This document discusses zooplankton, which are small aquatic animals that drift or float in water bodies. It describes the major groups of zooplankton, including protozoa, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. It discusses their feeding behaviors, life cycles, distributions within water columns, and importance in aquatic ecosystems. Adaptations like rapid reproduction help zooplankton survive in their planktonic habitat.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology, including the components and interrelationships within ecosystems. It describes the abiotic factors that influence ecosystems, such as climate and water cycles, and how energy and nutrients flow between biotic and abiotic components. It also outlines several major biomes and aquatic ecosystems, examining the characteristic environmental conditions and common organism inhabiting each.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta being the major groups of green, brown, and red algae respectively. Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
The document summarizes key details about dinoflagellates:
- Dinoflagellates are unicellular plankton that are 90% marine, with some freshwater and symbiotic species. About half are photosynthetic.
- They reproduce primarily asexually through mitosis, though some reproduce sexually. Their cell coverings can be armored or unarmored.
- Some species produce bioluminescence or toxins that can harm humans and fish. Dinoflagellate blooms can discolor water.
- Dinoflagellate cysts are found in sedimentary rocks from the Triassic period to present.
The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
Zooplankton are small aquatic animals that drift or float in water and rely on currents for movement. Without environmental controls, the entire world could be covered by a 3-foot thick layer of zooplankton in just 130 days. Zooplankton are classified based on size from femtoplankton to megaplankton. They also have holoplankton that remain plankton their whole life and meroplankton that are partially planktonic. Common phyla include protozoa, cnidaria, chaetognatha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, and chordata.
This document provides an overview of seagrass ecosystems, including what seagrasses are, their associated flora and fauna, ecosystem functions, habitat connectivity, and disturbances and threats. Seagrasses are flowering plants that live wholly submerged in salt or brackish water, providing crucial primary production and habitat. They support high levels of biodiversity and perform important functions like wave attenuation and sediment stabilization. However, seagrass beds face numerous natural and anthropogenic disturbances that can degrade their ecosystems, such as hurricanes, overfishing, eutrophication, and sedimentation from coastal development. More research and conservation efforts are needed to protect these vital coastal habitats.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology, including the components and interrelationships within ecosystems. It describes the abiotic factors that influence ecosystems, such as climate and water cycles, and how energy and nutrients flow between biotic and abiotic components. It also outlines several major biomes and aquatic ecosystems, examining the characteristic environmental conditions and common organism inhabiting each.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta being the major groups of green, brown, and red algae respectively. Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
The document summarizes key details about dinoflagellates:
- Dinoflagellates are unicellular plankton that are 90% marine, with some freshwater and symbiotic species. About half are photosynthetic.
- They reproduce primarily asexually through mitosis, though some reproduce sexually. Their cell coverings can be armored or unarmored.
- Some species produce bioluminescence or toxins that can harm humans and fish. Dinoflagellate blooms can discolor water.
- Dinoflagellate cysts are found in sedimentary rocks from the Triassic period to present.
The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
Zooplankton are small aquatic animals that drift or float in water and rely on currents for movement. Without environmental controls, the entire world could be covered by a 3-foot thick layer of zooplankton in just 130 days. Zooplankton are classified based on size from femtoplankton to megaplankton. They also have holoplankton that remain plankton their whole life and meroplankton that are partially planktonic. Common phyla include protozoa, cnidaria, chaetognatha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, and chordata.
This document provides an overview of seagrass ecosystems, including what seagrasses are, their associated flora and fauna, ecosystem functions, habitat connectivity, and disturbances and threats. Seagrasses are flowering plants that live wholly submerged in salt or brackish water, providing crucial primary production and habitat. They support high levels of biodiversity and perform important functions like wave attenuation and sediment stabilization. However, seagrass beds face numerous natural and anthropogenic disturbances that can degrade their ecosystems, such as hurricanes, overfishing, eutrophication, and sedimentation from coastal development. More research and conservation efforts are needed to protect these vital coastal habitats.
This document provides guidance on producing live food organisms for larviculture. It discusses selecting food that larvae can perceive, ingest and digest. Two natural food types are phytoplankton and zooplankton. Culturing phytoplankton involves maintaining, enriching and isolating unialgal cultures. Isolating single algal units uses a capillary pipette method. Zooplankton culturing focuses on Brachionus plicatilis, describing its taxonomy, morphology, food/feeding, and culture techniques like daily tank transfers.
This document discusses the classification, characteristics, and economic importance of algae. It begins by outlining Linnaeus' original classification of algae in 1753 and notes that many algae are unicellular. It then discusses the morphology, pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoids, and cell structure of algae including chloroplasts and thylakoids. The three main groups - green, red, and brown algae - are classified based on their primary pigments, storage products, cell wall composition, and flagella. Examples of commonly known algae from each group are also provided. The document concludes by explaining the economic importance of algae as primary producers and sources of commercial products like agar, alginic
The document describes various ecological hierarchies that shape biodiversity on Earth, including taxonomic, trophic, and ecological hierarchies. It then discusses key concepts in biogeography and ecosystems, such as biomes, disturbance regimes, succession, and how energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems. Specific biomes are also outlined such as tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra.
Sarcodinids are amoeboid protozoa that were formerly grouped with flagellates. They contain a single nucleus and contractile vacuoles. Their shapes range from amorphous to highly structured. Most feed on particulate material but some house photosynthetic algae. They reproduce asexually by binary or multiple fission. Some produce gametes for sexual reproduction. Encystment provides protection in unfavorable conditions.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
Invertebrates serve several important economic purposes. They pollinate plants and help with pest control as biological predators like bees, wasps, ladybugs, and beetles. Many invertebrates are also a food source for humans and other vertebrates as crustaceans, mollusks, and shrimp. Invertebrates decompose dead organic matter and improve soil quality as aerators and creators through burrowing and nutrient cycling. They are also used in medical sciences for drug formation and biotherapy as well as in research due to their simple anatomy and short lifespans.
This document discusses the classification of organisms within the plant kingdom. It begins by explaining how our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time, with fungi and certain microorganisms being excluded. The rest of the document is organized by describing the main groups within the plant kingdom - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It then focuses on describing the classification of algae in more detail.
