Rhodophyta by sohail hashmi
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This document provides information about Rhodophyta (red algae). It discusses that red algae are a phylum of multicellular eukaryotic algae that are predominantly marine. They are one of the oldest algal groups dating back to the Cambrian period. Red algae have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are a source of important polysaccharides like agar and nori seaweed is eaten in Japan. Red algae also play a role in coral reef formation.
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Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
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1. Gilbert Morgan Smith was a botanist best known for his books on algae.
2. In 1950, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature recommended that plant divisions end in -phyta and sub-divisions in -opsida.
3. G.M. Smith classified pteridophytes into four divisions - Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta - based on characteristics like plant structure, vascular tissue, reproduction features, and gametophyte traits.
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Red Algae / Biology/ Taxonomy/ Applications
Red algae, called Rhodophyta, are a large phylum of multicellular eukaryotic algae that are mostly found in deep freshwater bodies and coral reefs. They have distinctive pigments that allow them to survive in deeper ocean depths than other algae. Examples include Palmaria, Delesseria, and Chondrus. Red algae reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of haploid gametes, and asexually via spore formation. Their life cycle involves an alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid tetrasporophytes.
Rhodophyta .pptx
This document provides information about the division Rhodophyta (red algae). It discusses their general characteristics including that they are mostly marine organisms with cell walls containing polysaccharides. Their reproduction involves both sexual and asexual phases. Economically, red algae are used as food sources for humans and animals, in food additives like agar, and have industrial uses such as in textiles and water treatment. They also play important ecological roles in coral reefs and as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.
Algae : PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that are informally defined due to their lack of a universally accepted definition. They range in size from unicellular microalgae to multicellular seaweeds that can grow over 50 meters long. The three main groups are green algae, red algae, and brown algae. Algae have many uses including as sources of agar, alginate, nutrition, pollution control, and potential energy sources like biofuels.
algae classification.pptx
Fritsch classified algae into 11 classes based on their pigments, reserve foods, and modes of reproduction. The classes are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonodineae, Euglinineae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae. Each class is distinguished by characteristics such as their occurrence, pigments, reserve foods, structures, and modes of reproduction. Fritsch's classification was published in his 1935 book "The Structure and Reproduction of Algae".
Algae
Unicellular green algae like Chlamydomonas reproduce through binary fission and flagellated zoospores. Algae are classified based on their photosynthetic pigments. Green algae contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. Spirogyra is a filamentous green alga with cylindrical cells arranged in helical filaments. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation and sexually through scalariform and lateral conjugation. Volvox is a colonial green alga. Red algae exhibit varied multicellular forms and contain the red pigment phycoerythrin.
Classification of algae
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
Fritsch classification of microalgae.pptx
Fritsch classified microalgae into 11 classes based on pigmentation, flagella, food reserves, structure, and reproduction. The classes are: Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglinineae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae. Each class contains microalgae that share characteristics of habitat, pigments, food reserves, cell structure, and sexual/asexual reproduction methods. Fritsch's 1935 classification is still used today as an organizational structure for microalgae.
Plant diversity assignment 1
The document is an assignment submitted by a student for a Plant Diversity course. It contains 3 questions about algae morphology, anatomy, and life cycles. In response to the first question, the student describes the four major morphological forms of algae as unicellular, filamentous, colonial, or thallose. The student also discusses the diversity of photosynthetic pigments and other distinguishing characteristics among the five major algal divisions.
Protist
The document discusses various groups of protists:
- Protists exhibit diversity and complexity as unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes, including autotrophs and heterotrophs found in aquatic environments.
- They reproduce asexually and sexually, forming spores and cysts during stressful environmental conditions.
- Major groups discussed include green algae, red algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, zooflagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans.
DOC-20240210-WA0021..docxaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
This document contains a revision test with multiple choice and short answer questions about biological classification and the living world. Some of the questions test scientific names of organisms, rules of nomenclature, taxonomic ranks, and key characteristics of domains, kingdoms, and phyla. The document aims to help students review and reinforce their understanding of taxonomy, biological classification systems, and distinguishing features of major organism groups.
