Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in bird and bat droppings. Most infections do not cause symptoms, but some people develop flu-like symptoms, chest pain, or disseminated infection affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves culturing the fungus from sputum, biopsy, or blood samples and treatment involves antifungal medications such as amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus. It is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The disease affects around 100 million people worldwide each year, with cases increasing dramatically in recent decades. Dengue fever causes high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. In a small percentage of cases, it can develop into severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening without proper medical treatment. There is no vaccine available for dengue prevention.
Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria entering wounds contaminated with soil or feces. It results in rapid muscle necrosis and toxin production. Clinical features include severe local pain, wound edema and gangrene spreading from the original site. Systemic effects can include shock, organ failure and death. Treatment requires antibiotics, debridement of devitalized tissue, and sometimes amputation. Prevention focuses on thorough wound cleaning and debridement to remove contaminants and devitalized tissue.
Epidemiology ,control and management of gas gangreneRakhiYadav53
This document discusses gas gangrene, including its definition, types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines gas gangrene as a bacterial infection causing tissue gas in gangrene, usually caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. There are two main types - dry gangrene occurs due to blocked arteries while wet gangrene occurs in moist tissues. Treatment involves antibiotics, debridement of dead tissue, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and sometimes amputation. Prevention emphasizes wound care, foot care for diabetics, and avoiding injuries that could lead to infection.
Miliary tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis characterized by the widespread dissemination of tuberculosis bacteria through the bloodstream, forming small nodules throughout the body. It represents 1-3% of tuberculosis cases. Risk factors include age, immunosuppression, cancer, HIV, malnutrition, and diabetes. The bacteria spread from the lungs into the bloodstream and infect multiple organs. Symptoms are nonspecific and include weakness, fever, weight loss, and cough. Diagnosis involves imaging tests to identify the small nodules and laboratory tests such as sputum cultures. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen for 6-9 months.
All infectious disease covered by rakesh ranaRakeshRana54
This document provides information on meningitis, tuberculosis, typhoid, and leprosy. It discusses the etiology, signs and symptoms, types, and pathophysiology of each condition. Meningitis is caused by bacterial or viral infections that spread from other body sites to the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease commonly affecting the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads through airborne droplets. Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi through contaminated food and water. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin and nerves. It is transmitted through direct contact and has different clinical classifications
Gas gangrene is a life-threatening bacterial infection that causes tissues to die and release gas. It is caused by Clostridium bacteria entering the body through wounds or injuries. Symptoms include pain, fever, swelling, and blisters with foul-smelling discharge near infected areas. The bacteria produce toxins that destroy muscles and tissues, and the infection spreads rapidly. Treatment involves high doses of antibiotics, removal of dead tissue, and potential amputation to stop the spread. Without prompt treatment, gas gangrene can lead to complications like organ damage and death.
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in bird and bat droppings. Most infections do not cause symptoms, but some people develop flu-like symptoms, chest pain, or disseminated infection affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves culturing the fungus from sputum, biopsy, or blood samples and treatment involves antifungal medications such as amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus. It is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The disease affects around 100 million people worldwide each year, with cases increasing dramatically in recent decades. Dengue fever causes high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. In a small percentage of cases, it can develop into severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening without proper medical treatment. There is no vaccine available for dengue prevention.
Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria entering wounds contaminated with soil or feces. It results in rapid muscle necrosis and toxin production. Clinical features include severe local pain, wound edema and gangrene spreading from the original site. Systemic effects can include shock, organ failure and death. Treatment requires antibiotics, debridement of devitalized tissue, and sometimes amputation. Prevention focuses on thorough wound cleaning and debridement to remove contaminants and devitalized tissue.
Epidemiology ,control and management of gas gangreneRakhiYadav53
This document discusses gas gangrene, including its definition, types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines gas gangrene as a bacterial infection causing tissue gas in gangrene, usually caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. There are two main types - dry gangrene occurs due to blocked arteries while wet gangrene occurs in moist tissues. Treatment involves antibiotics, debridement of dead tissue, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and sometimes amputation. Prevention emphasizes wound care, foot care for diabetics, and avoiding injuries that could lead to infection.