Copepods are microscopic crustaceans that are an important link in the food chain. They undergo multiple molting stages from nauplius larvae to adult, and reproduction is sexual. Common types include calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, which are found globally in aquatic environments. Copepods feed on algae and small invertebrates and are themselves an important food source for many marine organisms. Their distribution and pigmentation are affected by environmental factors like water temperature.
Land plants evolved from green algae, specifically from a group of green algae called charophyceans that share many characteristics with modern land plants. Coleochaete, a type of green alga, is probably the closest living relative to the extinct algal ancestor of land plants and provides insights into what the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments may have looked like. Coleochaete exhibits traits like a compact thallus that would help it survive out of water and may represent an intermediate form in the evolution of plant spores and meiosis.
The presentation discusses the biochemistry, ecology, and economic importance of Xanthophyta, also known as yellow-green algae. It notes that Xanthophyta chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and c, beta-carotene, and diadinoxanthin pigments, unlike other heterokonts they lack fucoxanthin which gives them their lighter color. Regarding ecology, Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soils, and tree trunks, though some are marine. Economically, they can contaminate water supplies and impact treatment plants, and marine species sometimes produce toxins during algal blooms that can kill fish.
This document provides background and rationale for a project studying brown algal biodiversity and ecology in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Key points include:
- The Mediterranean is a biodiversity hotspot for brown algae, with over 50 species of the genus Cystoseira recognized.
- The project will establish the first institutional herbarium and taxonomic image database of eastern Mediterranean seaweeds. Over 100 taxa have already been identified.
- Long-term monitoring shows re-oligotrophication of the Saronikos Gulf but a decline in Cystoseira populations, likely due to overgrazing from sea urchin populations increased
Algae are a diverse group of simple plant-like organisms ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. They are typically photosynthetic and aquatic, lacking true roots, stems, leaves, and vascular tissue. Algae are classified into several divisions including green algae, red algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Each division contains many distinct species that vary in habitat, structure, pigmentation and other characteristics. Algae play an important role as primary producers in many ecosystems.
1) Protists are single or multi-celled eukaryotic organisms that live in moist environments. They can reproduce asexually through cell division or regeneration, or sexually.
2) Plantlike protists include algae which are important producers. Algae are grouped according to their pigments and food storage. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglena were discussed.
3) Animal-like protists or protozoa are grouped by their means of movement. Ciliates like paramecium and stentor move using cilia. Amoebas move using pseudopods. Some flagellates and sporozoans are parasitic.
The document discusses various barriers that limit the dispersal and distribution of animal species. There are three main categories of barriers: physical, climatic, and biological. Physical barriers include mountains, water bodies, and deserts which can isolate populations. Climatic barriers like temperature, humidity, and light also influence animal ranges. Biological barriers involve interactions with vegetation and other animals through predation, parasitism, and competition for resources. Together, these natural barriers influence the evolution and geographic distribution of wildlife.
This document provides an overview of algae. It discusses their general characteristics, including their cosmopolitan distribution and range of plant body sizes. It describes three types of reproduction in algae: vegetative, asexual and sexual. Different life cycles are also discussed. The economic importance of algae is summarized, noting their role in industries like agar production and as a primary producer in aquatic habitats.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They can be unicellular, like Chlorella, or multicellular, like red algae. Algae reproduce through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means. They are classified based on characteristics like pigmentation, food storage, and reproduction methods. The major groups of algae include green algae, red algae, golden algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, and brown algae.
This document discusses biological classification. It provides an overview of the major classification systems proposed by Aristotle, Linnaeus, Haeckel, Copeland, Whittaker, and Woese. Whittaker's five kingdom system, which divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, is described as the most widely accepted classification. Each kingdom is then defined, with Monera covering prokaryotes, Protista unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi heterotrophic organisms like mushrooms, Plantae photosynthetic eukaryotes, and Animalia multicellular organisms. Key aspects like nutrition, reproduction, and structure are outlined for representatives
The document provides an overview of key concepts in community ecology, including species interactions, trophic levels, food webs, succession, biomes, and factors that limit population growth. It defines important ecological terms and describes various types of species relationships, ecological roles, community changes over time, and Earth's major terrestrial biomes.
This document summarizes key aspects of zooplankton. It discusses that zooplankton include protozoa and other protists, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. It describes their feeding behaviors, life cycles, and vertical distributions within bodies of water. Specifically, it notes that protists are important microbial consumers, rotifers feed via ciliary movements, cladocerans filter feed using leg setae, and copepods include herbivorous and carnivorous species.
- Bryophytes are the simplest land plants and include liverworts and mosses. They lack vascular tissues and reproduce using alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage.
- Reproduction involves male and female gametangia that produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis that germinate into a new gametophyte generation.
- Bryophytes play important ecological roles through water retention and as a food source. Sphagnum moss is commercially used as peat for fuel and horticulture due to its water holding ability.
This document provides guidance on producing live food organisms for larviculture. It discusses selecting food that larvae can perceive, ingest and digest. Two natural food types are phytoplankton and zooplankton. Culturing phytoplankton involves maintaining, enriching and isolating unialgal cultures. Isolating single algal units uses a capillary pipette method. Zooplankton culturing focuses on Brachionus plicatilis, describing its taxonomy, morphology, food/feeding, and culture techniques like daily tank transfers.
This document discusses the classification, characteristics, and economic importance of algae. It begins by outlining Linnaeus' original classification of algae in 1753 and notes that many algae are unicellular. It then discusses the morphology, pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoids, and cell structure of algae including chloroplasts and thylakoids. The three main groups - green, red, and brown algae - are classified based on their primary pigments, storage products, cell wall composition, and flagella. Examples of commonly known algae from each group are also provided. The document concludes by explaining the economic importance of algae as primary producers and sources of commercial products like agar, alginic
The document describes various ecological hierarchies that shape biodiversity on Earth, including taxonomic, trophic, and ecological hierarchies. It then discusses key concepts in biogeography and ecosystems, such as biomes, disturbance regimes, succession, and how energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems. Specific biomes are also outlined such as tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra.
