recombination frequencies during meiosis. It provides background on the history of linkage mapping and definitions of key terms like linkage, linkage mapping, linkage groups, and types of linkage (complete and incomplete). Examples are also given to illustrate linkage analysis through test crosses and calculation of recombination frequencies.
LINKAGE
GENETICS
CYTOGENETICS
Definition of Linkage, Coupling and Repulsion hypothesis, Linkage group- Drosophila, maize and man, Types of linkage-complete linkage and incomplete linkage, Factors affecting linkage- distance between genes, age, temperature, radiation, sex, chemicals and nutrition, Significance of linkage.
The tendency of two or more genes to stay together (i.e., the co-existence of two or more genes) in the same chromosome during inheritance is known as LINKAGE. The linked genes are present on the same chromosome are said to be SYNTENIC. The linked genes do not show independent assortment.
LINKAGE v/s INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
The frequency of linkage or the strength recombination is influenced by several factors (agents).
Mating systems (population genetics)
1. There are two main types of mating systems - random mating and non-random mating. Random mating involves each gamete having an equal chance to unite with any other gamete. Non-random mating includes assortative mating, where similar individuals mate, and disassortative mating, where dissimilar individuals mate.
2. Sewall Wright first proposed five mating systems in 1921 - random mating, genetic assortative mating, genetic disassortative mating, phenotypic assortative mating, and phenotypic disassortative mating. These systems influence the variation, homozygosity, and other genetic characteristics of populations over generations.
3. Random mating maintains diversity but can increase homozygosity in small populations.
Extra chromosomal inheritance
This document discusses male sterility in plants. It defines male sterility as the failure to produce functional pollen or male gametes. There are two main types of male sterility: phenotypic and genotypic. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility. Male sterility can arise naturally or be induced chemically. It has applications in hybrid seed production by eliminating the need for emasculation and allowing controlled pollination.
Maternal effects
Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
In terms of chromosomal genes, both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote. The female parent contributes to the zygotes initial cytoplasm and organelles. Sperm rarely contribute anything other than chromosomes. Therefore zygotic development begins within a maternal medium and hence the maternal cytoplasm directly affects zygotic development.
chromosomal aberrations in number
This document discusses numerical chromosomal aberrations. It defines euploidy as having an exact multiple of the haploid chromosome number, and aneuploidy as having more or less than the euploid number. The main types of euploidy are monoploidy, diploidy, and polyploidy. Polyploidy can be autopolyploidy, with identical chromosome sets, or allopolyploidy involving chromosomes from different species. Aneuploidy includes hypoploidy, with fewer chromosomes, and hyperploidy, with extras. Specific aneuploid conditions discussed are monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy, and tetrasomy.
Epistasis
1. Epistasis occurs when one gene masks or hides the expression of another gene. The masking gene is called the epistatic gene and the masked gene is called the hypostatic gene.
2. There are different types of epistasis including recessive epistasis, where a recessive allele of one gene masks the effects of a dominant allele of another gene, and dominant epistasis, where a dominant allele of one gene masks the effects of other alleles at a second gene.
3. Epistasis was first described in 1909 as an interaction between genes where the phenotypic effect of one gene depends on the genotype at a second gene location. Examples of epistasis have been observed in mice coat
3. Gene interaction - supplementary
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
In supplementary gene action, the dominant allele of one gene is essential for the
development of the concerned phenotype, while the other gene modifies the expression of the first gene.
Pleiotropism
One gene can influence multiple unrelated traits through pleiotropy. Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits through its effect on metabolic pathways. For example, phenylketonuria is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This single gene mutation can cause both mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation.
Chromosomal aberrations, utilization of aneuploids, chimeras and role of allo...
Chromosomal aberrations, utilization of aneuploids, chimeras and role of allo...GauravRajSinhVaghela
This document provides information about chromosomal aberrations. It begins by defining chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations. There are two main types of chromosomal aberrations: structural and numerical. Structural aberrations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which alter chromosome structure but not number. Specific structural aberrations like deletions are then defined and examples of diseases caused by deletions are provided. The document also discusses duplication, inversion and provides examples.Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding
This document discusses the genetic and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document discusses two main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis - the dominance hypothesis, which states that heterosis is due to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles by dominant alleles, and the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygote is superior to either homozygote. Physiologically, heterosis is manifested through increased embryo weight, higher early seedling growth rates, and greater nutrient absorption in hybrids. Inbreeding depression is the opposite of heterosis and results from mating closely related individuals and the
Genetic linkage and crossing over
Genetic linkage refers to genes that are located close together on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over can break genetic linkage during meiosis by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes, producing recombinant gametes with new combinations of genes. The closer genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over. Crossing over increases genetic variation and plays an important role in plant and animal breeding.