Miliary tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis characterized by the widespread dissemination of tuberculosis bacteria through the bloodstream, forming small nodules throughout the body. It represents 1-3% of tuberculosis cases. Risk factors include age, immunosuppression, cancer, HIV, malnutrition, and diabetes. The bacteria spread from the lungs into the bloodstream and infect multiple organs. Symptoms are nonspecific and include weakness, fever, weight loss, and cough. Diagnosis involves imaging tests to identify the small nodules and laboratory tests such as sputum cultures. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen for 6-9 months.
All infectious disease covered by rakesh ranaRakeshRana54
This document provides information on meningitis, tuberculosis, typhoid, and leprosy. It discusses the etiology, signs and symptoms, types, and pathophysiology of each condition. Meningitis is caused by bacterial or viral infections that spread from other body sites to the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease commonly affecting the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads through airborne droplets. Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi through contaminated food and water. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin and nerves. It is transmitted through direct contact and has different clinical classifications
Gas gangrene is a life-threatening bacterial infection that causes tissues to die and release gas. It is caused by Clostridium bacteria entering the body through wounds or injuries. Symptoms include pain, fever, swelling, and blisters with foul-smelling discharge near infected areas. The bacteria produce toxins that destroy muscles and tissues, and the infection spreads rapidly. Treatment involves high doses of antibiotics, removal of dead tissue, and potential amputation to stop the spread. Without prompt treatment, gas gangrene can lead to complications like organ damage and death.
This document summarizes research on immunity in the oral cavity and bladder of tuberculosis (TB) patients. It discusses how innate immune responses fight Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in these areas. It describes that oral and bladder TB lesions can develop from either primary or secondary infection. Primary oral lesions are uncommon in younger patients while secondary lesions often accompany pulmonary TB. Bladder TB progresses through stages from tubercle infiltration to cystitis and microcystitis. The document also examines how immune cells are organized along the urinary tract and mechanisms to control inflammation in the bladder during infection. A key component of the M. tuberculosis cell wall called lipoarabinomannan is discussed for its role in modulating the immune response and potential
Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in India, with 40% of Indians harbouring the tuberculosis bacilli and over 2 million new cases reported in 2010 according to WHO. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is not uncommon, with the ileocecal region being the most commonly involved site due to physiological factors that allow bacterial growth. Complications of gastrointestinal tuberculosis include obstruction, perforation, and malabsorption resulting from strictures, hyperplastic lesions, and inflammation.
This document discusses the various complications that can arise from tuberculosis (TB). It outlines local complications affecting the lungs including tuberculomas, cavities, scarring, bronchiectasis, and aspergillomas. It also discusses airway complications such as stenosis. Vascular issues like hemoptysis are reviewed. Mediastinal complications including lymphadenitis and fistulas are summarized. Pleural issues such as empyema and pneumothorax are covered. Finally, chest wall TB and spondylitis are mentioned as extrathoracic complications. Recognition of these sequelae is important for diagnosis and treatment of TB.
Roadmap To Diagnosis & Treatment Of Extrapulmonary Tbliza mariposque
This document provides guidelines for diagnosing and treating extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the most common extrapulmonary sites including lymph nodes, pleura, genitourinary tract, bones/joints, and meninges. Diagnostic tests and treatments are outlined for each site. First and second line drug regimens and durations are also summarized for both initial and continuation phases of treatment.
Tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is estimated that one-third of the world's population has latent TB. The majority of active cases occur in poor nations. TB is transmitted via inhalation of aerosolized droplets from infected individuals and initially infects the lungs. Diagnosis involves sputum smear and culture, with drug treatment recommendations varying based on disease severity and prior treatment. Controlling the epidemic relies on improved detection and treatment of both active and latent infections.
This document discusses various types of bacterial and viral infections. It defines key terms like infection, bacteraemia, toxemia, septicaemia, pyaemia, and chronic bacterial infections. It also summarizes the pathogenesis, effects, and clinical manifestations of these conditions. Tuberculosis and syphilis are discussed in further detail regarding their causative organisms, modes of transmission, tissue reactions, and complications. Viral infections are also briefly introduced.