Algae classification and structure
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They can be unicellular, like Chlorella, or multicellular, like red algae. Algae reproduce through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means. They are classified based on characteristics like pigmentation, food storage, and reproduction methods. The major groups of algae include green algae, red algae, golden algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, and brown algae.
Classification of Algae
General characteristics of Algae,Basis for the classification of Algae,Fritsch classification of algae,Van den Hoek (1995) classified algae into 11 divisions,Chlorophycophyta – The green algae,Rhodopycophyta-The red algae,Cryptophycophyta-The cryptomonads,Euglenophycophyta-The euglenoids,Chrysophyciphyta –The Golden brown algae.
General Biology biology biologybiology .pdf
This document provides information about the General Biology course BIOL-103, which is worth 3 credits. It discusses the evaluation system and topics covered in the course like biology, botany, zoology, taxonomy, and the five kingdom system of classification. It also summarizes the key characteristics of the kingdoms Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Protista, and Animalia. The document then focuses on algae, describing the major divisions (Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae), their characteristics, and economic importance.
Introductiontoalgalcharacteristicsanddiversity
This document provides an overview of a phycology and phycology lab course, including required textbooks, attendance policies, and syllabus details. The course will cover topics like algal taxonomy, growth, losses, and ecology. Students will learn about the diversity of algae including their structures, forms, habitats, and roles in ecosystems.
CLASSIFICATIOF ALGAE.pptx
This presentation deals with the classifications of algae based on Smith and Fritch System.
This presentation helps us to gain the knowledge on the 11 classifications of Fritch and 7 classifications of Smith such as chlorphyta, cyanophyta, etc...
Kingdom protist
This document discusses protists, a kingdom of mostly microscopic eukaryotic organisms. It begins by asking questions to recall what is known about algae from grade 7. It then lists objectives about describing protist characteristics, classifying protists based on energy sources, and citing examples of useful and harmful protists. The document proceeds to explain and elaborate on different groups of protists, including phototrophs like algae that produce their own food, and heterotrophs that feed on other organisms. Specific examples are provided, such as green algae that can be eaten or used to make agar, brown algae that produce alginate, and red algae that change color. Harmful protists discussed include
RHODOPHYTA . Occurrence And General Structure Of Rhodophyta
Rhodophyta, or red algae, are a group of multicellular algae that range in color from red to green or purple depending on their depth. They are mostly marine organisms found in tropical to cold waters, often in tide pools or coral reefs. Rhodophyta are characterized by their accessory pigments like phycoerythrin, which give them their red color, and the storage of floridian starch. They lack flagella, centrioles and chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. Individual cells typically contain a single nucleus and mitochondria. The cell wall contains cellulose microfibrils and amorphous polysaccharides like agar and carrageenan.
BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE K R.pptx
Algae are biologically and economically important in several ways. As primary producers, they photosynthesize and produce oxygen, forming the base of aquatic and marine food webs. They are also a source of food, biofuels, and medicines for humans. Algae can remove heavy metals from wastewater and be immobilized for continuous nutrient removal. Labeling algae allows studying their lipid and fatty acid metabolism. Algal blooms occur when excess nutrients cause rapid algae growth, potentially releasing toxins and depleting oxygen.
Lecture 6.pptx
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The document discusses the key characteristics and features of several types of algae including cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, and red algae. It covers their cellular structure, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction as well as noting their ecological and economic importance.
Algae
Algae are primary producers that use photosynthesis to convert inorganic substances into organic compounds using sunlight. They form the base of aquatic and marine food chains and produce a significant amount of Earth's oxygen. Economically, algae are used as food sources in many cultures and have potential for biofuel production due to high sugar and starch content. Medicinally, algae contain antioxidants and have shown anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. Algae also effectively remove heavy metals from wastewater through biosorption.