Sarcodinids are amoeboid protozoa that were formerly grouped with flagellates. They contain a single nucleus and contractile vacuoles. Their shapes range from amorphous to highly structured. Most feed on particulate material but some house photosynthetic algae. They reproduce asexually by binary or multiple fission. Some produce gametes for sexual reproduction. Encystment provides protection in unfavorable conditions.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
Invertebrates serve several important economic purposes. They pollinate plants and help with pest control as biological predators like bees, wasps, ladybugs, and beetles. Many invertebrates are also a food source for humans and other vertebrates as crustaceans, mollusks, and shrimp. Invertebrates decompose dead organic matter and improve soil quality as aerators and creators through burrowing and nutrient cycling. They are also used in medical sciences for drug formation and biotherapy as well as in research due to their simple anatomy and short lifespans.
This document discusses the classification of organisms within the plant kingdom. It begins by explaining how our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time, with fungi and certain microorganisms being excluded. The rest of the document is organized by describing the main groups within the plant kingdom - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It then focuses on describing the classification of algae in more detail.
Copepods are microscopic crustaceans that are an important link in the food chain. They undergo multiple molting stages from nauplius larvae to adult, and reproduction is sexual. Common types include calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, which are found globally in aquatic environments. Copepods feed on algae and small invertebrates and are themselves an important food source for many marine organisms. Their distribution and pigmentation are affected by environmental factors like water temperature.
Land plants evolved from green algae, specifically from a group of green algae called charophyceans that share many characteristics with modern land plants. Coleochaete, a type of green alga, is probably the closest living relative to the extinct algal ancestor of land plants and provides insights into what the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments may have looked like. Coleochaete exhibits traits like a compact thallus that would help it survive out of water and may represent an intermediate form in the evolution of plant spores and meiosis.
The presentation discusses the biochemistry, ecology, and economic importance of Xanthophyta, also known as yellow-green algae. It notes that Xanthophyta chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and c, beta-carotene, and diadinoxanthin pigments, unlike other heterokonts they lack fucoxanthin which gives them their lighter color. Regarding ecology, Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soils, and tree trunks, though some are marine. Economically, they can contaminate water supplies and impact treatment plants, and marine species sometimes produce toxins during algal blooms that can kill fish.
This document provides background and rationale for a project studying brown algal biodiversity and ecology in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Key points include:
- The Mediterranean is a biodiversity hotspot for brown algae, with over 50 species of the genus Cystoseira recognized.
- The project will establish the first institutional herbarium and taxonomic image database of eastern Mediterranean seaweeds. Over 100 taxa have already been identified.
- Long-term monitoring shows re-oligotrophication of the Saronikos Gulf but a decline in Cystoseira populations, likely due to overgrazing from sea urchin populations increased
Algae are a diverse group of simple plant-like organisms ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. They are typically photosynthetic and aquatic, lacking true roots, stems, leaves, and vascular tissue. Algae are classified into several divisions including green algae, red algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Each division contains many distinct species that vary in habitat, structure, pigmentation and other characteristics. Algae play an important role as primary producers in many ecosystems.
1) Protists are single or multi-celled eukaryotic organisms that live in moist environments. They can reproduce asexually through cell division or regeneration, or sexually.
2) Plantlike protists include algae which are important producers. Algae are grouped according to their pigments and food storage. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglena were discussed.
3) Animal-like protists or protozoa are grouped by their means of movement. Ciliates like paramecium and stentor move using cilia. Amoebas move using pseudopods. Some flagellates and sporozoans are parasitic.
The document discusses various barriers that limit the dispersal and distribution of animal species. There are three main categories of barriers: physical, climatic, and biological. Physical barriers include mountains, water bodies, and deserts which can isolate populations. Climatic barriers like temperature, humidity, and light also influence animal ranges. Biological barriers involve interactions with vegetation and other animals through predation, parasitism, and competition for resources. Together, these natural barriers influence the evolution and geographic distribution of wildlife.
This document provides an overview of algae. It discusses their general characteristics, including their cosmopolitan distribution and range of plant body sizes. It describes three types of reproduction in algae: vegetative, asexual and sexual. Different life cycles are also discussed. The economic importance of algae is summarized, noting their role in industries like agar production and as a primary producer in aquatic habitats.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They can be unicellular, like Chlorella, or multicellular, like red algae. Algae reproduce through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means. They are classified based on characteristics like pigmentation, food storage, and reproduction methods. The major groups of algae include green algae, red algae, golden algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, and brown algae.
This document discusses biological classification. It provides an overview of the major classification systems proposed by Aristotle, Linnaeus, Haeckel, Copeland, Whittaker, and Woese. Whittaker's five kingdom system, which divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, is described as the most widely accepted classification. Each kingdom is then defined, with Monera covering prokaryotes, Protista unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi heterotrophic organisms like mushrooms, Plantae photosynthetic eukaryotes, and Animalia multicellular organisms. Key aspects like nutrition, reproduction, and structure are outlined for representatives
The document provides an overview of key concepts in community ecology, including species interactions, trophic levels, food webs, succession, biomes, and factors that limit population growth. It defines important ecological terms and describes various types of species relationships, ecological roles, community changes over time, and Earth's major terrestrial biomes.
This document summarizes key aspects of zooplankton. It discusses that zooplankton include protozoa and other protists, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. It describes their feeding behaviors, life cycles, and vertical distributions within bodies of water. Specifically, it notes that protists are important microbial consumers, rotifers feed via ciliary movements, cladocerans filter feed using leg setae, and copepods include herbivorous and carnivorous species.
- Bryophytes are the simplest land plants and include liverworts and mosses. They lack vascular tissues and reproduce using alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage.
- Reproduction involves male and female gametangia that produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis that germinate into a new gametophyte generation.
- Bryophytes play important ecological roles through water retention and as a food source. Sphagnum moss is commercially used as peat for fuel and horticulture due to its water holding ability.