Enteric fever is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It infects over 21 million people worldwide each year, mostly in Asia, Africa and Latin America, causing around 200,000 deaths. S. typhi is transmitted through the faeco-oral route. Clinical features include fever, gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain and diarrhea, and complications can include intestinal bleeding, perforation and sepsis. Diagnosis involves blood and stool culture or serologic tests. Treatment is with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or azithromycin for 10-14 days. Prevention involves boiling drinking water, hand washing and vaccination in endemic areas.
This document discusses necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene. It defines necrotizing fasciitis as a necrotizing soft tissue infection along fascial planes that can present with disproportionate pain and swelling. Risk factors include diabetes and immunosuppression. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics and urgent debridement. Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria, often after trauma. It presents with pain, swelling and crepitus, and is treated with antibiotics and radical debridement to remove necrotic muscle. Imaging may show gas in tissues. Both conditions require prompt recognition and aggressive treatment to prevent mortality.
This document outlines various complications that can arise from pulmonary tuberculosis, including hemoptysis, pleurisy, pleural effusion, empyema, pneumothorax, aspergilloma, endobronchitis, bronchiectasis, laryngitis, cor pulmonale, carcinoma of the bronchus, tuberculous enteritis, and miliary tuberculosis. It describes the mechanisms, symptoms, diagnostic approach, and treatment for each complication.
DETAILED DISCUSSION OF NECROTIZING FASCIITIS.
A SOFT TISSUE INFECTION. USUALLY CALLED AS FLESH EATING BACTERIAL INFECTION. CAUSED BY BACTERIA. AFFECTS THE SOFT SKIN TISSUES
Toxic shock syndrome is often caused by the Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) and less commonly Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria which are able to produce harmful toxins.
Tuberculosis can manifest as either pulmonary or extra-pulmonary disease. Pulmonary TB, which accounts for over 78% of cases, is divided into primary TB occurring after initial infection and reactivation post-primary TB. Extra-pulmonary TB involves sites outside the lungs, with lymph nodes, pleura, and the genitourinary tract being most commonly affected. Symptoms vary depending on the infected site but may include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Necrotizing Fasciitis : “Life After Flesh-Eating Bacteria” by Antra Sood,Arna...Arnav Sood
The document summarizes information about necrotizing fasciitis (NF), a rare bacterial infection that spreads quickly in the body and can cause death. It discusses the typical causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NF. The most common cause is Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sudden onset of pain, swelling and redness at the site of a wound. Prevention includes taking care of wounds and seeking medical help if experiencing severe pain. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery to remove dead tissue. A case study examines 48 NF patients, finding the highest risk groups to be males aged 40-60 with preexisting conditions like diabetes or poor hygiene.
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but serious bacterial infection that rapidly destroys skin, fat, and muscle tissue. It begins as pain, swelling, and redness in the area of infection. The bacteria release toxins that kill tissue and the infection spreads quickly. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics, extensive surgery to remove dead tissue, and sometimes amputation of limbs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent death from shock or organ failure.
This document discusses psoas abscess, which is a collection of pus in the iliopsoas compartment. Psoas abscess can be primary (from hematogenous spread) or secondary (from infection of adjacent organs). Common causes of secondary psoas abscess include gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and vascular infections. Clinical features can include fever, back pain, limp, and abdominal or groin pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging like CT or MRI. Treatment requires appropriate antibiotics and drainage of the abscess, either percutaneously or through open drainage.
This document provides an overview of different types of pneumonia, including classifications, typical causative organisms, and key characteristics. Community-acquired pneumonias are most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis. Healthcare-associated and hospital-acquired pneumonias often involve methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Viral pneumonias frequently involve influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or human metapneumovirus. Immunocompromised hosts are more susceptible to opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jiroveci or fungal pathogens.
