The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
This document discusses the classification of organisms within the plant kingdom. It begins by explaining how our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time, with fungi and certain microorganisms being excluded. The rest of the document is organized by describing the main groups within the plant kingdom - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It then focuses on describing the classification of algae in more detail.
This document provides information about Rhodophyta (red algae). It discusses that red algae are a phylum of multicellular eukaryotic algae that are predominantly marine. They are one of the oldest algal groups dating back to the Cambrian period. Red algae have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are a source of important polysaccharides like agar and nori seaweed is eaten in Japan. Red algae also play a role in coral reef formation.
The document discusses the classification of plants into the kingdom Plantae. It describes the five major subgroups within this kingdom: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. For each subgroup, it provides 1-2 defining characteristics and an example. It also compares the differences between monocots and dicots, as well as between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
The document discusses the phylum Lycophyta. It describes Lycophyta as the oldest living lineage of vascular plants, with three orders: club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. The dominant generation in Lycophyta is the sporophyte, which reproduces through spores. Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts each have unique characteristics and life cycles. Lycophytes also have economic and ecological importance.
This document presents information about Nostoc and Spirulina. Nostoc is a filamentous cyanobacteria that can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forming colonies. It is capable of fixing nitrogen. Spirulina is also a filamentous micro-cyanobacteria composed of cylindrical cells arranged in unbranched trichomes. Both reproduce asexually, with Nostoc reproducing through fragmentation or akinetes, and Spirulina reproducing through binary fission. They have nutritional and commercial significance, with Nostoc being used as fertilizer and Spirulina being produced as a health food and dietary supplement due to its high protein content.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that were some of the first to have a nucleus. They can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial. Protists play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers. Some protists, like phytoplankton, produce a significant portion of the Earth's oxygen through photosynthesis. Protists also play an important role in nutrient cycling and serve as food for other organisms.
The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
This document discusses the classification of organisms within the plant kingdom. It begins by explaining how our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time, with fungi and certain microorganisms being excluded. The rest of the document is organized by describing the main groups within the plant kingdom - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It then focuses on describing the classification of algae in more detail.
This document provides information about Rhodophyta (red algae). It discusses that red algae are a phylum of multicellular eukaryotic algae that are predominantly marine. They are one of the oldest algal groups dating back to the Cambrian period. Red algae have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are a source of important polysaccharides like agar and nori seaweed is eaten in Japan. Red algae also play a role in coral reef formation.
The document discusses the classification of plants into the kingdom Plantae. It describes the five major subgroups within this kingdom: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. For each subgroup, it provides 1-2 defining characteristics and an example. It also compares the differences between monocots and dicots, as well as between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
The document discusses the phylum Lycophyta. It describes Lycophyta as the oldest living lineage of vascular plants, with three orders: club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. The dominant generation in Lycophyta is the sporophyte, which reproduces through spores. Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts each have unique characteristics and life cycles. Lycophytes also have economic and ecological importance.
This document presents information about Nostoc and Spirulina. Nostoc is a filamentous cyanobacteria that can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forming colonies. It is capable of fixing nitrogen. Spirulina is also a filamentous micro-cyanobacteria composed of cylindrical cells arranged in unbranched trichomes. Both reproduce asexually, with Nostoc reproducing through fragmentation or akinetes, and Spirulina reproducing through binary fission. They have nutritional and commercial significance, with Nostoc being used as fertilizer and Spirulina being produced as a health food and dietary supplement due to its high protein content.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that were some of the first to have a nucleus. They can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial. Protists play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers. Some protists, like phytoplankton, produce a significant portion of the Earth's oxygen through photosynthesis. Protists also play an important role in nutrient cycling and serve as food for other organisms.
Bryophytes are nonvascular plants like mosses and liverworts that thrive in wet environments with abundant rainfall. They lack true roots and water conducting tissues, instead using rhizoids to anchor themselves and absorb water. Bryophytes also lack protective coverings, so they can only live in constantly wet places. They are characterized by having a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle where the sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and include photosynthetic and heterotrophic species. They include algae, which are photosynthetic protists that can be single-celled or colonial, and diatoms and dinoflagellates, which are important marine algae with distinctive cell coverings or structures. Reproduction in algae can occur sexually through meiosis or asexually through cell division or fragmentation.