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular Markers
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular MarkersAssam University, Silchar, Assam, India
The document discusses gene mapping and linkage mapping. It provides details on:
1) The history of gene mapping beginning with Mendel's work in 1866 and the first linkage map constructed by Sturtevant in 1913.
2) The three main types of gene maps - linkage maps, cytogenetic maps, and physical maps. Linkage maps show the relative order and distance between genes.
3) How linkage mapping is used to determine the order and distance between genes on a chromosome based on recombination frequencies observed during meiosis. Distance is measured in centimorgans where 1 cM equals 1% recombination.
4) The processes involved in constructing a linkage map, including determining linkage groups,Variations on Mendel's Law
This document discusses various variations on Mendel's laws of inheritance including incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, codominance, pleiotropy, polygenic traits, and epistasis. It provides examples for each variation including snapdragon flower color (incomplete dominance), ABO blood types (multiple alleles), chicken feather pattern (codominance), sickle cell disease (pleiotropy), human height (polygenic traits), and mouse coat color (epistasis).
heritability its type and estimation of it
Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation caused by genetic factors rather than environmental factors. It can be estimated as broad sense heritability, using total genetic variance, or narrow sense heritability, using only additive genetic variance. High heritability combined with high genetic advance indicates a character is controlled by additive genes and is best improved through selection. Low heritability with low genetic advance means a character is strongly influenced by the environment. Heritability and genetic advance help plant breeders understand the genetic basis of traits and determine the most effective breeding methods.
Presentation on Heterosis
This document discusses several hypotheses for heterosis, or hybrid vigor. It summarizes the dominance hypothesis, which proposes that heterosis results from the superiority of dominant alleles over recessive alleles. It also summarizes the overdominance hypothesis, which suggests heterosis occurs when a heterozygote is superior to either homozygous parent due to production of superior hybrid substances or greater buffering capacity. The document also briefly discusses the epistasis hypothesis, which proposes non-allelic interaction between loci can contribute to heterosis, particularly dominance by dominance epistasis.
Population genetics
population genetics and its elements...
genetic drift,geneflow,allele and gene frequency,fishers theorem etc
Polygenic Inheritance (AHL)
For the IB Biology course. To get the editable pptx file, please make a donation to one of my chosen charities. More information: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/about/biology4good/
Polygene and its inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple non-allelic genes contribute to a quantitative trait, rather than a single gene. It provides examples of polygenic traits like human skin color, wheat kernel color, and human height. The document also outlines the history of discoveries around polygenic inheritance and compares characteristics of polygenic vs monogenic inheritance, noting that polygenic traits show continuous variation, environmental influence, and numerous intermediate phenotypes.
Genomic evaluation of low-heritability traits: dairy cattle health as a model
Genetic selection has been very successful when applied to traits of moderate to high heritability, but progress has been slow for traits with low heritabilities. The problem is further compounded when novel traits are considered because data needed to calculate high-reliability PTA generally are not available. A combination of producer-recorded health event data and SNP genotypes may permit the routine calculation of PTA with reasonable reliabilities for health traits.
Poster presented at the 5th International Symposium on Animal Functional Genetics in Guaruja, Brazil, in 2014.
More Related Content
What's hot
Genotype and Enviornment and their Interaction
Genotype – environment –microenvironment and macro-environment – classification of environmental variation – genotype × environment interaction – adaptation – types of adaptation – adaptability – stability – models for stability analysis.
Linkage mapping
This document discusses linkage mapping, which involves determining the relative positions of genes on chromosomes based on how often they are inherited together through analysis of recombination frequencies during meiosis. It provides background on the history of linkage mapping and definitions of key terms like linkage, linkage mapping, linkage groups, and types of linkage (complete and incomplete). Examples are also given to illustrate linkage analysis through test crosses and calculation of recombination frequencies.
LINKAGE
GENETICS
CYTOGENETICS
Definition of Linkage, Coupling and Repulsion hypothesis, Linkage group- Drosophila, maize and man, Types of linkage-complete linkage and incomplete linkage, Factors affecting linkage- distance between genes, age, temperature, radiation, sex, chemicals and nutrition, Significance of linkage.
The tendency of two or more genes to stay together (i.e., the co-existence of two or more genes) in the same chromosome during inheritance is known as LINKAGE. The linked genes are present on the same chromosome are said to be SYNTENIC. The linked genes do not show independent assortment.
LINKAGE v/s INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
The frequency of linkage or the strength recombination is influenced by several factors (agents).
Mating systems (population genetics)
1. There are two main types of mating systems - random mating and non-random mating. Random mating involves each gamete having an equal chance to unite with any other gamete. Non-random mating includes assortative mating, where similar individuals mate, and disassortative mating, where dissimilar individuals mate.