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to loss of blood supply. It is caused by infection or reduced blood flow and can be dry, wet, or gas gangrene. Dry gangrene develops slowly in tissues like the feet of diabetics. Wet gangrene occurs rapidly in moist tissues and causes swelling and odor. Gas gangrene is a medical emergency caused by soil bacteria that produce tissue-damaging gases. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery to remove dead tissue, and sometimes amputation.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles that can be caused by infectious or non-infectious factors. Common infectious causes include bacterial infections from pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Hemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Non-infectious causes include exposure to toxic substances, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Symptoms include persistent cough, thick sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing and clubbing of fingers. Diagnosis involves collecting a medical history, physical examination, blood tests, sputum examination and pulmonary function tests. Treatment options include
The document discusses the radiological findings of tuberculosis based on 7 patient case presentations. It summarizes common findings seen on chest x-rays such as miliary shadows, cavities, consolidation, lymphadenopathy, pleural effusions and changes. Specific findings are described for different stages of TB including primary infection, post-primary infection, and complications such as tuberculoma, pleural thickening and airway involvement. Radiological images are included to demonstrate various manifestations of pulmonary and pleural TB.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing. Predisposing factors include poverty, malnutrition, and conditions that weaken the immune system. There are two main types - primary TB occurs in those never exposed before and may spread to lymph nodes, while secondary TB occurs from reactivation of a previous infection after immunity is compromised. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest x-rays, sputum smear and culture, and Mantoux skin test. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance,
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze or talk. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs.
2. Risk factors include a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, diabetes or malnutrition. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, tuberculin skin tests, and sputum smear microscopy.
3. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months under DOTS therapy to prevent drug resistance. Prevention strategies include BCG vaccination, mask wearing around infected individuals, and the WHO's tuberculosis elimination program aiming to eliminate TB globally
Tuberculosis is a chronic, wasting, communicable disease, which made a huge comeback with the HIV pandemic, making it an opportunistic infection, and and an AID-defining infection. This presentation explores the different types of tuberculosis in terms of their locations (pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) as well as in terms of their drug susceptibility. It also addresses the approach to the management of each one of these.
This document summarizes research on immunity in the oral cavity and bladder of tuberculosis (TB) patients. It discusses how innate immune responses fight Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in these areas. It describes that oral and bladder TB lesions can develop from either primary or secondary infection. Primary oral lesions are uncommon in younger patients while secondary lesions often accompany pulmonary TB. Bladder TB progresses through stages from tubercle infiltration to cystitis and microcystitis. The document also examines how immune cells are organized along the urinary tract and mechanisms to control inflammation in the bladder during infection. A key component of the M. tuberculosis cell wall called lipoarabinomannan is discussed for its role in modulating the immune response and potential
Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in India, with 40% of Indians harbouring the tuberculosis bacilli and over 2 million new cases reported in 2010 according to WHO. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is not uncommon, with the ileocecal region being the most commonly involved site due to physiological factors that allow bacterial growth. Complications of gastrointestinal tuberculosis include obstruction, perforation, and malabsorption resulting from strictures, hyperplastic lesions, and inflammation.
This document discusses the various complications that can arise from tuberculosis (TB). It outlines local complications affecting the lungs including tuberculomas, cavities, scarring, bronchiectasis, and aspergillomas. It also discusses airway complications such as stenosis. Vascular issues like hemoptysis are reviewed. Mediastinal complications including lymphadenitis and fistulas are summarized. Pleural issues such as empyema and pneumothorax are covered. Finally, chest wall TB and spondylitis are mentioned as extrathoracic complications. Recognition of these sequelae is important for diagnosis and treatment of TB.
Roadmap To Diagnosis & Treatment Of Extrapulmonary Tbliza mariposque
This document provides guidelines for diagnosing and treating extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the most common extrapulmonary sites including lymph nodes, pleura, genitourinary tract, bones/joints, and meninges. Diagnostic tests and treatments are outlined for each site. First and second line drug regimens and durations are also summarized for both initial and continuation phases of treatment.
Tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is estimated that one-third of the world's population has latent TB. The majority of active cases occur in poor nations. TB is transmitted via inhalation of aerosolized droplets from infected individuals and initially infects the lungs. Diagnosis involves sputum smear and culture, with drug treatment recommendations varying based on disease severity and prior treatment. Controlling the epidemic relies on improved detection and treatment of both active and latent infections.
This document discusses various types of bacterial and viral infections. It defines key terms like infection, bacteraemia, toxemia, septicaemia, pyaemia, and chronic bacterial infections. It also summarizes the pathogenesis, effects, and clinical manifestations of these conditions. Tuberculosis and syphilis are discussed in further detail regarding their causative organisms, modes of transmission, tissue reactions, and complications. Viral infections are also briefly introduced.
