This document provides information on various psychological disorders including: 1. It defines psychological disorders and describes their prevalence, affecting around 50% of people at some point and 25% in a given year. 2. It describes schizophrenia, a severe disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior affecting around 1% worldwide. Biological, psychological, and social factors may contribute to its origins. 3. It discusses mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder which are characterized by emotional disturbances and can have biological and psychosocial origins. 4. Risk factors for suicide are discussed, the third leading cause of death among young people, with feelings of depression, life stressors, and familial psychological disorders posing risks

2. Learning OutcomesDefine psychological disorders and describe their prevalence.Describe the symptoms and possible origins of each disorder.

3. Truth or Fiction?In the Middle Ages, innocent people were drowned as a way of proving that they were not possessed by the Devil.

4. People with schizophrenia may see and hear things that are not really there.Truth or Fiction?Feeling elated may not be a good thing.

5. Some people have more than one personality dwelling within them, and each one may have different allergies and eyeglass prescriptions.

6. Some people can kill or maim others without feelings of guilt.What arePsychological Disorders?

7. Psychological DisordersCharacterized byRare or unusual behaviorFaulty perceptions or interpretations of realityInappropriate response to the situationSelf-defeating behaviorsDangerous behaviorsSocially unacceptable behaviors

8. Classifying Psychological DisordersDiagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)Includes information on medical conditions, psychosocial problems and global assessment of functioningConcerns about reliability and validity of the standardsPredictive validity

9. Prevalence of Psychological Disorders50% of us will experience a psychological disorder at some time in our lifeMost often starts in childhood or adolescence25% will experience a psychological disorder in any given year

10. Schizophrenia

11. SchizophreniaSevere psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thought and languageperception and attentionmotor activitymoodsocial interaction

12. SchizophreniaAfflicts nearly 1% of the population worldwideOnset occurs relatively early in lifeAdverse effects tend to endure

13. Positive Versus Negative SymptomsPositive symptomsExcessive symptoms Hallucinations, delusion,looseness of associationNegative symptomsDeficiencies Lack of emotional expressionand motivationSocial withdrawalPoverty of speech

14. Positive Versus Negative SymptomsPositive symptomsMore likely an abrupt onsetRetain intellectual abilitiesMore favorable response to antipsychotic medication

15. Positive Versus Negative SymptomsNegative symptomsMore likely a gradual onsetSevere intellectual impairmentsPoorer response to antipsychotic medication

16. Types of SchizophreniaParanoid SchizophreniaSystematized delusionsDisorganized SchizophreniaIncoherence; extreme social impairmentCatatonic SchizophreniaMotor impairment; waxy flexibility

17. Origins of Schizophrenia Biological PerspectivesBrain abnormalityRisk factorsHeredityComplications during pregnancy and birthBirth during winterDopamine theory of schizophrenia

18. Origins of Schizophrenia Psychological perspectivesConditioning and social situationsSociocultural perspectivesRelationship between schizophrenia and lower socioeconomic statusBiopsychosocial perspectiveGenetic predisposition

19. The Biopsychosocial Model of Schizophrenia

20. Mood Disorders

21. Mood Disorders Characterized by disturbance in expressed emotions

22. Types of Mood Disorders Major Depressive DisorderPersistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and inability to concentrateBipolar disorderMood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression

23. Origins of Mood Disorders BiologicalGenetic factorsPsychologicalLearned helplessnessPerfectionism and unrealistic expectationsAttributional stylesBiopsychosocialBiologically predisposed interact with self-efficacy expectations and attitudes

24. Mood Disorders

25. Compare & ContrastDementiaDe mens means “out of mind”Not reversible; may be slowed with medsDoes not meet inpatient admission criteria unless substantial psychiatric symptoms are presentDepressionDe premere means “pressed down”Often reversibleHigh priority because of suicide riskDeliriumDe lira means “off the path”Often reversibleHigh priority because it can kill you

26. DepressionOnset – weeks to monthsBiological brain disorderNot part of normal aging7-12% of populationSuicide one of top ten causes of deathSome medicines cause depression30-40% SMI persons have depression70-90% depressed improve with medicationsand “talk” therapy

27. DepressionUnder diagnosed and therefore under treatednot recognized as treatable by senior adult reported as physical symptoms to MDseen as weaknessEffects everythingfeelingsthoughtsbehaviorsCannot just “pull themselves together”Without treatment, depression can last months or even years

28. Symptoms of DepressionFeelings – mood, loss of pleasure, hopeless, wish to dieBehaviors – crying, uncooperative, withdrawnAppetite – eating less, eating moreThoughts – memory problems, poor self esteem, difficulty making decisions, poor concentrationSleep – poor sleep, “sleep all the timeEnergy – loss of energy, apathy, “tired all the time”

29. Depression Affects . . . .My ability to copeMy moodMy relationshipsHow I feel about myselfHow I interpret my worldMy healthMy attitude about the futureHow I spend my timeMy activity levelMy eating habits

30. DepressionThree Types of DepressionSituationalExample: Loss of healthBiological / organicExample: “runs in the family”Medication side effect

31. Coping with DepressionBe with othersPositive thinkingExerciseDo things you enjoyEat a balanced dietTalk about your feelingsMedication

32. Risk Factors in SuicideFeelings of depression, hopelessnessStressful life eventsAnxiety over “discovery”Poor problem solverFamilial experience with psychological disorders and/or suicide

33. Sociocultural Factors in SuicideThird leading cause of death among young people aged 15 to 24More common among college students than people of the same age who do not attend collegeOlder people are more likely to commit suicide than teenagers

34. Sociocultural Factors in SuicideOne in six Native Americans has attempted suicideAfrican Americans are least likely to attempt suicideThree times as many females attempt suicideFour times as many males succeed in suicide

35. Myths about SuicideIndividuals who threaten suicide are only seeking attention. You should never mention suicide to a depressed person because you might give them an idea.