Brown algae obtain their brown color from the pigments fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a and c. Brown pigments absorb blue-green light, allowing brown algae to photosynthesize at depth where green light has been filtered out. Red algae contain red and blue pigments in addition to chlorophyll a, allowing them to also photosynthesize in deep water. Common South African brown algae include kelps, wracks, sargassums, and dictyotas. Red algae are more diverse and include large flat sheets, delicate branches, and succulent forms. Both brown and red algae play important ecological roles and have various commercial uses.
Aspergillus is commonly found in soil, with a saprophytic mode of nutrition, obtaining its nutrients from dead and decaying matter.The saprophytic nature of Aspergillus spp means they fully depend on environmental materials, which allows them to produce enzymes such as amylase that breaks down compounds into simple products that can be absorbed by the vegetative hyphae. food materials for utilization during reproduction and growth.
- Xanthophyta, or yellow-green algae, is a division of algae that includes 375 species across 75 genera. They range from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms.
- They are mostly found in freshwater but some occur in marine and soil environments. Their cells contain chlorophyll a and beta carotene and store food as oils and fats.
- One example is the class Vaucheria, which contains about 70 species. Vaucheria have bladder-like coenocytic thalli that are differentiated into underground rhizoidal and aerial vesicular portions.
The document discusses phycology, the study of algae. It covers the classification of algae based on characteristics like pigmentation and thallus organization. Some key classifications discussed include Harvey's 1836 system of dividing algae into green, brown and red classes, and Fritsch's 1935 classification that organized algae into 11 classes. The document also summarizes the distribution of algae in aquatic environments, their thallus organization as unicellular or multicellular, and their methods of reproduction including vegetative, asexual through spores, and sexual.
Land plants evolved from green algae, specifically from a group of green algae called charophyceans that share many characteristics with modern land plants. Coleochaete, a type of green alga, is probably the closest living relative to the extinct algal ancestor of land plants and provides insights into what the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments may have looked like. Coleochaete exhibits traits like a compact thallus that would help it survive out of water and may represent an intermediate form in the evolution of plant spores and meiosis.
This document discusses the chlorophyta, or green algae. It covers their biochemistry, ecology, and economic importance. Regarding biochemistry, chlorophyta contain chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids, sharing the same pigments as land plants. Their ecology is that they inhabit marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments and have adapted to specialized and extreme habitats. Economically, some species are used as food sources for humans and animals, antibiotics can be extracted from some, and others are important for sewage oxidation and were ancestors to land plants.
The document provides information about plants from the Devonian period. It discusses early vascular plants like Rhynia, Cooksonia, and Aglaophyton that were found in the Rhynie Chert fossil site in Scotland. These included the earliest known plants with specialized tissues for transport of water and nutrients. The document also describes the diversification of early plant groups like the Zosterophylls and Trimerophytes that occurred during the Devonian period and were ancestral to modern plant divisions.
Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that were the first plants to move from oceans and ponds to land around 400 million years ago. They developed special features like a cuticle and multicellular structures to survive on land without drying out. Bryophytes include liverworts, mosses and hornworts. Though small, bryophytes played an important role in the early development of land by helping to chemically break down rocks to form soil. Their simple structure made them pioneers in establishing plant life on land.
Rhyniophyta were early vascular plants that lived during the Devonian period. They lacked leaves, seeds, and flowers, instead having simple shoots that branched from a creeping axis and sometimes ended in spore capsules. Rhynia was a single-species genus from this group that had a creeping stem and upright aerial shoots bearing oval sporangia. Cooksonia was an early genus from the Rhyniophyta discovered in Wales, dating back to around 400 million years ago in the late Silurian period.
The document summarizes key details about dinoflagellates:
- Dinoflagellates are unicellular plankton that are 90% marine, with some freshwater and symbiotic species. About half are photosynthetic.