Enteric fever is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It infects over 21 million people worldwide each year, mostly in Asia, Africa and Latin America, causing around 200,000 deaths. S. typhi is transmitted through the faeco-oral route. Clinical features include fever, gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain and diarrhea, and complications can include intestinal bleeding, perforation and sepsis. Diagnosis involves blood and stool culture or serologic tests. Treatment is with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or azithromycin for 10-14 days. Prevention involves boiling drinking water, hand washing and vaccination in endemic areas.
This document discusses necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene. It defines necrotizing fasciitis as a necrotizing soft tissue infection along fascial planes that can present with disproportionate pain and swelling. Risk factors include diabetes and immunosuppression. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics and urgent debridement. Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria, often after trauma. It presents with pain, swelling and crepitus, and is treated with antibiotics and radical debridement to remove necrotic muscle. Imaging may show gas in tissues. Both conditions require prompt recognition and aggressive treatment to prevent mortality.
This document outlines various complications that can arise from pulmonary tuberculosis, including hemoptysis, pleurisy, pleural effusion, empyema, pneumothorax, aspergilloma, endobronchitis, bronchiectasis, laryngitis, cor pulmonale, carcinoma of the bronchus, tuberculous enteritis, and miliary tuberculosis. It describes the mechanisms, symptoms, diagnostic approach, and treatment for each complication.
DETAILED DISCUSSION OF NECROTIZING FASCIITIS.
A SOFT TISSUE INFECTION. USUALLY CALLED AS FLESH EATING BACTERIAL INFECTION. CAUSED BY BACTERIA. AFFECTS THE SOFT SKIN TISSUES
Toxic shock syndrome is often caused by the Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) and less commonly Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria which are able to produce harmful toxins.
Tuberculosis can manifest as either pulmonary or extra-pulmonary disease. Pulmonary TB, which accounts for over 78% of cases, is divided into primary TB occurring after initial infection and reactivation post-primary TB. Extra-pulmonary TB involves sites outside the lungs, with lymph nodes, pleura, and the genitourinary tract being most commonly affected. Symptoms vary depending on the infected site but may include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Necrotizing Fasciitis : “Life After Flesh-Eating Bacteria” by Antra Sood,Arna...Arnav Sood
The document summarizes information about necrotizing fasciitis (NF), a rare bacterial infection that spreads quickly in the body and can cause death. It discusses the typical causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NF. The most common cause is Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sudden onset of pain, swelling and redness at the site of a wound. Prevention includes taking care of wounds and seeking medical help if experiencing severe pain. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery to remove dead tissue. A case study examines 48 NF patients, finding the highest risk groups to be males aged 40-60 with preexisting conditions like diabetes or poor hygiene.
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but serious bacterial infection that rapidly destroys skin, fat, and muscle tissue. It begins as pain, swelling, and redness in the area of infection. The bacteria release toxins that kill tissue and the infection spreads quickly. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics, extensive surgery to remove dead tissue, and sometimes amputation of limbs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent death from shock or organ failure.
This document discusses psoas abscess, which is a collection of pus in the iliopsoas compartment. Psoas abscess can be primary (from hematogenous spread) or secondary (from infection of adjacent organs). Common causes of secondary psoas abscess include gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and vascular infections. Clinical features can include fever, back pain, limp, and abdominal or groin pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging like CT or MRI. Treatment requires appropriate antibiotics and drainage of the abscess, either percutaneously or through open drainage.
This document provides an overview of different types of pneumonia, including classifications, typical causative organisms, and key characteristics. Community-acquired pneumonias are most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis. Healthcare-associated and hospital-acquired pneumonias often involve methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Viral pneumonias frequently involve influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or human metapneumovirus. Immunocompromised hosts are more susceptible to opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jiroveci or fungal pathogens.