This document discusses the classification of planktonic organisms. It defines plankton as diverse microscopic and small organisms that live in water bodies but cannot swim against currents. Plankton are classified into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton include algae and cyanobacteria that photosynthesize, while zooplankton feed on other plankton. Both groups are further divided based on size into bacterio, nano, micro, macro, and meg plankton. The document provides examples for different classifications.
Trophical relationship in WETLAND ecosystemSalmashaik26
Wetland ecosystems have multiple trophic levels that facilitate nutrient production and transportation. Nutrients enter wetlands from rivers via tidal transport and are assimilated by phytoplankton, which then transport the nutrients back into deeper channels to support other organisms. Wetlands effectively remove 70-90% of nitrogen and 20-100% of metals from water, depending on the pollutant and wetland type. They also reduce pathogen levels by trapping bacteria and allowing them to die off without a host. This trophic transfer of nutrients is important for maintaining water quality and the health of connected ecosystems.
- Wetland ecosystems contain different trophic levels including producers, primary consumers, and predators. Nutrients flow between these levels through various food chains.
- Nutrient production occurs as phytoplankton and other producers photosynthesize and remove nutrients from the water. Nutrients are then transported through the food web as organisms at higher trophic levels consume those at lower levels.
- Wetlands play an important role in removing nutrients, metals, pathogens and other pollutants from water through physical, chemical and biological processes before the water is transported elsewhere. They can remove 70-90% of nitrogen and 20-100% of various metals, helping to maintain downstream water quality.
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
The document discusses various types of algae, including cyanobacteria, euglena, dinoflagellates, cryptomonads, and chrysophytes. It provides details on their characteristics, evolution, importance, reproduction, anatomy, locomotion, and classification. Cyanobacteria were among the first organisms to produce oxygen through photosynthesis, helping create the Earth's oxidizing atmosphere. Dinoflagellates are mainly marine plankton that can cause red tides that kill fish. Chrysophytes were once thought to be cyanobacteria but fossil evidence shows they evolved separately.
Classification of plankton, Plankton diversity and Productivity.
Two groups of organisms inhabit the oceanic zone: plankton and nekton
Based on productivity, biomass, abundance and diversity, plankton far outweighs nekton in open ocean
Plankton can be classified into logical groups based on:
Taxonomy
Motility
Size
Life history
Spatial distribution
This slide contains all the basic information about classes and divisions of Algae with proper representation of perfect examples with their pictures in the slide. Also included the slide of Algal Blooms and their adverse effects.
Plankton are small organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments such as oceans, seas and bodies of fresh water. They play an important role in aquatic food webs as primary producers (phytoplankton) or primary consumers (zooplankton). Phytoplankton include algae like diatoms, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria which produce oxygen and serve as the base of the food chain. Zooplankton include protozoa, rotifers, crustaceans and copepods which feed on phytoplankton and bacteria and are food for larger organisms. Plankton are crucial for marine ecosystems as they provide the base of the food web that supports many fish
The Philippine Biodiversity (Integrated Science 9).pdfJomarBierzo
The document discusses biodiversity in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines has high species diversity and endemism. Many groups have over 60% of species being endemic, including plants, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. It highlights several endemic and endangered species. Habitat loss from deforestation and wildlife depletion are major threats driving extinction of Philippine species. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are also summarized, describing their key stages and functions in energy production for organisms.
The document summarizes characteristics of the phylum Annelida, focusing on two classes: Polychaeta and Clitellata. It describes the Samoan Palolo worm, which exhibits a unique reproductive behavior called epitoky where parts of the worm transform into reproductive individuals called epitokes. During the full moon, the epitokes swarm and spawn, providing a major food source for Samoans. The classes Polychaeta and Clitellata are then compared, contrasting characteristics like habitat, locomotion, feeding, and reproduction between marine worms and earthworms/leeches.
This document discusses the feeding habits and nutritional requirements of fish at different life stages. It begins by explaining that fish require energy, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals to sustain life and promote growth. It then discusses the feeding behaviors and nutritional needs of fish larvae, including their underdeveloped digestive systems and reliance on plankton and zooplankton. The document also categorizes different types of food sources for fish and classifies fish based on their dependence on food types and positions in the water column. Specific examples are provided of the feeding behaviors of fish larvae, juveniles, and adults.
This document discusses algae, including their diversity, taxonomy, morphology, and impacts. It covers the major divisions of algae, including their distinguishing characteristics like photosynthetic pigments. Examples are provided of different algal forms ranging from unicellular to multicellular. Both beneficial roles of algae like food and industrial uses, as well as detrimental impacts like harmful algal blooms and shellfish poisoning are summarized. Specific examples are described to illustrate red tides, algal blooms, and cases of bird deaths potentially linked to algal toxins.
1. Coral reefs have high productivity, estimated between 1,500-5,000 gC/m2/yr, due to factors like nutrient runoff from land, upwelling of nutrients, and tight recycling of biological processes.
2. Coral nutrition comes from symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae that live within the coral tissues, as well as predation of plankton and other organisms trapped by mucus or nematocysts.
3. Coral growth is limited by temperature, light availability, sedimentation, and other environmental factors. Warming waters due to climate change have caused mass coral bleaching events.
Algae range in size from microscopic to over 700 feet long. They are photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae reproduce both sexually and asexually and are classified into phyla based on their pigments, food storage, and cell wall composition. The major phyla are brown, red, and green algae. Algae are ecologically important as primary producers and oxygen generators. They also have many uses including food, hydrocolloids, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment.
Diel vertical migration is the daily movement of zooplankton and fish up and down in the water column. Animals typically migrate upwards towards the surface at dusk to feed and descend to deeper water before dawn to avoid predators. This large-scale migration transports organic carbon from surface waters down to deeper areas. Recent studies have examined factors like oxygen levels, light cycles, and predation that influence the timing and depth of diel vertical migration in different regions. Understanding vertical migration patterns is important for modeling food webs and carbon transport in oceans.
This document provides information about the plant kingdom by discussing various groups of plants including algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes.
It describes algae as simple, mostly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that can range in size from microscopic to massive. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Algae are divided into green algae, brown algae, and red algae.