Similar to Rhodophyta by sohail hashmi (20)
RHODOPHYTA . Occurrence And General Structure Of Rhodophyta
RHODOPHYTA . Occurrence And General Structure Of Rhodophyta
BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE K R.pptx
BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE K R.pptx
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
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Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionClimate Change All over the World .pptx
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Rhodophyta by sohail hashmi
- 1. Rhodophyta
- 2. Presented by: Muhammad Sohail Riaz Presented to: DR Umair Ahmad Awan
- 3. Table of Contents General account Evolution Classification Bio-chemistry Economic importance
- 4. General Account Also called as Red Algae All species are multicellular One of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae Also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae Predominately marine about 98% Red algae are commonly found in the depths of oceans Occur in all oceans but few in polar seas
- 5. Cont….. Marine form recognize by their bright color Fresh water forms are bluish green color They live attached to rocks by a structure called holdfast 5250 species and 831 genera are known Reproduction is very complex process in these organisms Sexual and A-sexual reproduction is present while vegetative reproduction is very rare
- 6. Cont…… Cell is typically eukaryotic Their cell wall contain thick polysaccharides Protoplast is surrounded by two layered cell wall Inner consisting of cellulose and outer with pectin material Some red algae’s cell wall contain xylans Reserved food stores as a complex carbohydrates Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria and Dictyosomes are present in rhodophytes
- 7. Systematics Position Division : Rhodophycophyta Class : Rhodophyceae Sub-class : Florideae Order : Gelidiales Family : Gelidiaceae Genus : Gelidium Specie : Cartilagineum
- 10. EvolutionEvolution According to Schopf, Rhodophyceae is an ancient Fossils of red algae are known from Cambrian According to Klein and Cronquist, Rhodophytes were “probably derived from cyanophytes”, with a cyanidium like alga as a possible link between these two groups Earlier rhodophytes were unicellular, from which evolved the filamentous rhodophytes
- 11. Cont…..Cont….. According to Kohlmeyer, red algae gave rise to higher fungi, through loss of plastids According to Lee, there is no agreement amongst phylogenist whether or not the two major groups are two “Natural groups derived from two separate line of evolution According to Scagel et.al, Conchocelis stage of Bangia and Porphyra represents a link between Bangioideae and Florideae
- 12. Bio-chemistry Photosynthetic pigments of rhodophyta are chlorophyll a and b Red algae are red due to phycoerythrin Red algae contain sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan in the amorphous section of their cell wall Red algae also produce a specific type of tannin called Phlorotannins, but in lower amount than brown algae do
- 13. Classification Based on thallus organization and post fertilization changes, Fritsch divide into two classes: 1. Bangioideae 2. Florideae
- 14. Cont…….. The sub-classes was further divided into six orders: i. Nemalionales ii. Gelidiales iii. Cryptonemiales iv. Gigartinales v. Rhodymeniales vi. Ceramiales
- 15. Cont……. Smith raised the class rhodophyaceae to the rank of division and named it as rhodophyta V.J Chapman and D.J Chapman placed rhodophyaceae into phylum rhodophyta and divide into sub-classes: 1. Bangiophycidae 2. Florideophycidae Bangiophycidae divided into five orders Florideophycidae divided into seven orders
- 16. Cont…..
- 17. Economic Importance Red algae is high in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that are easily utilized by your body Associated with the production of polysaccharides Agar is delicacy in Japan which is jelly like food Agar provide a polysaccharide gel, which is non- toxic, solid and cannot be digested Agarosa, an alternate polysaccharide sold at great expense
- 18. Cont….. Nori used for wrapping sushi, rice cracker, topping on rice Porphyra japonica is eaten in Japan The cultivation of nori is a substantial industry The main benefits of red algae is its ability to promote healthy circulation in your body, regulate your blood sugar levels and lower bad cholesterol levels since it is high in dietary fiber The red algae furnish food for sea animals
- 19. Cont….. Calcareous red algae like Lithothamnion, Lithophyllum, Porolithon and Goniolithon play an important role in the formation of coral reefs
- 21. Thank you