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to loss of blood supply. It is caused by infection or reduced blood flow and can be dry, wet, or gas gangrene. Dry gangrene develops slowly in tissues like the feet of diabetics. Wet gangrene occurs rapidly in moist tissues and causes swelling and odor. Gas gangrene is a medical emergency caused by soil bacteria that produce tissue-damaging gases. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery to remove dead tissue, and sometimes amputation.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles that can be caused by infectious or non-infectious factors. Common infectious causes include bacterial infections from pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Hemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Non-infectious causes include exposure to toxic substances, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Symptoms include persistent cough, thick sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing and clubbing of fingers. Diagnosis involves collecting a medical history, physical examination, blood tests, sputum examination and pulmonary function tests. Treatment options include
The document discusses the radiological findings of tuberculosis based on 7 patient case presentations. It summarizes common findings seen on chest x-rays such as miliary shadows, cavities, consolidation, lymphadenopathy, pleural effusions and changes. Specific findings are described for different stages of TB including primary infection, post-primary infection, and complications such as tuberculoma, pleural thickening and airway involvement. Radiological images are included to demonstrate various manifestations of pulmonary and pleural TB.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing. Predisposing factors include poverty, malnutrition, and conditions that weaken the immune system. There are two main types - primary TB occurs in those never exposed before and may spread to lymph nodes, while secondary TB occurs from reactivation of a previous infection after immunity is compromised. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest x-rays, sputum smear and culture, and Mantoux skin test. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance,
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze or talk. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs.
2. Risk factors include a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, diabetes or malnutrition. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, tuberculin skin tests, and sputum smear microscopy.
3. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months under DOTS therapy to prevent drug resistance. Prevention strategies include BCG vaccination, mask wearing around infected individuals, and the WHO's tuberculosis elimination program aiming to eliminate TB globally
Tuberculosis is a chronic, wasting, communicable disease, which made a huge comeback with the HIV pandemic, making it an opportunistic infection, and and an AID-defining infection. This presentation explores the different types of tuberculosis in terms of their locations (pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) as well as in terms of their drug susceptibility. It also addresses the approach to the management of each one of these.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze, or spit. In 2021, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with TB worldwide, including 6 million men and 3.4 million women. TB is classified into two main types and can affect other parts of the body beyond the lungs. Diagnosis involves bacteriological tests, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Risk factors include sex, ethnicity, age, genetics, and family history.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It spreads through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. Common symptoms include coughing for more than three weeks, coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves skin tests, blood tests, chest x-rays, and sputum samples. Treatment requires taking combinations of antibiotics for several months. Complications can include spinal pain, joint damage, meningitis, and liver or kidney problems.
More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. TB can be treated by a standard 6-month drug regimen, but drug-resistant forms of the disease require longer, more expensive treatment. Tuberculosis remains a major global health issue and was one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide in 2019. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum smear microscopy, culture, and molecular tests like Xpert MTB/RIF to detect the bacteria and determine if
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. TB can be treated by a standard 6-month drug regimen, but drug-resistant forms of the disease require longer, more expensive treatment. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem and was one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide in 2019. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum smear microscopy, culture, and molecular tests like Xpert MTB/RIF that can also detect drug resistance.
Tuberculosis is a global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths annually. It is the 6th highest cause of disease in Pakistan, where the incidence of active TB cases is over 80 per 100,000 people each year. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted through the air when people with active TB cough or sneeze. It most often affects the lungs but can damage other organs. While the immune system usually keeps the infection under control, active disease can develop if the bacteria overpowers immunity.
Moderator: Prof. (Dr) A.K. Sen presented on tuberculosis with the following presenters: Kolli Ajit Kumar, Krishna Nath, Lavita Hazarika, Lipika Devi, and Luish Bor Boruah. Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is characterized by granuloma formation in infected tissues. It most commonly affects the lungs and is transmitted via aerosolized droplets. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular testing of respiratory or other clinical specimens to detect the tuberculosis bacteria.
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum smear and culture tests. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-12 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB disease of the lungs or throat cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination, chest X-ray, tuberculin skin test, blood tests, and microbiological examinations of body fluids and tissues. Treatment requires multiple antibiotics taken for a minimum of 6 months. Proper treatment is important to cure the individual and prevent further transmission.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It discusses the microbiology of M. tuberculosis and describes the pathogenesis and typical presentations of pulmonary TB, including epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. It also reviews common forms of extrapulmonary TB, such as TB lymphadenitis, pleural-pericardial-peritoneal TB, CNS tuberculosis, skeletal TB, miliary TB, and multidrug-resistant TB. The take-home message is that TB remains a global health burden that can affect multiple body systems and requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It defines TB as an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The document discusses the pathogenesis, stages, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical management including drug therapy, and nursing care of patients with pulmonary TB. It also covers complications, education on respiratory hygiene and home care considerations for patients.