2. Sewall Wright first proposed five mating systems in 1921 - random mating, genetic assortative mating, genetic disassortative mating, phenotypic assortative mating, and phenotypic disassortative mating. These systems influence the variation, homozygosity, and other genetic characteristics of populations over generations.
3. Random mating maintains diversity but can increase homozygosity in small populations.
Extra chromosomal inheritance
This document discusses male sterility in plants. It defines male sterility as the failure to produce functional pollen or male gametes. There are two main types of male sterility: phenotypic and genotypic. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility. Male sterility can arise naturally or be induced chemically. It has applications in hybrid seed production by eliminating the need for emasculation and allowing controlled pollination.
Maternal effects
Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
In terms of chromosomal genes, both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote. The female parent contributes to the zygotes initial cytoplasm and organelles. Sperm rarely contribute anything other than chromosomes. Therefore zygotic development begins within a maternal medium and hence the maternal cytoplasm directly affects zygotic development.
chromosomal aberrations in number
This document discusses numerical chromosomal aberrations. It defines euploidy as having an exact multiple of the haploid chromosome number, and aneuploidy as having more or less than the euploid number. The main types of euploidy are monoploidy, diploidy, and polyploidy. Polyploidy can be autopolyploidy, with identical chromosome sets, or allopolyploidy involving chromosomes from different species. Aneuploidy includes hypoploidy, with fewer chromosomes, and hyperploidy, with extras. Specific aneuploid conditions discussed are monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy, and tetrasomy.
Epistasis
1. Epistasis occurs when one gene masks or hides the expression of another gene. The masking gene is called the epistatic gene and the masked gene is called the hypostatic gene.
2. There are different types of epistasis including recessive epistasis, where a recessive allele of one gene masks the effects of a dominant allele of another gene, and dominant epistasis, where a dominant allele of one gene masks the effects of other alleles at a second gene.
3. Epistasis was first described in 1909 as an interaction between genes where the phenotypic effect of one gene depends on the genotype at a second gene location. Examples of epistasis have been observed in mice coat
3. Gene interaction - supplementary
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
In supplementary gene action, the dominant allele of one gene is essential for the
development of the concerned phenotype, while the other gene modifies the expression of the first gene.
Pleiotropism
One gene can influence multiple unrelated traits through pleiotropy. Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits through its effect on metabolic pathways. For example, phenylketonuria is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This single gene mutation can cause both mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation.
Chromosomal aberrations, utilization of aneuploids, chimeras and role of allo...
Chromosomal aberrations, utilization of aneuploids, chimeras and role of allo...GauravRajSinhVaghela
This document provides information about chromosomal aberrations. It begins by defining chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations. There are two main types of chromosomal aberrations: structural and numerical. Structural aberrations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which alter chromosome structure but not number. Specific structural aberrations like deletions are then defined and examples of diseases caused by deletions are provided. The document also discusses duplication, inversion and provides examples.Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding
This document discusses the genetic and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document discusses two main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis - the dominance hypothesis, which states that heterosis is due to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles by dominant alleles, and the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygote is superior to either homozygote. Physiologically, heterosis is manifested through increased embryo weight, higher early seedling growth rates, and greater nutrient absorption in hybrids. Inbreeding depression is the opposite of heterosis and results from mating closely related individuals and the
Genetic linkage and crossing over
Genetic linkage refers to genes that are located close together on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over can break genetic linkage during meiosis by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes, producing recombinant gametes with new combinations of genes. The closer genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over. Crossing over increases genetic variation and plays an important role in plant and animal breeding.
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular Markers
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular MarkersAssam University, Silchar, Assam, India
The document discusses gene mapping and linkage mapping. It provides details on:
1) The history of gene mapping beginning with Mendel's work in 1866 and the first linkage map constructed by Sturtevant in 1913.
2) The three main types of gene maps - linkage maps, cytogenetic maps, and physical maps. Linkage maps show the relative order and distance between genes.
3) How linkage mapping is used to determine the order and distance between genes on a chromosome based on recombination frequencies observed during meiosis. Distance is measured in centimorgans where 1 cM equals 1% recombination.
4) The processes involved in constructing a linkage map, including determining linkage groups,Variations on Mendel's Law
This document discusses various variations on Mendel's laws of inheritance including incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, codominance, pleiotropy, polygenic traits, and epistasis. It provides examples for each variation including snapdragon flower color (incomplete dominance), ABO blood types (multiple alleles), chicken feather pattern (codominance), sickle cell disease (pleiotropy), human height (polygenic traits), and mouse coat color (epistasis).
heritability its type and estimation of it
Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation caused by genetic factors rather than environmental factors. It can be estimated as broad sense heritability, using total genetic variance, or narrow sense heritability, using only additive genetic variance. High heritability combined with high genetic advance indicates a character is controlled by additive genes and is best improved through selection. Low heritability with low genetic advance means a character is strongly influenced by the environment. Heritability and genetic advance help plant breeders understand the genetic basis of traits and determine the most effective breeding methods.