- They reproduce primarily asexually through mitosis, though some reproduce sexually. Their cell coverings can be armored or unarmored.
- Some species produce bioluminescence or toxins that can harm humans and fish. Dinoflagellate blooms can discolor water.
- Dinoflagellate cysts are found in sedimentary rocks from the Triassic period to present.
Kingdom Plantae is further classified on the basis of characteristics like absence or presence of seeds, vascular tissues, differentiation of plant body, etc.
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly single-celled and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are decomposers and consumers. There are three main groups of protists: fungus-like protists, plant-like protists called algae, and animal-like protists called protozoa. Protozoa move using flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or they cannot move if they are parasitic. Some disease-causing protists are Giardia, which causes diarrhea, and Plasmodium, which is carried by mosquitoes and causes malaria.
This document describes 15 genera of diatoms: Coscinodiscus, Ditylum, Eucampia, Guinardia, Leptocylindrus, Pleurosigma, Rhizosolenia, Skeletonema, Stephanopyxis, Thalassionema, Thalassiosira, Thalassiothrix, Chaetoceros, Bacteriastrum, and Asteromphalus. For each genus it provides the classification, description, cell size, and distribution. The genera described represent common marine planktonic diatoms found worldwide.
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity and life cycles. It discusses:
1. The three main groups of land plants - bryophytes, pterophytes and spermatophytes - characterized by their reproductive structures and nutrient transport systems.
2. The life cycles of mosses and ferns which involve alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
3. Features of seed plants including heterospory, pollen, and seeds which provided evolutionary advantages over spores.
4. The gymnosperm life cycle exemplified by pine trees, which involves naked seeds fertilized by airborne pollen growing on female gametophytes within
This document classifies algae into two categories - prokaryota and eukaryota. Prokaryota algae have an absence of a well-organized nucleus and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryota algae have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope and contain membrane-bound organelles. The document then lists 12 phyla of eukaryotic algae: Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Parsinophyta, Xanthophyta, Haptophyta, Dinophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Cryptophyta.
Bryophytes,the primitive land dwellers of the plant worldarafyghazali
Introduction to bryophytes,its classification, the "Amphibians of the plant world", External and internal structure,Habitat and Distribution,Reproduction and affinities of Bryophytes,T Terminology and nutrition of bryophytes.
Bryophytes are nonvascular plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients. There are three main groups of bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes have a life cycle where sporophytes produce spores that germinate into a protonema and then a gametophyte plant. Mosses specifically start as a spore that lands and grows a protonema and shoots. Peat moss is commonly used in gardening to improve soil's ability to retain water and increase acidity.
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
This document discusses dragonflies and damselflies, including their evolution, classification, distinguishing features, life cycles, adaptations, biogeography, and habitats. It notes that dragonflies and damselflies have existed for over 300 million years, evolving key traits like wings and complex eyes. They are found globally but have the highest diversity in Southeast Asia and parts of Africa and South America. Their distributions are governed by habitat availability and barriers. The Anawilundawa wetland in Sri Lanka supports over 120 species through its interconnected freshwater and brackish ecosystems.
Bryophytes are nonvascular plants like mosses and liverworts that thrive in wet environments with abundant rainfall. They lack true roots and water conducting tissues, instead using rhizoids to anchor themselves and absorb water. Bryophytes also lack protective coverings, so they can only live in constantly wet places. They are characterized by having a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle where the sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and include photosynthetic and heterotrophic species. They include algae, which are photosynthetic protists that can be single-celled or colonial, and diatoms and dinoflagellates, which are important marine algae with distinctive cell coverings or structures. Reproduction in algae can occur sexually through meiosis or asexually through cell division or fragmentation.
Brown algae obtain their brown color from the pigments fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a and c. Brown pigments absorb blue-green light, allowing brown algae to photosynthesize at depth where green light has been filtered out. Red algae contain red and blue pigments in addition to chlorophyll a, allowing them to also photosynthesize in deep water. Common South African brown algae include kelps, wracks, sargassums, and dictyotas. Red algae are more diverse and include large flat sheets, delicate branches, and succulent forms. Both brown and red algae play important ecological roles and have various commercial uses.