This document provides information on the history, epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical features of tuberculosis. Some key points:
- Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has affected humans for thousands of years. Robert Koch discovered the causative bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in 1882.
- In 2020, there were an estimated 10 million new TB cases and 1.5 million TB deaths worldwide, making it one of the top 10 causes of death. India has the highest burden of cases.
- M. tuberculosis is an aerobic bacterium with a complex cell wall structure that allows it to be acid-fast staining. It typically causes a chronic pulmonary infection but can spread to other
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its history, transmission, drug resistance, pathogenesis, and progression from latent TB infection to active TB disease. It discusses how TB was historically known as consumption and was a death sentence until discoveries in the 1800s proved it was contagious and identified the causative bacterium. The development of drug treatments in the 1940s-1950s dramatically reduced TB rates, though drug resistance and other factors led to a resurgence in the 1980s. TB spreads via airborne droplets and its pathogenesis involves an initial containment by the immune system that can break down and allow bacterial multiplication and disease. Progression from latent to active TB is more likely in the first two years after infection or
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. INTRODUCTION
• Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent infections
of human beings and contributes considerably to illness
and death around the world. It is spread by inhaling tiny
droplets of saliva from the coughs or sneezes of an
infected person. It is a slowly spreading, chronic,
granulomatous bacterial infection, characterized by
gradual weight loss.
3. DEFINITION
• Tuberculosis is the infectious
disease primarily affecting
lung parenchyma is most
often caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis.it
may spread to any part of the
body including
meninges,kidney,bones and
lymphnodes.
4. INCIDENCE
• With the increased incidence of AIDS, TB has become
more a problem in the U.S., and the world.
• It is currently estimated that 1/2 of the world's population
(3.1 billion) is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Global Emergency Tuberculosis kills 5,000 people a day
• 2.3 million die each year
6. • Risk factors of tuberculosis are
:
o Elderly
o Infants
o Low socioeconomic status
o Crowded living conditions
o Disease that weakens immune
system like HIV immune
system
o Alcoholism
o Recent Tubercular infection
(within last 2 years)
9. • PULMONARY SYMPTOMS
o Dyspnea
o Non resolving bronchopneumonia
o Chest tightness
o Non productive cough
o Mucopurulent sputum with hemoptpysis
o Chest pain
• EXTRA PULMONARY SYMPTOMS
o Pain
o Inflammation
10. ASSESSMENT AND
DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
• HISTORY COLLECTION
• PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• Clubbing of the fingers or toes (in people with advanced
disease)
• Swollen or tender lymph nodes in the neck or other
areas
• Fluid around a lung (pleural effusion)
• Unusual breath sounds (crackles)
11. IF MILIARY TB :
• A physical exam may show:
• Swollen liver
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Swollen spleen
12. Tests may include
• Biopsy of the affected tissue (rare)
• Bronchoscopy
• Chest CT scan
• Chest x-ray
• Interferon-gamma release blood test such as the QFT-Gold test to
test for TB infection
• Sputum examination and cultures
• Thoracentesis
• Tuberculin skin test (also called a PPD test)
16. MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT
• PULMONARY TB is treated primarily with anti-
tuberculosis agents for 6 to 12 months.
• Pharmacological management
• First line anti-tubercular medications Streptomycin
15mg/kg
• Isoniazid or INH (Nydrazid) 5 mg/kg(300 mg max per
day)
• Rifampin 10 mg/kg
• Pyrazinamide 15 – 30 mg/kg
• Ethambutol (Myambutol) 15 -25 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks
and continuing for up to 4 to 7 months
17. Second line medications
• Capreomycin 12 -15 mg/kg
• Ethionamide 15mg/kg
• Paraaminosalycilate sodium 200 300 mg/kg
• Cycloserine 15 mg/kg
• Vitamin b(pyridoxine) usually adminstered with INH