Bryophytes are described as the first plants to live on land but still requiring water for reproduction. They lack true roots, stems and leaves. Liverworts and mosses are the two divisions of bryophytes.
Pteridophytes are introduced as the first plants with vascular tissues
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
2. SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
PROTOZOAAND OTHER PROTISTS
ROTIFERS
CLADOCERANS AND COPEPODS
LIPIDS IN ZOOPLANKTON
ZOOPLANKTON IN LENTIC,LOTIC ECOSYSTEM
CYCLOMORPHOSIS
LARVAL FORMS OF ARTHROPODS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
They drift,float,weekely swim in the water.
The name plankton comes from the Greek word PLANKTON which means WANDERER
DRIFTER.
Zooplankton are heterotrophs.
Zooplankton found in lakes,streams and swamps.
Many species move into shallower waters at night.
Dominant among the larger organisms are cladocerans which swim by rowing with large antennae.
The smallest zooplankton are eaten by larger zooplankton.
4. • Adaptations of zooplankters to the aquatic habitat include rapid
reproduction,small size and spine formation.
• Temporary drying out or freezing of water bodies affect zooplanktons.
• Cladocerans and rotifers tend to be more abundant in summer,probably due
to the greater availability of food.
• Copepods and opossums shrimps are generally perennial with active over
wintering populations.
• Zoobenthos spend their life in sediments.
• Single lake contains few species of cladocerans,copepods and rotifers.
5. • Large zooplankton dominate when zooplanktivorous fish are absent but may soon be
eliminated if predators are introduced.
• Exception may occur if large size is due to spines or other features which are invisible to
the predator.
• In deep lakes zooplankton may be seggreted at different levels during the day. Most
respond to changes in light intensity by migrating upward in the evening and downward
around down.
• The downward movement may be passive sinking or active swimming away from light.
• During thermal stratification strong swimmer pass through the thermocline to graze in
the epilimnion during the darker hours which reduced danger from predators.They then
return to the cooler hypolimnetic water by day.
6. • The nutrients in a particular water layer may be increased by zooplankton
excretion and lower rates of nutrient uptake due to reduced number of algae.
• Excretion of ammonia and orthophosphate – euphotic zone –primary
production-constitute substantial fertilization.
7. • Planktonic animals – dominated by four major groups:
• (a) PROTISTS
• (b) ROTIFERS
• (c) CLADOCERANS
• (d) COPEPODA
8. PROTOZOA ANDOTHER
PROTISTS
• Free living protists –
ciliates, flagellates and
sarcodines.
• Protistan zooplankton-
important microbial
consumers-function-
organic carbon utilization
and nutrient cycling.
9. DYNAMICS OF PROTISTAN ZOOPLANKTON
FLAGELLATES:
• These are abundant component of zooplankton.
• Feed on bacteria and fix carbon photosynthetically.
• Common form include dinofalgellates. e.x . Ceratium and peridinium.
11. • The heterotrophic flagellates –two
types based on size,
(a) heterotrophic nanoflagellates (
below 15ʮm).
(b) large heterotrophic flagellates( >
15-200ʮm).
• Among both temperate and
subtropical lakes dinoflagellates tend
to increase in dominance as the pH of
the water decreases and can dominate
in the acidic lakes.
nanoflagellates
Heterotrophic
flagellates
12. PROTISTANFEEDING
• Protists possess variety of nutritional mechanisms that include autotrophy and
heterotophy.Heterotrophic mode consists of ,
(a) uptake and assimilation of dissolved organic compounds.
(b) feeding directly on living or dead particulate organic matter.
(c) metabolic exchange with endosymbionts.
• Food capture by filtration – direct encounter and filtration in benthic flagellates by
chemoreception.
• Factors influencing rates –size and velocity – feeding rates directly correlated with temperature.
• Two species of benthic ciliates of the genus loxodes were studied in a shallow eutrophic lakes in
relation to feeding and digestion of algae. Feeding rates were low –negatively hypolimnion to the
oxygenated epilimnion.
13. CILIATES
• Major ciliate genera –freshwater protozooplankton –across spectrum of trophical
lakes.
• E.x. oligotrichs ( strombidium and halteria) found world wide in lakes across the
trophic spectrum.
• Tinintinnid ciliates –widely distributed.
• Haptorid ciliates distributed abundantly.
• Feed on bacteria,algae and detritus, some are carnivorous and feed on small
metazoans .
• Ciliates – more significant of eutrophic lakes.
strombidium halteria
14. SARCODINES
• In eutrophic lakes-modest average
abundance
• HPoorly represented in the
zooplankton of freshwaters.
• eliozoans –restricted vertically to
epilimnion and metalimnion of
stratified lakes.
• In late spring sarcodines- reduces
density-by –formation of fat
inclusions and gas bubbles.
SARCODINES
15. DISTRIBUTION
• Protozoa and other protists – aerobic
and some grow at low conc. of oxygen.
• Four distinct types of protozoa –
vertical distribution .
(a) specialized anaerobic ciliates-
inhabit hypolimnion( e.x. saprodinium).
(b) microaerophilic ciliates – inhabit
metalimnion ( e.x. loxodes).
(c) ciliated protozoa ( e.x. frontonia)
inhabit metalimnion of eutrophic lakes.
(d) epilimetic ciliates (e.x.
strombidium)
saprodinium
frontonia
16. ROTIFERS
• Rotifers –wide range of morphological
variations .
• Sessile,planktonic and non predatory
– omnivorous feeding by ciliary
movements.
• Predatory species –Asplanchna are
large and prey upon protozoa.
• Most rotifers are not planktonic –
sessile –inhabit litthoral substrata.
ASPLANCHNA
17. FEEDING
• Feed – sedimentary particles-mouth orfice –by coronal cilia. Food particles size less
than 12ʮm in diameter.
• Asplanchna prey upon algae,small crustaceans.
• Food limitations to growth of rotifers vary widely.Threshold conc. – high –to their
small size.
• Several mechanism regulate the ingestion of suspended particles.
(a) cirri of pseudotrochous
(b) buccal field
(c) oral canal
18. REPRODUCTION
• Asplanchna ,best studied by Gilbert and his co-workers .