Presentation on Heterosis
This document discusses several hypotheses for heterosis, or hybrid vigor. It summarizes the dominance hypothesis, which proposes that heterosis results from the superiority of dominant alleles over recessive alleles. It also summarizes the overdominance hypothesis, which suggests heterosis occurs when a heterozygote is superior to either homozygous parent due to production of superior hybrid substances or greater buffering capacity. The document also briefly discusses the epistasis hypothesis, which proposes non-allelic interaction between loci can contribute to heterosis, particularly dominance by dominance epistasis.
Population genetics
population genetics and its elements...
genetic drift,geneflow,allele and gene frequency,fishers theorem etc
Polygenic Inheritance (AHL)
For the IB Biology course. To get the editable pptx file, please make a donation to one of my chosen charities. More information: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/about/biology4good/
What's hot (20)
Chromosomal aberrations, utilization of aneuploids, chimeras and role of allo...
Chromosomal aberrations, utilization of aneuploids, chimeras and role of allo...
Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding
Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular Markers
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular Markers
Viewers also liked
Polygene and its inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple non-allelic genes contribute to a quantitative trait, rather than a single gene. It provides examples of polygenic traits like human skin color, wheat kernel color, and human height. The document also outlines the history of discoveries around polygenic inheritance and compares characteristics of polygenic vs monogenic inheritance, noting that polygenic traits show continuous variation, environmental influence, and numerous intermediate phenotypes.
Genomic evaluation of low-heritability traits: dairy cattle health as a model
Genetic selection has been very successful when applied to traits of moderate to high heritability, but progress has been slow for traits with low heritabilities. The problem is further compounded when novel traits are considered because data needed to calculate high-reliability PTA generally are not available. A combination of producer-recorded health event data and SNP genotypes may permit the routine calculation of PTA with reasonable reliabilities for health traits.
Poster presented at the 5th International Symposium on Animal Functional Genetics in Guaruja, Brazil, in 2014.
genetics and inheritance
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts including:
- Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through pea plant experiments and developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- Genetic crosses can be used to determine the possible outcomes and traits of offspring. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses examine one or two trait pairs.
- Genes exist in alleles that are dominant or recessive and determine an organism's genotype and phenotype. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...
This document summarizes a study on the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, and character associations of 49 Ethiopian mustard landraces. The study found significant genetic variability among the accessions for all traits measured. Traits like seed yield, oil yield, and plant height showed high genotypic and phenotypic variation, indicating potential for selection. Heritability was highest for thousand seed weight, days to flowering, stand percent, and oil quality traits. Positive correlations were found between seed yield and traits like oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. Primary branches and oil yield showed direct positive effects on seed yield per plot. Seed yield, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were determined to be
Poultry Breeding and Production manual by Dr.Shamoil Tariq
Poultry Breeding and Production manual by Dr.Shamoil TariqUniversity of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,Lahore
The document discusses the origin and evolution of domestic chickens from their ancestral red jungle fowl species in Southeast Asia over 8,000 years ago. It describes how chickens were initially domesticated for religious or entertainment purposes by early societies like the Romans. Modern chicken breeds today are derived from intensive selective breeding programs over the past two centuries that have developed specialized hybrid breeds for egg and meat production. The key concepts of heredity, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and quantitative genetics as they relate to poultry breeding are also summarized.Genetics and Inheritance
This presentation is all about genetics and inheritance. Grades 6-12. Biology 1. Original Author - Megan Jandy
Genetics and inheritance
This document discusses genetics and inheritance. It introduces Gregor Mendel as the father of genetics, who discovered the basic principles of heredity through his experiments breeding pea plants. It describes Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It also discusses sex determination and inheritance of sex-linked genes, noting disorders in humans caused when recessive alleles are located on the X chromosome.
Biotechnology - Inheritance and Breeding
A very detailed study of color and coat of Syrian Hamsters - used by the Agriscience class at Santa Rita High School during the ongoing genetic breeding program.
7.genetics and inheritance
The document discusses genetics concepts like alleles, dominant and recessive traits, genotype and phenotype. It uses examples like pea plant height and mouse fur color to demonstrate inheritance patterns. Mendel's experiments with pea plants are cited to explain monohybrid crosses and how they were used to determine dominance relationships between alleles and predict offspring traits and genotypes.