Aspergillus is commonly found in soil, with a saprophytic mode of nutrition, obtaining its nutrients from dead and decaying matter.The saprophytic nature of Aspergillus spp means they fully depend on environmental materials, which allows them to produce enzymes such as amylase that breaks down compounds into simple products that can be absorbed by the vegetative hyphae. food materials for utilization during reproduction and growth.
- Xanthophyta, or yellow-green algae, is a division of algae that includes 375 species across 75 genera. They range from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms.
- They are mostly found in freshwater but some occur in marine and soil environments. Their cells contain chlorophyll a and beta carotene and store food as oils and fats.
- One example is the class Vaucheria, which contains about 70 species. Vaucheria have bladder-like coenocytic thalli that are differentiated into underground rhizoidal and aerial vesicular portions.
The document discusses phycology, the study of algae. It covers the classification of algae based on characteristics like pigmentation and thallus organization. Some key classifications discussed include Harvey's 1836 system of dividing algae into green, brown and red classes, and Fritsch's 1935 classification that organized algae into 11 classes. The document also summarizes the distribution of algae in aquatic environments, their thallus organization as unicellular or multicellular, and their methods of reproduction including vegetative, asexual through spores, and sexual.
Land plants evolved from green algae, specifically from a group of green algae called charophyceans that share many characteristics with modern land plants. Coleochaete, a type of green alga, is probably the closest living relative to the extinct algal ancestor of land plants and provides insights into what the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments may have looked like. Coleochaete exhibits traits like a compact thallus that would help it survive out of water and may represent an intermediate form in the evolution of plant spores and meiosis.
This document discusses the chlorophyta, or green algae. It covers their biochemistry, ecology, and economic importance. Regarding biochemistry, chlorophyta contain chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids, sharing the same pigments as land plants. Their ecology is that they inhabit marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments and have adapted to specialized and extreme habitats. Economically, some species are used as food sources for humans and animals, antibiotics can be extracted from some, and others are important for sewage oxidation and were ancestors to land plants.
The document provides information about plants from the Devonian period. It discusses early vascular plants like Rhynia, Cooksonia, and Aglaophyton that were found in the Rhynie Chert fossil site in Scotland. These included the earliest known plants with specialized tissues for transport of water and nutrients. The document also describes the diversification of early plant groups like the Zosterophylls and Trimerophytes that occurred during the Devonian period and were ancestral to modern plant divisions.
Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that were the first plants to move from oceans and ponds to land around 400 million years ago. They developed special features like a cuticle and multicellular structures to survive on land without drying out. Bryophytes include liverworts, mosses and hornworts. Though small, bryophytes played an important role in the early development of land by helping to chemically break down rocks to form soil. Their simple structure made them pioneers in establishing plant life on land.
Rhyniophyta were early vascular plants that lived during the Devonian period. They lacked leaves, seeds, and flowers, instead having simple shoots that branched from a creeping axis and sometimes ended in spore capsules. Rhynia was a single-species genus from this group that had a creeping stem and upright aerial shoots bearing oval sporangia. Cooksonia was an early genus from the Rhyniophyta discovered in Wales, dating back to around 400 million years ago in the late Silurian period.
The document summarizes key details about dinoflagellates:
- Dinoflagellates are unicellular plankton that are 90% marine, with some freshwater and symbiotic species. About half are photosynthetic.
- They reproduce primarily asexually through mitosis, though some reproduce sexually. Their cell coverings can be armored or unarmored.
- Some species produce bioluminescence or toxins that can harm humans and fish. Dinoflagellate blooms can discolor water.
- Dinoflagellate cysts are found in sedimentary rocks from the Triassic period to present.
Kingdom Plantae is further classified on the basis of characteristics like absence or presence of seeds, vascular tissues, differentiation of plant body, etc.