• Produced by amictic females.
• Increasing population density – extraordinary levels of crowding produced no
mictic females .
• Algal cells has to be eaten to induce the reproductive change in
ASPLANCHNA,extracellular products would not induce the change .
• Dietary component – plants was d-ά-tocopherol(vit-E) –transmission from the
parthenogenetic to sexual reproduction – spermatogenesis or male fertility.
• Mictic female offspring- larger and change in morphology.
19. ASPLANCHNA –increases when
herbivorous zooplankton are more
abundant.
Increases contacts between males and mictic
females facilitates –resting eggs.
Temperature – influences –rates of
biochemical reactions.
Other factors affect natural population but
temperature a major factor affecting birth
rate,
20. CRUSTACEA
• In freshwater crustacea-dominated almostly by the cladocerans and copepods.
• Only a few insects are planktonic in immature stages.(e.x. chaoboros) –notable example .
• A few species of cypria are apparently partly planktonic.
• The freshwater brachiopoda (fairy and clam shrimps)- inhabitants of shallow lakes.
• THE TADPOLE SHRIMP (Notostraca) – benthic –shallow lakes ,temporary lakes of arid
regions.
• FAIRY SHRIMPS lacking a carapace and CLAM SHRIMPS compressed laterally –in
shallow lakes of semi arid regions.
• In semipermenant lakes – humid regions,hatching and reproductive rates are high –
related to temperature.
22. CLADOCERANS
• The suborder Cladocera includes
microzooplankton –size-0.2 to 0.3mm.
• Has distinct head –body –covered –
cuticular carapace.
• Light sensitive organs –large
,compound eye,smaller ocelli.
• Has swimming appendages.
• Mouth parts –large chitinized
mandibles ,pair of maxillus ,mandibles
and labrum.
23. FEEDING OF
CLADOCERANS
• Usually have five pairs of legs-attached to
the ventral part of the thorax.
• Legs-flattened –bear numerous hairs and
long setae.
• Food particles filtered by setae-between
the bases of the legs –mixed with oral
secretions.
• Litthoral CHYDOIRID cladocerans –
modified legs-prehensile in scraping up
larger pieces of detrital material.
• Common cladocerans POLYPHEMUS
and LEPTODORA-predaceous –feed-
seizing large particles –protozoa ,rotifers
and small crustaceans by prehensile legs.
POLYPHEMUS
LEPTODORA
24. REPRODUCTION
• Cladocerans –parthenogenetic-until sexual reproduction-females preduce eggs that
develop into more parthenogenetic females.
• Increases in temoerature –increase in molting,brood production .
• Increase in food supply-increase survivorship and fecundity.
• Male production correlated with crowded and a rapid reduction n food supply-low
food-inhibits reproduction-males –smaller-slight morphology from females.
• Short day photoperiods (12h light and 12h dark)-increased production of Daphnia
pulex.
• Photoperiod response must vary among species.
25. COPEPODS
CYCLOPOID
• Body –anterior metasome divided into head
regions –five pairs of appendages.
• Has antenna –thorax with swimming
segments-first in females modified as genital
segments and terminal caudal rami bearing
setae.
• Harpactinoid copepods-litthoral-
microvegetation.
• Cyclopoid copepods – primarily litthoral
benthic species-predominantly planktonic-in
small shallow lakes.
• Calanoid copepods –exclusively planktonic.
CALANOID
HARPACTINOID
26. FEEDING OF COPEPODS
• Mouthparts of Harpactinoids-seizing and scraping particles from sedimentation and
macrovegetation.
• No filtration mechanism-Cyclopoid.
• Maxillus –hold and pierce the food particles.Diatoms –digested,green algae –not
ruptured –moves to gut undigested.
• Many species –Macrocyclops, Acanthocyclops, cyclops and Mesocyclops – carnivorous.
• Food-microcrustaceans , dipterian larvae and oligochaetes.
• Herbivores cyclopoid –Eucyclops,Acanthocyclops and microcyclops.
• Food- algae and long strands of filamentous species.
27. • Carnivorous cyclops are larger than herbivorous cyclops.
• Food search by discontinuous ,irregular movements in the water / over the
substratum.
• Herbivorous species employ-gustatory chemoreceptor organs-food seeking –
discriminate inorganic and organic particles .
• Locomotion –short,jerky swimming movements,animal-propel by rapid movement
of appendages.
• Swimming continuous in calatinoid copepods.
• Calanoid copepods do not strain particles out of the water-but –propel water by
flapping of four appendages.
29. • Selective feeding – calanoid copepods.
• Two closely related species-Diaptomus laticeps and Diaptomus gracilis –coexist in
lake,WINDERMERE , ENGLAND.
• Seperated by size differences –correlated with differences in food consumed.
• The larger D.laticeps –feed-Melosire ,smaller D.gracilis – minute spherical green
algae and detritus.
• FEEDING RATE: Is a measure of the quantity of food injested by an animal in a
given time measured in terms of number of cells ,volume,dry
weight,carbon,nitrogen or some other relevant aspect of the food that is ingested.
31. REPRODUCTION IN COPEPODS
• Some species reproduce throughout the year while others at specific times of the year.
• Copulation – male clasping the females –transfers spermetaphores-ventral side.
• Fertilization-immediately or several months after copulation.
• Reproductive cycle not affected by photoperiods.
• Small number of females carrying a few eggs for a short period at high temperature can
produce more young than many females with large egg cluthes that are exposed to long
periods at low temperatures.
• Copepods eggs hatch – develop- naupili-undergo subsequent larval stages.
• Time required to complete the juvennile stages and period of diapause is highly variable
among species and depend upon seasonal conditions.
32. Lipids in zooplankton
• Lipids –in zooplankton-dominant energy storage compounds-significant portion of dry
mass and dietary in origin.
• Type and amount of lipid contained –correlated directly with recent feeding activities
and food selectivity.
• Zooplankton –food limited-in summer months.Food availability low-lipids reserves-
essential survival for cladocerans embryos,neonates and adults.
• Lipid content-decreases-from spring to early summer,increase-late summer and autumn.
