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Engler and Prantl system of classification in plant taxonomy

The document presents an overview of the Engler and Prantl system of plant classification, which organizes the plant kingdom into 14 divisions based on evolutionary relationships. This system, initiated by Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl, encompasses various plant groups from algae to angiosperms and emphasizes phylogenetic developments, though it faces some criticisms regarding its classification accuracy. Key features include the classification of gymnosperms before angiosperms and the notable placement of the Asteraceae family as the most evolved among dicots.

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PLANT TAXONOMY: ENGLAR & PRANTLE SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION A Presentation by: Dr. N. Sannigrahi, Associate Professor , Department of Botany, Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India, 723101
IN ALL THINGS OF NATURE,THERE IS SOMETHING OF THE MARVELOUS”- ARISTOTLE
ENGLAR & PRANTL SYSTEM Plant classification has been studied since the time immemorial of the onset of agrarian civilization. The modern trend of classification has been started by the number of naturalists in general and Linnaeus in particular, The classification broadly categorized under four categories- Artificial System, the Natural system, the phylogenetic system of classification & the Phentic system of classification Recent trend is most unique one called APG system of classification In Phylogenetic system, the plants are classified according to their evolutionary relationships. It is very difficult to claim that a phylogenetic system is perfect on the basis of evolutionary affinities due to incomplete fossils records and in such a situation the plants are classified on the basis of available data. The systems of classification by Engler and Prantl (1887-1915), Hutchinson (1926, 1934, 1969 and 1973) and by Takhtajan (1954, 1964, 1973, 1980) are Phylogenetic systems.
ADOLPH ENGLER & KARL PRANTL
ENGLER & PRANTL CLASSIFICATION  Adolf Engler, Professor of Botany, University of Berlin, Germany, proposed a phylogenetic system of classification in a book entitled Syllabus (1892). Soon after, Engler in collaboration with Karl A.E. Prantl, another German Botanist, published a monumental work entitled “  Dieuturlichen Pflanzenfamilien" (1887-1915) having 23 volumes, Hans Melchior published the revised edition of syllabus in 1964 with a number of modifications in this system.  The system of classification has been described as a “transitional phylogenetic system” by Jones and Luchsinger (1987),  They classified all the plants from algae to angiosperms,  The system is used most of the non-British herbaria of the world.  They placed monocots before dicots, orchids to be more evolved than grasses, apetalous and catkin bearing dicots primitive to dicots bearing petals and simple unisexual flowers.
ENGLER AND PRANTL SYSTEM -OUTLINE  Engler and Prantl’s system divided the plant kingdom into following 14 divisions- I. Schizophyta II. Myxothallophyta, III. Flagellatae, IV. Dinoflagellatae, V. Bacillariophyta, VI. Conjugate, VII. Heteroconiae, VIII. Chlorophyceae, IX. Charophyta, X. Phaeophyceae, XI. Rhodophyceae XII. Eumycetes, XIII. Archigonitae or Embryophyta-Asiphonogama (Bryophyta and Pteridophyta), XIV. Embryophyta Siphonogama
ENGLER & PRANTL CLASSIFICATION  Unisexual, naked-flowers arranged in catkin and wind pollinated were considered as the lowest grade of floral organization by Engler and as such is called Englerian concept. The next stage of evolution in flower is followed by the appearance of 1-seriate perianth leading to 2-seriate condition along with bisexual condition. The outline and basis of classification of Engler and Prantl's system are given below: 1) Plant Kingdom has been divided, into XI11 Divisions but according to recent modifications by Melchior (1964) the total Divisions are XVI.  2) Division I to XI1 dealing with Bacteria, different types of Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes.  3). The XI11 Division is named as Embryophyta Siphonogamia; It is divided into 2 sub-division based on the naked and^ enclosed ovules, that is i) Gymnospermae (naked ovules) ii) Angiospermae (enclosed ovules)  4) The sub-division Gymnospermae has been divided into 7 orders, the starting one being Cycadofilicales, the most primitive one where as the ending order is Gnetales, an advanced group of Gymnosperms.  5) The sub-division Angiospermae has been splitted into two i) Monocotyledonae, and ii) Dicotyledonae
ENGLER & PRANTL CLASSIFICATION  This division is mainly based on the striking differences between Monocots and Dicots such as the venation of leaf, 3-merous flowers in Monocots where as 4-5 numerous flowers are present in Dicots.  6) Monocots are further divided into 11 Orders and 45 Families (14 Orders and 53 Families after the revision by Hans Melchior, 1964). The first or the starting Order is Pandanales which possesses naked, unisexual flowers with Typhaceae as the Starting family. The last order is Microspermae with orchidaceae as the last family.  7) Dicots are divided into 2 subdass namely: i) Archichlamydeae, and ii) Sympetalae This division is mainly based on the condition of perianth, 1-seriate or 2- seriate and their fusion.  8) Sympetalae which is also named as Metachlamydeae has 11 Orders in all with 52 Families (11 Orders and 64 Families after revision of Hans Melchior, 1964).  The first or the starting Order being Ericales with Clethraceae as the starting family.  The last or ending order of Sympetalae is Campanulales with Asteraceae or Compositae as the last or ending family and that is very rightly placed because this family is considered as the-highest evolved family among Dicot families.