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly single-celled and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are decomposers and consumers. There are three main groups of protists: fungus-like protists, plant-like protists called algae, and animal-like protists called protozoa. Protozoa move using flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or they cannot move if they are parasitic. Some disease-causing protists are Giardia, which causes diarrhea, and Plasmodium, which is carried by mosquitoes and causes malaria.
This document describes 15 genera of diatoms: Coscinodiscus, Ditylum, Eucampia, Guinardia, Leptocylindrus, Pleurosigma, Rhizosolenia, Skeletonema, Stephanopyxis, Thalassionema, Thalassiosira, Thalassiothrix, Chaetoceros, Bacteriastrum, and Asteromphalus. For each genus it provides the classification, description, cell size, and distribution. The genera described represent common marine planktonic diatoms found worldwide.
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity and life cycles. It discusses:
1. The three main groups of land plants - bryophytes, pterophytes and spermatophytes - characterized by their reproductive structures and nutrient transport systems.
2. The life cycles of mosses and ferns which involve alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
3. Features of seed plants including heterospory, pollen, and seeds which provided evolutionary advantages over spores.
4. The gymnosperm life cycle exemplified by pine trees, which involves naked seeds fertilized by airborne pollen growing on female gametophytes within
This document classifies algae into two categories - prokaryota and eukaryota. Prokaryota algae have an absence of a well-organized nucleus and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryota algae have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope and contain membrane-bound organelles. The document then lists 12 phyla of eukaryotic algae: Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Parsinophyta, Xanthophyta, Haptophyta, Dinophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Cryptophyta.
Bryophytes,the primitive land dwellers of the plant worldarafyghazali
Introduction to bryophytes,its classification, the "Amphibians of the plant world", External and internal structure,Habitat and Distribution,Reproduction and affinities of Bryophytes,T Terminology and nutrition of bryophytes.
Bryophytes are nonvascular plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients. There are three main groups of bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes have a life cycle where sporophytes produce spores that germinate into a protonema and then a gametophyte plant. Mosses specifically start as a spore that lands and grows a protonema and shoots. Peat moss is commonly used in gardening to improve soil's ability to retain water and increase acidity.
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
This document discusses dragonflies and damselflies, including their evolution, classification, distinguishing features, life cycles, adaptations, biogeography, and habitats. It notes that dragonflies and damselflies have existed for over 300 million years, evolving key traits like wings and complex eyes. They are found globally but have the highest diversity in Southeast Asia and parts of Africa and South America. Their distributions are governed by habitat availability and barriers. The Anawilundawa wetland in Sri Lanka supports over 120 species through its interconnected freshwater and brackish ecosystems.
The document discusses several key points about protozoa:
1. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They display a wide diversity of shapes and methods of nutrition, locomotion, and reproduction.
2. The earliest protozoa evolved over 1.5 billion years ago from ancient archaea. They are divided into multiple phyla based on features like nucleus type and locomotion.
3. Important protozoan groups include the SAR supergroup, apicomplexans, ciliates, and dinoflagellates. Many protozoa are free-living but some are parasitic and can cause serious diseases in humans and other
This document provides an overview of the five-kingdom classification system used to categorize different types of living organisms, with a focus on the plant kingdom. The key characteristics used to classify organisms are whether their cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and whether they have cell walls or can perform photosynthesis. Within the plant kingdom, the main subdivisions discussed are thallophyta (algae and fungi), bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), pteridophyta (ferns), gymnosperms (conifers and cycads), and angiosperms (flowering plants). Examples and brief descriptions are provided for each group.
This ppt features the different kinds of protozoa, an animal-like protist . They are animal-like because they are heterotrophs, and are capable of moving.
The document summarizes key information about the protist kingdom. It defines protists as eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi. Protists exhibit diverse characteristics including unicellular or multicellular forms, modes of nutrition, and mechanisms of locomotion. The document categorizes major protist groups such as protozoans, algae, and slime molds. It provides examples and descriptions of important protist taxa to illustrate the diversity within the kingdom.
- Bryophytes are the simplest land plants and include liverworts and mosses. They lack vascular tissues and reproduce using alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage.