• High PUFA –critical to maintain high growth,survival and reproductive rates of
zooplankton .
• High food quality algae –rich in PUFA content.
33. ZOOPLANKTONOF LENTICECOSYSTEM
BIOTA OF LITTHORAL ZONE:
• Lentic life- more profilic in litthoral zone-can see great concentrations of animals-distributed in
recognizable communities.
• In or bottom –Dragonfly nymphs,cray fish,isopods,worms,snails and clams.
• Protozoans-Vorticella stentor ,larvae of dysticus , laccotrophes , glossophonia , climbing dragon ,
damsel fly , nymphs , rotifers , flatworms , bryozoa , hydra , snails.
• Larvae of chironomous –found-underneath of floating plants.
• Daphnia and free swimming fauna – Paramecium, Euglena , Ranatra , larvae of culex ,Gerris.
• Nektons –frogs,salamanders,snakes
• Neustons-whirling beetles,water spiders,top minnows and sun fish.
36. BIOTA OF LIMNETIC ZONE
• Region of rapid variation with water level,temperature,oxygen
content varying from time to time.
• FAUNA: Macrobiotus , Rotatoria , Philodina occupies this zone.
• Sedentary and slow moving forms are excluded from this zone
because of predators and lack of permanent substratum.
• Limnetic zone has autotrophs in abundance.
38. BIOTA OF PROFUNDAL
ZONE
• Deep profoundal zone contains bacteria , fungi , clams , blood worms (
larva of midges) annelids and other small animals capable of
surviving –little light and low oxygen.
• Main source of food in profoundal – detritus that drains out from the
litthoral zone.
• All organisms in this zone are heterotrophs.
• Larva such as phantom larvae and pea shell clam inhabits in this
zone.
40. BENTHOS OF
LAKE BOTTOM
• Lakes covered with sediment to
form a uniform substrate.
• Being a darkest region ,low
oxygen and low temperature plant
communities will be scarcely seen.
• Midges , burrowing mayflies ,
snails and tubeworms inhabit
mostly in this zone.
MIDGE
MAY FLIES
TUBEWORMS
41. zooplankton OF LOTICECOSYSYTEM
A) RAPID FLOWING WATER:
• Water flow- rapid and turbulent.
• Organisms swept away by the water current
• Animals- cephalopteryx , Helodes, Phalocrocera ,Gammacus-live
among leaves and stems .
• Possess hook like structure- attachment.
• Larvae of simulids – present –exposed surface of plants.
43. (1) ROCK INHABITING FORM
• Animals- live on exposed rocks – efficient mechanisms-staying in one place.
• Organisms – usually flattened
• Freshwater limpets-flat-resistance to current –large and powerful.
• Larvae of riffle beetles and Bacthis larvae –not almost flat-legs-hooked claws –hold substrate
firmly.
• Larvae of simulim and chironomids –cling –grappling hooks at posterior ends.
• Caddisfly worms –claws on legs and hooks at posterior end of the body.
• Mayfly nymphs – attach-functional pads,freshwater sponges-cement themselves –rocks surface.
• Organic detritus – washed –rapid water ecosystems from upstream and terrestrial areas.
45. (2)
INHABITANTS OF
SPACES
BETWEEN ROCKS
• Mayfly and strong naids –
flattened.
• Include thigmotaxis and
Rheotaxis.
• HELLGRAMITE-large-
and has spines –attach to
the rocks during high
current.
HELLGRAMITE
MAYFLY
46. (3) INHABITANTS BENEATH THE ROCK
• Current-weaker-less likely carried away-lack special adaptations.
• Current –slow-fish will be present-stenothermal.(e.x.TROUT).
• Fishes in fast water ecosystems-streamlined body.
• TROUT-capable of moving against the current.
• Noemacheilus(small loaches) , Ambyceps olyra(loach like fishes)-met at the
bottom.
• Limpets like fishes-Glyptosternum , Balitora,Garra-inhabits rocks.
• Loaches and carps –adhere to the rocks-Gastromyzon,Indian loach Balitora
47. • Physio-chemically –fast
flowing water-cold-deep lakes.
• Water temperature –
low,productivity low,diversity
–high.
• Productivity-current-limits the
amount and type of autotroph
production.
NOEMACHEILUS GLYPOSTERNUM
GASTROMYZON
BALITORA
48. B)SLOW FLOWING WATER
• Flow-laminar-erosive power-reduced-has –sediment particles and decaying organic
matter-debris-deposited on the bottom.
• Slow streams –higher temperature-planktonic organisms-large numbers in the
ecosystem.
• Zooplankton- sowbugs , sphaenuis , pisidium , anodonta dominate , damselfly
naiads,alderfly,nematodes,carps,cat fishes,fast water shrimps.
• Insects –water striders,water boatman.
• Bottom-mud contains organic materials than mineral fragments.
• Oxygen concentration- limiting factor-low level turbulence-less oxygen.
• Fishes –tolerate low oxygen levels .
50. DRIFT
• Drift-contains-small living organisms-bacteria,algae,detritus.
• Drift includes free floating invertebrates.
• Most stream dwellers –use bristles on their legs or mouthparts as filters and scrape off and eat the
particles they collect .
• Drift – complicated processs –exposure to predation complicate their feeding.
• Many insects-drift downward and emerge brief aerial existence fly back upstream to lay their eggs.
• Mayflies –live only a matter of hours after emergence which limits their flying range.
• Most predation-daylight-drift-in night.
• Insects –possess special adaptive structure –prevent them from being dislodged.
52. CYCLOMORPHOSIS IN ROTIFERS
Common change in growth form among rotifers:
• Elongation in relation to body width:E.x. Asplanchna –midsummer –population-about five
times –spherical morphology –late spring –sterile and die back –do not reappear-next spring.
• Enlargement:E.x. Asplanchna seiboldi –formation of body wall outgrowths or humps-caused
by tocopherol-adaptive response –large size food in summer.
• Reduction in size:E.x. Keretella –high temperature in summer-disappropriate reduction in
length of lorical spines.