Genetics presentation ’15
This document provides an overview of genetics and the work of Gregor Mendel. It discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants where he studied seven traits including flower color, seed shape, and pod shape. Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) and he developed the laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. The document also covers Mendelian terminology, Punnett squares, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, sex-linked inheritance and pedigrees. Various genetics concepts are defined and examples are provided including Mendel's pea plant experiments, dihybrid ratios and sex-linked traits in fruit flies and humans.
Chapter 9 genetics handout fall 2011
The document outlines different concepts in genetics including:
1) Mendel's foundational work in the mid-1800s studying inheritance in pea plants which formed the basis of modern genetics principles.
2) Basic terminology and Mendel's principles including genes, alleles, dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Examples of inheritance patterns like monohybrid crosses, sex-linked traits, multiple alleles as in blood types, and polygenic traits influencing characteristics like eye and hair color.
4) Various human genetic disorders resulting from chromosomal abnormalities, mutations, and environmental factors interacting with genetics.
Genetics and Evolution
Here are the key points from the activities:
- Finches on different islands evolved different beak sizes/shapes suited to food sources
- In drought years, larger beaked finches survived better as they could crack larger seeds
- In wet years, smaller beaked finches thrived as they could access more nectar/smaller seeds
- Over generations, natural selection led to different finch populations on different islands
The gizmo showed how beak characteristics changed with rainfall amounts. It demonstrated
evolution through natural selection based on environmental pressures like food/water availability.
Let me know if any part needs more explanation!
Lecture 3 quantitative traits and heritability full
This document discusses quantitative traits and heritability. It begins by defining qualitative and quantitative traits, with PKU used as an example of a qualitative trait and ADHD as an example of a quantitative trait. It then discusses how quantitative traits are assumed to arise from many genetic variants of small effect, following a normal distribution. The document also defines heritability as the proportion of trait variation attributable to genetic factors, and discusses how heritability is estimated from twin studies. It notes that heritability is population-specific. The last part discusses preparing phenotype data, including summarizing sample characteristics and trait distributions, and checking if a trait follows a normal distribution. Transformations may be needed to achieve normality before further analysis.
Genetics and evolution
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution. It defines key genetic terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and mutations. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of Mendelian genetics and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains molecular genetics concepts such as DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation. It describes the genetic code and how DNA is used as a blueprint for protein synthesis.
B.sc. agri i pog unit 4 population genetics
This document provides an overview of population genetics and principles of evolution. It discusses how genetic variation is maintained in populations through mechanisms such as sexual reproduction, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection. A key concept is that evolution occurs through changes in allele frequencies in populations over generations. The document also covers Mendelian inheritance, Darwinian evolution, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium, and factors that can lead to deviations from equilibrium, driving microevolutionary changes within populations.
Economic traits of Broilers and layers
Economic traits of Broilers and layersPVNRTVU, College of Veterinary Science,Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
This document provides an outline on economic traits of layers and broilers. It discusses key traits such as age at sexual maturity, body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, and livability for layers. For broilers, it outlines growth traits like body weight and growth rate, feed efficiency, livability, and carcass traits. It also discusses factors that influence fertility and hatchability in poultry like breed, age, nutrition, environment, and management practices.Evolution and Genetics
This document provides an overview of evolution and genetics from an anthropology course. It discusses key topics like Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Gregor Mendel's experiments with genetics and heredity, and modern understandings of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow and the mechanisms that drive genetic change over time.
Quantitative genetics
1) Quantitative genetics focuses on inheritance of quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes and influenced by the environment.
2) A basic single-gene model is used to explain quantitative genetic theory, including calculations of population mean, genetic effects, and variance components.
3) More complex multi-gene models and analyses like ANOVA and heritability are then introduced to better capture quantitative traits controlled by numerous genes and environmental influences.
Presentation on Heritability
This document discusses heritability, which is defined as the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental influences. It notes there are statistical and more common definitions of heritability. The concept plays a central role in psychology and analyzes the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic factors to traits. Heritability is estimated using studies of related individuals like twins to determine the similarities between them. Estimates provide the proportion of trait variation explained by genetics within a given population under the prevailing environmental conditions.
Inheritance and genetic of blood group
The document discusses the inheritance and genetics of blood group systems, focusing on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. The key points are:
1) The ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important for blood transfusions. The blood group you belong to depends on what antigens you inherited from your parents.
2) The ABO system involves A, B, and O blood types which are determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens. The Rh system involves Rh+ and Rh- blood types determined by the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
3) Incompatible blood groups can cause agglutination if mixed, so it is important to understand blood group inheritance and compatibility for safe blood transf
Viewers also liked (20)
Genomic evaluation of low-heritability traits: dairy cattle health as a model
Genomic evaluation of low-heritability traits: dairy cattle health as a model
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...