- Reproduction involves male and female gametangia that produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis that germinate into a new gametophyte generation.
- Bryophytes play important ecological roles through water retention and as a food source. Sphagnum moss is commercially used as peat for fuel and horticulture due to its water holding ability.
Protozoa animal like protists (supergroups)NaveeraMahmood
The document discusses various groups of animal-like protists. It describes protozoa as unicellular eukaryotic organisms that are mostly aquatic and feed by phagocytosis. It provides details on the supergroups Excavata, Amoeboza, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata. The Excavata exhibit features related to feeding, the Amoeboza use pseudopodia for movement and feeding, the Rhizaria include shelled foraminifera and radiolarians, and the Chromalveolata feature alveoli and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.
This document discusses diversity in living organisms. It describes four types of diversity: point diversity, alpha diversity, gamma diversity, and epsilon diversity. It then explains the five-kingdom classification system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Within each kingdom, various phyla and examples are outlined. The document focuses in depth on the plant and animal kingdoms, describing their classifications and key characteristics.
This document provides information about the plant kingdom by discussing various groups of plants including algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes.
It describes algae as simple, mostly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that can range in size from microscopic to massive. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Algae are divided into green algae, brown algae, and red algae.
Bryophytes are described as the first plants to live on land but still requiring water for reproduction. They lack true roots, stems and leaves. Liverworts and mosses are the two divisions of bryophytes.
Pteridophytes are introduced as the first plants with vascular tissues
This document discusses biological classification. It provides an overview of the major classification systems proposed by Aristotle, Linnaeus, Haeckel, Copeland, Whittaker, and Woese. Whittaker's five kingdom system, which divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, is described as the most widely accepted classification. Each kingdom is then defined, with Monera covering prokaryotes, Protista unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi heterotrophic organisms like mushrooms, Plantae photosynthetic eukaryotes, and Animalia multicellular organisms. Key aspects like nutrition, reproduction, and structure are outlined for representatives
Kingdom Protista is a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms including protozoans and algae. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, and reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are found in any aquatic environment. Protozoans resemble animals in some ways as they can move and are heterotrophs, while algae resemble plants through their ability to photosynthesize. Important protist phyla include SARcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora, Sporozoa, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, and Myxomycota. Protists play important
Kingdom Protista is a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms including protozoans and algae. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, with simple cellular organization lacking specialized tissues. They reproduce both sexually and asexually and live in aquatic environments. Protozoans resemble animals as they can move and are heterotrophs, while algae resemble plants through their ability to photosynthesize. Important protist phyla include protozoan groups that move using pseudopods, flagella, or cilia, as well as various algal groups such as green, red, brown, and golden algae.
Kingdom Protista is a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms including protozoans and algae. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, and reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are found in any aquatic environment. Protozoans resemble animals in some ways as they can move and are heterotrophs, while algae resemble plants through their ability to photosynthesize. Important protist phyla include SARcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora, Sporozoa, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, and Myxomycota. Protists play important
This document summarizes key aspects of zooplankton. It discusses that zooplankton include protozoa and other protists, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. It describes their feeding behaviors, life cycles, and vertical distributions within bodies of water. Specifically, it notes that protists are important microbial consumers, rotifers feed via ciliary movements, cladocerans filter feed using leg setae, and copepods include herbivorous and carnivorous species.
Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil FertilityDaisy Capon
This document discusses soil animals and their roles in soil fertility. It notes that soil contains over 100 million bacterial cells and 11,000 bacterial species per gram. Arthropods make up a large portion of the mesofauna and macrofauna in soil. They play important roles in decomposing plant litter, fragmenting it, and mixing nutrients into the soil through their waste. Their activities are important for nutrient cycling, mineralization of elements, soil structure development, and pore and void formation. Ants and termites are particularly important as they can process large amounts of plant biomass and alter soil properties.
This document discusses zooplankton, which are small aquatic animals that drift or float in water bodies. It describes the major groups of zooplankton, including protozoa, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. It discusses their feeding behaviors, life cycles, distributions within water columns, and importance in aquatic ecosystems. Adaptations like rapid reproduction help zooplankton survive in their planktonic habitat.