• Production of lateral spines:E.x. Brochionus calciforus-posterior spines-elongate-large
rotifers-two pairs of anterior spines and one pair of posteromedian spines
54. CYCLOMORPHOSIS IN CLADOCERANS
• Seasonal polymorphism –conspicuous in cladocerans.
• E.x. Daphnia-studied by Hutchinson- increase water temperature,light and food in
the spring-extension of anterior part of the head to form a crest or helmet.
• Carapace length-decrease –spring and summer.Increase in autumn.
• Parthenogenetic eggs –increases in summer.
• Number of instars-increases with high temperatures.
• Head development and head shape –vary among species or same species with
different environmental conditions.
• Tropical and subtrophical lakes-no cyclomorphosis
55. • Cyclomorphosis in Bosmonia, Ceriodaphnia, Chydorus-much distinct than daphnia-
reduction-length of the body.
• Bosmonia-formation of transparent dorsal humps-no increase in length and
reduction in antennule length and number of segments.
• It is clear that temperature is the primary stimulus affecting the height of the head
helmets in Daphnia
• Food supply-affects specific growth.
• Water turbulence-significant factor and light-carapace increases.
• Organic substances –invertebrates especially by Chaoborus and fish predators –
induce cyclomorphic growth in Daphnia
56.
57. CYCLOMORPHOSIS IN COPEPODS
• Seasonal polymorphism-minor in comparison with that found among
the parthenogenetic Cladocera and rotifers.
• Temperature – significant role.
• In few cases-animals of summer populatoins tend to somewhat
smaller than animals living in colder seasons.
58. ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE
OF
CYCLOMORPHOSIS
• Earlier investigators –seasonal polymorphism-resistance to sinking-viscosity of
water decreases at high temperature
• Minimizes –predatory avoidance.
• Cyclomorphosis growth-body –small-less susceptible to predators e.x. Daphnia.
• Small size cladocerans –more cyclomorphic growth.
• Brythroptrephes –larger caudal appendages-increase handling time and decreases
predation rates by young fish.
• Copepods –thoracic legs-locomotion,Cladoceran-thoracic legs- fliter feeding.
• Rotifers-movement by propelling motions
59. LARVAL FORMS OF ARTHROPODS
• Crustaceans-direct and indirect development.
• Direct development( palaemon,crayfish)-adult –progressive growth.
• Indirect development-larval stages-differ from adults-metamorphosis.
• Many crustaceans undergo indirect development.
• Different larval forms-Nauplius larva,Metanauplius larva,Zoaea
larva,Mysis larva and megalopa larva.
60. NAUPLIUS
LARVA • Simplest-commonest type-both in
freshwater and marine water.
• Body 3 distinct region-single median
eye,3 pairs of jointed
appendages,uniramous antennules.
• Has locomotor organs and mandibles.
• In Brachiopods-nauplius develops
into adults.
• In other crustaceans –undergo
different stages of intermediate forms.
• Well developed digestive system-
feeding on planktons.
61. METANAUPLIUS
LARVA • Later nauplius instar-process of
moulting and growth.
• Body- Cephalothorox,abdomen,pair
of caudal forks.
• Has rudimentary appendages-two
pairs of maxillae and two pairs of
maxillipedes.
• Some decapods , stomatopods ,
notostracans –life history-free
swimming metanauplius larva.
• Has single median eyes,mandible
reduced- chewing food.
62. ZOAEA LARVA
• Present in almost all decapods.
• Has broad cephalothorox,curved
abdomen-assist in swimming-
provided with forked telson.
• Has helmet like carapace-two spines ,
median dorsal and a median rostrum,
two lateral spines.
• Pair of stalked movable compound
eyes.
• Has rudiments of thoracic
appendages, biramous maxillipedes-
for swimming.
63. MYSIS LARVA
• Also known as Schizopod larva.
• Paenaeus and Lobsters-modified into
mysis larva.
• Bears 13 pairs of appendages-
resemble mysis.
• Has 5 pairs of posterior biramous
thoracic appendages.
• Abdomen-similar to adults-has 5 pairs
of biramous pleopods , pair of
uropods and telson.
• Mysis larva –beginning of the life
history of lobsters.
64. MEGALOPA
LARVA
• In branchyuran decapods-zoaea
metamorphose into megalopa larva.
• Resembles adult crab-possess 13 pairs of
appendages.
• Abdomen-6 pairs of pleopods-placed
straight in line with cephalothorax.
• Crabs-nauplius-zoaea-megalopa –adult.
• Antennule and antenna-small-sensory
function.
• Has pair of stalked eyes.
• Cephalothorax covered by carapace.
• 4 pairs of thoracic legs –thin,long –
crawling.
65. SIGNIFICANCE OF LARVAL FORMS
• According to biogenetic law or recapitulation theory of Haeckel-
organism-during development-repeats some extent in its evolutionary
history.
• Successive stages of individual development-successive adult
ancestors.
• Nauplius –represents-ancestral forms of crustacea.
• Larvae-helpful-wide distribution of species –keep food reserves in
minimum.
66. CONCLUSION
• It is clear that zooplankton may be good indicator of variations in the water
quality of the freshwater ecosyatem.
• It serves as a sensitive indicator of the aquatic environment which allows
ecologists to include in the system of monitoring of water status.
• A study revealed that water temperature,atmospheric temperature,and pH
were minimum during winter and maximum during summer season.
• An increase in various physio-chemical parameters has a direct effect on the
abundance of zooplankton and water quality.
67. REFERENCES
1. Limnology-lake and River ecosystems,third edition.pg no:403-496 by Robert G. Wetzel.
2. Limnology book by CRC Francis and group.pg.no:272-317.
3. Modern textbook of zoology invertebrates by R.L.Kotpal .pg.no:679.
4. Limnology by Alexander J Horne,Charles R Goldman.pg.no:221-240.
5. A manual of lake morphometry by Hakanson.L
6. A treatise of Limnology by Hutchinson,G.E. Vol 1.
7. The ecology of running waters by Elster,H.J.
8. River ecology by university of California press,Berkeley.
9. Larval pictures from study and score.com.
10. Larva of crustacea by iaszoology.com.