Poultry Breeding and Production manual by Dr.Shamoil Tariq
Poultry Breeding and Production manual by Dr.Shamoil Tariq
Lecture 3 quantitative traits and heritability full
Lecture 3 quantitative traits and heritability full
Similar to Qunatative inheritance by iqra aslam
Quantitative Inheritance.pptx
This document discusses quantitative inheritance, which refers to inheritance of traits that are influenced by multiple genes and the environment. Quantitative traits show continuous variation and are influenced by small effects from many genes. Examples discussed include human height, skin color, and kernel color in wheat. The kernel color experiment of Nilsson-Ehle is used to demonstrate quantitative inheritance. It involved crossing two wheat varieties and analyzing the ratios of kernel color phenotypes in the offspring. For the experiment to work well, the genes influencing color needed to have additive effects and the environment could not impact phenotypes. The experiment helped establish that quantitative traits are influenced by multiple independent gene loci.
Gene interactions and multiple alleles.pptx
Gene interactions and multiple alleles control many traits in organisms. There are two main types of gene interaction - allelic/non-epistatic interaction which follows Mendelian ratios, and non-allelic/epistatic interaction where gene expression depends on other genes. Epistatic genes suppress others in traits like coat color. Multiple alleles originate from mutations at a locus and exist as allelic series like blood types (A, B, AB, O) and rabbit coat colors which are determined by multiple alleles at a gene locus.
Geneticschapter4part1 140210173255-phpapp01
This document discusses several concepts relating to gene interactions:
1) Genes can interact in complex ways beyond simple dominant/recessive relationships. Interactions include incomplete dominance, codominance, and allelic series where multiple alleles interact in a dominance hierarchy.
2) The molecular basis of dominance relationships depends on the relative activities of the protein products of different alleles. Mutant alleles can be recessive if the wildtype allele is sufficient on its own.
3) Pleiotropic genes can influence multiple traits through either direct effects of mutant proteins or secondary effects of molecular pathways. Sickle cell disease is an example where a single mutation causes multiple symptoms.
4) Gene expression can be influenced by an
Chapter 9 And 12 Important Vocabulary
This document defines important genetics vocabulary and concepts including:
- Dominant and recessive traits as discovered by Mendel through his experiments with peas. Dominant traits will mask recessive traits in the F1 generation.
- Other inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance where traits are blended, codominance where both traits are expressed equally, and sex-linked traits which are found on the X chromosome and often affect males.
- Key terms like genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, alleles, and polygenic traits controlled by multiple genes. Pedigrees are used to track inheritance of traits through generations.
Ch. 17 lecture outline
1) The document discusses several processes of microevolution that can cause changes in allele frequencies in a population over time, including nonrandom mating, migration, genetic drift, mutation, and natural selection.
2) It also covers several types of speciation, such as allopatric speciation which occurs when a physical barrier ends gene flow between populations, and parapatric speciation which occurs along a contact zone between populations.
3) Additionally, it discusses patterns of macroevolution like adaptive radiation, where a lineage encounters new niches leading to a burst of speciation, and extinction, particularly mass extinctions where the majority of species disappear.
Gene interactions
This presentation is about gene interactions. Here we'll see different aspects of gene interaction and try to understand the concept of epistasis.
Allelic Gene Interaction.pptx
This document discusses different types of gene interactions including inter-allelic, intra-allelic, incomplete dominance, codominance, lethal genes, and multiple alleles. It provides examples of each type of interaction such as incomplete dominance in snapdragons resulting in pink flowers from white and red parents. Codominance is explained using ABO blood types where types A, B, and AB express both alleles. Lethal genes can be dominant or recessive and cause death in homozygous or heterozygous individuals. Multiple alleles are discussed in examples like the three alleles that determine ABO blood groups.
Genetics chapter 4 part 1
- Gene interactions refer to how genes collaborate or interact to influence phenotypes. There are several types of interactions including interactions between alleles, pleiotropy, sex-limited traits, and gene-environment interactions.
- Dominance relationships can be complete, incomplete, or codominant. Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes, while codominance allows both alleles to be expressed. Multiple alleles can form allelic series with different dominance hierarchies.
- Penetrance and expressivity describe how consistently and intensely a genotype is expressed as a phenotype, which can be influenced by environment and other genes. Gene-environment interactions are important, as the environment can modify gene expression and phenotypes.
polygenic inheritance.pptx
Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a phenotypic trait. Traits like human height and skin color are influenced by several genes and show continuous variation across populations. Key aspects of polygenic inheritance include additive effects of alleles, environmental influences, and traits following a bell-shaped curve of distribution in a population. Polygenic inheritance explains quantitative traits and is important for population variation and evolution of species.