36. Anxiety Disorders

37. Anxiety Disorders Psychological features of anxietyWorrying, fear of worst case scenario, nervousness, inability to relaxPhysical features of anxietyArousal of sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system

38. Phobias Specific phobiasIrrational fears of specific objects or situationsSocial phobiasPersistent fears of scrutiny by othersAgoraphobiaFear of being in places from which it would be difficult to escape or receive help

39. Panic Disorder Abrupt attack of acute anxiety not triggered by a specific object or situationPhysical symptomsShortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, pounding of the heartOther symptoms that may “feel” like a heart attack

40. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Persistent anxietyCannot be attributed to object, situation, or activitySymptoms includeMotor tensionAutonomic overarousalExcessive vigilance

41. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ObsessionsRecurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond controlCompulsionsThoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety connected with obsessionsIrresistible urges to engage in specific acts, often repeatedly

42. Stress DisordersPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTDS)Caused by a traumatic eventMay occur months or years after eventAcute stress disorderUnlike PTDS, occurs within a month of event and lasts 2 days to 4 weeks

43. Sleep Problems Among AmericansBefore and After September 11, 2001

44. Origins of Anxiety DisordersBiologicalGenetic factorsPsychological and SocialPhobias as conditioned fearsCognitive bias toward focusing on threatsBiopsychosocial Interaction between biological, psychological, social factors

45. Somatoform Disorders

46. Somatoform DisordersPhysical problems (such as paralysis, pain, or persistent belief of serious disease) with no evidence of a physical abnormality

47. Conversion DisorderMajor change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning.Not intentionally producedla belle indifférence

48. HypochondriasisInsistence of serious physical illness, even though no medical evidence of illness can be foundMay seek opinion of one doctor after another

49. Body Dysmorphic DisorderPreoccupation with a fantasized or exaggerated physical defect in their appearanceMay assume others see them as deformed

50. Origins of Somatoform DisordersBiopsychosocial perspectivePsychologically, the disorder has to do with what one focuses on to the exclusion of conflicting informationTendencies toward perfectionism and rumination (heritable)

51. Dissociative Disorders

52. Dissociative DisordersA separation of mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, identity, memory, or consciousness

53. Types of Dissociative DisordersDissociative AmnesiaSuddenly unable to recall important personal information; not due to biological problemsDissociative FugueAbruptly leaves home or work and travels to another place, no memory of previous life

54. Types of Dissociative DisordersDissociative Identity DisorderTwo or more identities, each with distinct traits, “occupy” the same personFormerly known as multiple personality disorder

55. Origins of Dissociative DisordersBiopsychosocialLearning/cognitive – may help keep disturbing ideas out of one’s mindBiological – Trauma (abuse) related dissociation may have neurological basis

56. Personality Disorders

57. Personality DisordersCharacterized by enduring patterns of behavior that are maladaptive and inflexibleImpair personal or social functioningSource of distress

58. Types of Personality DisordersParanoid Personality DisorderInterpret other’s behavior as threatening or demeaningSchizotypal Personality DisorderPeculiarities of thought, perception, or behaviorSchizoid Personality DisorderIndifference to relationships and flat emotional response

59. Types of Personality DisordersBorderline Personality DisorderInstability in relationships, self-image, and moodAntisocial Personality DisorderPersistently violate the lawShow no guilt or remorse and are largely undeterred by punishmentAvoidant Personality DisorderAvoid relationships for fear of rejection

60. Origins of Personality DisordersBiologicalGenetic factorsPersonality traits that may be inheritedAntisocial personality – less gray matter in prefrontal cortex

61. Origins of Personality DisordersPsychologicalLearning theoryChildhood experiencesCognitiveMisinterpretation of other people’s behaviorsSocioculturalBorderline personality – may reflect the fragmented society in which one lives

62. Beyond The BookSlides To Help Expand Your Lectures

63. Explaining Psychological DisordersBiological PerspectiveGenetics, evolution, the brain, neurotransmitters, hormonesPsychological PerspectiveFocuses on behavior and mental processes

64. Explaining Psychological DisordersPsychodynamic theoryDisorders are symptoms of underlying unconscious processes that stem from childhood conflicts

65. Explaining Psychological DisordersBehavioral perspectiveDisorders reflect the learning of maladaptive responsesCognitive perspectiveFocus on faulty thinking and misperceptions and beliefs

66. Explaining Psychological DisordersHumanistic perspectiveDisorders result when tendencies toward self-actualization are frustratedSociocultural perspectiveSocial ills can contribute to development of disordersSome disorders may be culture-bound

67. Three Dimensional Model of Schizophrenic SymptomsPsychotic dimensionDelusions and hallucinationsNegative dimensionNegative symptoms (affect, poverty of speech and thought)Disorganized dimensionInappropriate affect and disordered thought and speech

68. What types of methods do clinicians and researchers use to determine whether or not a person is experiencing hallucinations? Do you consider these methods to be valid or foolproof?Suffering From Schizophrenia

69. Warning Signs of SuicideChanges in eating and sleeping patternsDifficulty concentrating on school or the jobA sharp decline in performance and attendance at school or on the jobLoss of interest in previously enjoyed activitiesGiving away prized possessionsComplaints about physical problems when no medical basis for problems can be found

70. Warning Signs of SuicideWithdrawal from social relationshipsPersonality or mood changesTalking or writing about death or dyingAbuse of drugs or alcoholAn attempted suicideAvailability of a handgunA precipitating event