ENGLER & PRANTL CLASSIFICATION  Subdivision- Angiospermae  Class 1 Monocotyledoneae- comprising 11 orders as follow: I. Pandanales, II. Helobiae ( Allismataceae and 6 other families) III. Triuridales (Triuridaceae) IV. Glumiflorae ( Cyperaceae, Gramineae), V. Principes (Palmae), VI. Synanthae ( Cyclanthaceae) VII. Spathiflorae ( Araceae, Lemnaceae), VIII. Farinosae ( Commelinaceae, and 12 more families), IX. Liliflorae (Juncaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae and 5 more families), X. Scitamineae (Musaceae and 3 more families) XI. Microspermae (Orchidaceae and Burmanniaceae)
ENGLER & PRANTL CLASSIFICATION  CLASS 2: DICOTYLEDONAE-Cotyledons 2; reticulate venation, flowers tetra or pentamerous, open vascular bundle in stem, subdivided into 2 subclasses-Archichlamydeae and Metachglamydeae, comprising of 44 orders and 258 families.  SUBCLASS: ARCHICHLAMYDEAE- Petals absent or free with 33 orders and 201 families.  ORDERS 1: Verticillatae (Casurinaceae)  Piperales ( piperaceae and 2 more)  Hydrostachjyles (Hydrostachyaceae)  Salicales ( Salicaceae)  Garryales ( Garryaceae)  Myricales ( Myricaceae)  Balanopsidales (Balanopsidaceae)  Leitneriales ( Leitneriaceae)  Juglandales ( Juglandaceae)  Julianiales ( Julianiaceae)  Batidales ( Batidaceae)
ENGLAR & PRANTLE CLASSIFICATION  Fagales ( Fagaceae, Butolaceae)  Urticales ( Moraceae, Urticaceae, Ulmaceae)  Podostemonales ( Podostemonaceae)  Proteales (Proteaceae)  Santinales ( Santalaceae, Loranthaceae and 5 more)  Aristolochiales (Aristolochiaceae and 2 more families)  Balanophorales ( Balanophoraceae)  Polygonales ( Polygoniaceae)  Centrospermae ( Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceaer, Nyctaginaceae, Caryophyllaceae and 6 more )  Ranales ( RanunculaceaeNymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annoonaceae and 15 more,)  Rhoeadales ( Papaveraceae, Capparidaceae, Cruciferae and 4 more)  Sarraceniales ( 3 families)  Rosales ( Rosaceae, Leguminosae and 15 more)
ENGLER & PRANTL CLASSIFICATION  Pandanales ( Pandanaceae)  Gerniales ( Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Euphorbiaceae and 17 more)  Sapindales ( Anacardiaceae and 22 more )  Rhamnales ( Rhamnaceae , Vitaceae)  Malvales ( Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombaceae, Sterculiaceae and 3 more )  Parietales ( Violaceae and 30 more families)  Opuntiales ( Cactaceae )  Myrtiflorae ( Myrtaceae, Combretaceae and 21 more )  Umbelliflorae ( Umbelliflorae and 2 more Families)  SUBCLASS 2: METACHLAMYDEAE (SYMPRTALAE)  ORDERS 1: Diapensiales ( Diapensiaceae)  Ericales ( Ericaceae and 3 more )  Primuales ( Primuliuaceae and 2 more )
ENGLER & PRANTL CLASSIFICATION  Plumbaginales ( Plumbaginaceae)  Ebenales ( Sapotaceae and 6 more ).  Contortae ( Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae , Oleaceae and 3 more ),  Tubiflorae ( Convolvulaceae, Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Labiatae, solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Bignoniaceae, Pedaliaceae, Acanthaceae and 13 more families)  Plantginales ( plantaginaceae),  Rubiales ( Rubiaceae and 4 more families),  Cucuirbitalkes ( Cucurbitaceae)  Campanulatae ( Campanulaceae, Compositae and 4 more families)  Thus, from the above observation, it is quite clear that the several closely related families are treated close to one another with the ray of light of the phylogenetic relationship among the plants groups.
BROAD OUTLINE OF ENGLER & PRANTL SYSTEM
MERITS OF ENGLER & PRANTL SYSTEM  Although, Engler himself did not consider the system as a true phylogenetic one systems or Classification :  Plants but the arrangement of order and families in the system is mostly according to evolutionary tendencies.  The system deals with all groups of Plant-Kingdom ranging from Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. The system provides modern keys for the identification of each group of plants.  The position of Gymnosperms before Angiosperms is very accurate and is in perfect accordance to the modem concept of evolution.  The position of Asteraceae (Compositae) as the ending family of Dicot is very logical and accurate because it is proved beyond doubt that this family is the highest evolved family of Dicot and thus its position is fully justified.  Similarly, the position of Orchidaceae as the ending family of Monocot is also very accurate as this family is considered as one of the highest evolved family of monocots. Anatomical data were taken into consideration in this
DEMERITS OF ENGLER & PRANTL SYSTEM  system of classification for the first time.  This is a convenient and well known filing system of several herbaria of the world.  Polypetalae and Monochlamydae of Bentham and Hooker were merged into one subclass Archichlmydae,  Abundant illustrations are provided along with the description of families. Demerits :  The concept of primitive flower (unisexual, naked, catkin) is against the modern concept of evolution.  Monocots are regarded more primitive than Dicots. This concept is not in agreement with modern concept of evolution.  Amalgamation of Apetalous families with Polypetalous families to form Archichlamydeae is not desirable as it has resulted in the formation of a unmanageable large group 33 Orders and 206 families.  The system is not of much practical utility.  The system fails to recognize the significance of reduction and because of this “simple” were equated with “primitive” according to Cronquist (1965)
NOTHING IN BIOLOGY MAKES SENSE EXCEPT IN THE LIGHT OF EVOLUTION”  REFERENCES:  Plant taxonomy- O.P. Sharma  Text Book of plant Systematics-C.R. Mohanty  Advanced plant taxonomy- A.K. Mondal  Taxonomy of Angiosperms-P.C. Vasistha  Plant taxonomy-Theory & Practice- G. Singh  Google for images  Different WebPages for study materials  Disclaimer:  This PPT has been developed to enrich online study resources for academic fraternity without any financial interest.
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