16. Lecture 16 Lethel genes, pleiotropy.ppt
The document discusses several genetics concepts:
1. Lethal genes can cause death before or after birth if both alleles are present, as seen in creeper chickens where the expected 3:1 ratio is instead 2:1.
2. Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences multiple traits, like sickle-cell anemia affecting hemoglobin and health.
3. Penetrance refers to the proportion of individuals that exhibit phenotypic effects of a gene, which can be complete or incomplete. Expressivity is the degree of phenotypic expression.
4. Multiple alleles exist at a single locus, like the four fur colors in rabbits controlled by Agouti, Chinchilla, Himalayan, and Al
Genetics after Sir Mendel and mendelismppt
1. Gene interactions can modify typical Mendelian inheritance ratios by producing new phenotypes from complex interactions between genes.
2. Epistasis occurs when one gene masks the expression of another gene, while incomplete dominance and codominance involve partial or combined expression of alleles.
3. Recessive lethal alleles result in death of homozygotes, while dominant lethal alleles cause death of both homozygotes and heterozygotes.
Interaction of genes: Epistasis, Codominance and incomplete dominance
RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, B. Sc. Semester III, Paper II, 1.1: Interaction of genes: Epistasis, Codominance and incomplete dominance
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traits
Presented by Aynalem Haile and Mourad Rekik (ICARDA) at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
Ch 15 lecture
This document discusses how populations evolve through changes in allele frequencies over generations due to various evolutionary mechanisms. It explains that evolution occurs at the population level, driven by mutations which introduce genetic variation, and natural selection which causes some genotypes to reproduce more successfully than others based on environmental pressures. Genetic drift, the chance fluctuation of allele frequencies especially in small populations, is another factor that can drive evolutionary change.
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE Class XII Biology Part I
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE Class XII Biology Part I
Evolution and gene frequencies my report
The document discusses several key concepts related to evolution and gene frequencies:
1. Evolution occurs through genetic changes being passed down between generations within a population. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that allele frequencies will remain stable under certain assumptions, such as large population size and no migration, mutation, or selection.
2. Genetic drift, founder and bottleneck effects, and low population size can reduce genetic variation within a population. Gene flow between populations impacts allele frequencies.
3. Mutation introduces new variations and increases genetic diversity over time. Natural selection leads to changes in allele frequencies if some phenotypes are more successful at reproducing. Selection can be directional, disruptive, or stabilizing.
Understanding Inheritance
The document discusses the concepts of inheritance, genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and patterns of inheritance. It explains that chromosomes contain genes which control traits, and that offspring inherit genes from both parents. Genotypes are an organism's combination of alleles, while phenotypes are the observable traits. Dominant and recessive alleles can interact in different inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance. An organism's environment and multiple genes can also influence phenotypes. Some disorders are caused by recessive or sex-linked genes.
Genetics (2)
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied genetics and heredity through experiments with pea plants in the 1850s. His work established the foundations of genetics by demonstrating that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of inheritance called genes. Key concepts include dominant and recessive alleles, genotypes and phenotypes, and the use of Punnett squares to predict inheritance of traits. Many traits are influenced by multiple genes (polygenic inheritance) or multiple alleles at a single gene locus.
Population Genetics lecture note by ZY.pptx
This document outlines the topics to be covered in a course on population genetics. It will discuss qualitative and quantitative traits, genetic and phenotypic variation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and molecular population genetics. The introduction defines key population genetics concepts like gene pools, phenotypes, genotypes, allele frequencies, and how population genetics studies the distribution and transmission of genetic variation in populations over time under the influences of mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
Similar to Qunatative inheritance by iqra aslam (20)
Polygenic inheritance in plants and horticulture and agriculture .pdf
Polygenic inheritance in plants and horticulture and agriculture .pdf
Interaction of genes: Epistasis, Codominance and incomplete dominance
Interaction of genes: Epistasis, Codominance and incomplete dominance
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traits
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traits
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE Class XII Biology Part I
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE Class XII Biology Part I
More from iqra666
Domain archea & Importance in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Archaea represent an important source of biotechnologically useful extremoenzymes. Enzymes from hyperthermophilic archaea are particularly valuable as they can operate at high temperatures, providing benefits such as higher reaction rates and reduced contamination. DNA polymerases and ligases from thermophilic archaea have applications in DNA amplification and are more stable at high temperatures compared to existing enzymes. Other archaeal enzymes such as hydrolases, beta-glycanases, and pectinases also have applications in industries such as food processing. Methanogenic archaea also represent a source of clean energy while acidophilic archaea play a role in geochemical processes.
schedual of vaccination by iqra aslam
This document outlines the vaccination schedule recommended in Pakistan. It lists the common diseases that can be prevented through vaccination, such as polio, measles, hepatitis, diphtheria, and more. The schedule provides the name of each vaccine, the disease it prevents, dosage and administration method, and recommended timing and number of doses. Most vaccines require multiple doses during infancy and childhood in order to be fully effective. Booster doses are also recommended for some vaccines later in life to maintain immunity. The schedule aims to ensure individuals receive all necessary vaccines to protect against preventable infectious diseases.