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More from Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India (20)
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The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
1. WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF PTERIDOPHYTE
N.SANNIGRAHI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,
NISTARINI COLLEGE, PURULIA (W.B) 723101, INDIA
2. PTERIDOPHYTES----------?????
• A group of vascular cryptogams, non-flowering ,
dispersed spores experienced alternation of
generation having dominant saprophytic phase and
rudimentary gametophyte phase, mostly distributed in
the marshy areas, appeared in the time of the Silurian
period & diversified in the lower Devonian period of
geological era after the colonization of the land of
gametophyte directly from algae or from bryophytes
as per another school of thought, more than 13000
species across the globe of which a major shares
extinct in nature during the passage of evolution.
3. CHARACTERS OF PTERIDOPHYTES
• Primitive land vascular plants both living( Lycopodium,
Selaginella, Equisetum etc.) and fossils( Rhynia,
Asteroxylon, Zosterophyllum etc.)
• Grow in cool and shady habitat though few are xerophytic
( S.rupestris) & many are aquatic( Azolla, Salvinia,
Marsilea)
• Adult plant body is sporophyte differentiated into roots,
leaves & stem. Rhizoids( Psilotum) & rhizophores(
Selaginella) are also reported
• Mature sporophyte are independent, though at the early
stage of development partially of completely dependent o
gametophytes
• Vascular systems with xylem & phloem, stele may be
protostele( Ectophloic, endophloc & amphiphloic) or
Siphonostele( Solenostele & Dictyostele) present.
4. Characters----
• Leaves may be simple, minute and sessile(
Lycopodium) or petiolate and megaphilous as in the
members of Filicinae.
• Reproduction through spores borne in sporangia
develop either in the ventral surface or in axil leaves(
sporophylls) either eusporangiate(group of superficial
cells, Selaginella) or leptosporangiate manner(intial
single cell, Marsilea)
• Plants may be homosporous or
heterosporous(Microspores & Megaspores)
• Gametophyte body is prothallus developed from
haploid(n) spores
5. Characters-----------
• Prothallus is multicellular, independent autotrophic
bear both sex organs-antheridia & archegonia
• Water needed in fertilization to form 2n zygote
• Zygote gives the saprophytic plant body
• Alternation of generation is the essential part of life
cycle. Most of the part of the life cycle is diploid as
the saprophytic part is predominant but the
gametophyte part represented by the prothallus is an
important part represented by haploid state .
7. CLASSIFICATION
• On the basis of presence or absence of seeds,
taxonomists placed the vascular plants –Pteridophyta
& spermatophyta.According to traditional system of
classification, the pteridophytes are divided into the
following classes followed by lower hierarchical taxa
like orders, families , genus, species etc.
• Division Pteridophyta
• i. Class- Psilophytineae
• Order- Psilotales,e.g Psilotum
• Order- Psilophytales e.g Rhynia
• 2.Class-Lycopodineae
8. Classification
• Order- Lycopodiales eg Lycopodium
• Order- Isoetales e.g Isoetes
• Order- Lepidodendrales e.g Lepidodendron
• 3.class Equisetineae
• Order- Equisetales represented by Equisetum
• Order- Sphenophyllales represented by
Sphenopmyllum
• 4.Class – Fillicineae
• Order- Filicales e.g Dryopteris
• Order Marattiales represented by Marattia
• Order Ophioglossales represented by Ophioglossum
& Botrychium
9. Classification
• Order- Osmundales represented by Osmunda
• Order-Fossil orders
This is the traditional system of classification which is being
generally introduced for the easy identification of the
pteriophytes. Besides, there are number of systems that
have been proposed from time to time in this regard as far
as the classification is concerned. The most popular
systems in this regard are ICBN Recommendations where
the name of the division end with suffix phyta,
subdivision by phytina, class by opsida. Smith (1955)
divided Pteridophyta under 4 divisions- Psilophyta,
Lepidophyta, Calamophyta & pterophyta. The wide
accepted system of classification is as follows.