Evolution of hourse ppt iqra
The horse evolved over 50 million years, starting as a small forest-dwelling animal called Hyracotherium with multiple toes and browsing dentition. As the climate dried in North America, horses like Mesohippus and Miohippus developed tougher teeth and longer legs suited for browsing open woodlands. Later forms like Merychippus evolved grazing dentition and spring-loaded feet for running, with some lines retaining three toes. Pliocene genera like Pliohippus and Dinohippus had one toe and increasingly horse-like skulls. Modern Equus emerged in the Pleistocene with rigid spines, long legs and straight grazing teeth, diversifying into zebras, asses and domestic horses before dying out in the
Dev bio
Metamorphosis is the process of transformation between immature and mature forms in insects and amphibians. It involves two or more distinct life stages. In amphibians, metamorphosis allows for an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage. It involves growth of new structures like limbs and eyes, cell death of larval structures like tails and gills, and remodeling of tissues and organs. Hormonal control of metamorphosis is regulated by thyroid hormones which activate tissue-specific gene programs in a threshold dependent manner to drive the morphological changes between life stages.
Metamorphosis in insects
There are three main types of metamorphosis in insects: ametabolous, gradual (incomplete), and complete. Ametabolous insects like springtails undergo simple growth without morphological changes between immature and adult stages. Gradually metamorphosing insects like grasshoppers change gradually through nymph stages that resemble adults. Completely metamorphosing insects like butterflies undergo a dramatic transformation through distinct larva and pupa stages before emerging as adults. The production and cessation of juvenile hormone by the corpora allata gland controls whether an insect remains immature or undergoes metamorphosis into an adult form.
Electrocardiogram
The document discusses the history and process of electrocardiography (ECG). It notes that:
- An ECG works by electrodes sensing the electrical currents produced by the heart and transmitting them to a monitor to display as waveforms.
- The first human ECG was published in 1887 by Waller, and Einthoven named the waves in 1895 and invented the triangle system used today.
- An ECG provides a view of the heart's electrical activity through the use of limb leads and precordial leads placed on the chest.
More from iqra666 (6)
Domain archea & Importance in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Domain archea & Importance in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Recently uploaded
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Recently uploaded (20)
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Tissue fluids_etiology_volume regulation_pressure.pptx
Tissue fluids_etiology_volume regulation_pressure.pptx
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Qunatative inheritance by iqra aslam
- 2. . • pattern of inheritance ……..single phenotypic trait is governed by more than one pair of genes. • formation of many possible genotypes • wide range of phenotypes. • trait is called polygenic or multifactor trait and metric traits • the pattern of inheritance is called polygenic or quantitative inheritance and cumulative gene action
- 3. Cont…. • do not show clear cut differences between individuals • forms a spectrum of phenotypes which blend • imperceptivity from one type to another to cause continuous variations.
- 4. Examples • Height • Weight • Eye colour • Yield (bu/A) in crops • Growth rate in farm animals • IQ
- 5. Multiple Factor Hypothesis • Each gene with a small effect along with a few or many other genes exerting a slight effect on the phenotype are segregating to produce quantitative variation • contributing, effective or active alleles • non-contributing, non-effectiveor null alleles.
- 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIPLE GENES • Each contributing allele in the series of multiple genes produces an equal effect. • Effects of each contributing allele are cumulative or additive. • There is no dominance, rather, there exist pairs of contributing and non-contributing alleles. • There is no epistasis (masking of the phenotypes) among genes at different loci. • There is no linkage involved. • The environmental conditions have considerable effect on the phenotypic expression of poly- genes for the quantitative traits.
- 7. Skin colour • Davenport (1913) in Jamaica. • two pairs of genes, A-a and B-b cause the difference in skin pigmentation between negro and caucasian people. • genes were found to affect the character in additive fashion. • a true negro has four dominant genes, AABB, • and a white has four recessive genes aabb. • The F1 offspring will have intermediate skin colour (mulatto). • mulattoes produces a wide variety of skin colour in the offspring
- 10. Eye colour in humans • X-linked polygenes • 9 classes of eye colour • increasing amount of melanin pigmentation