Psychological diseases

1. Psychological
Disorders

2. • Psychological Disorders are patterns of
thoughts, feelings and actions that are
deviant, distressful and dysfunctional

3. Classification of
Psychological Disorders

4. • 1.Anxiety Disorders
• 2.Obsessive- Compulsive And Related Disorders
• 3.Trauma And Stress - Related Disorders
• 4.Somatic Symptom And Related Disorders
• 5.Dissociative Disorders
• 6.Depressive Disorders

5. • 7.Bipolar And Related Disorders
• 8.Schizophrenia Spectrum And Other Psychotic
Disorders
• 9.Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• 10.Disruptive, Impulse Control And Conduct
Disorders
• 11.Feeding and eating Disorders
• 12.Substance- Related And Addictive Disorders

6. Anxiety Disorders

7. • Anxiety is defined as a diffuse, vague, very
unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension
• Anxiety disorders are the most commonest
psychological disorders

8. • Symptoms:
• Rapid heart rate
• Shortness of breath
• Diarrhoea and loss of appetite
• Fainting and dizziness
• Sleeplessness
• Sweating and tremors
• Frequent urination

10. Types Of Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Phobia

11. Generalised Anxiety Disorders
• It consists of a prolonged, vague,
unexplained and intense fears that are not
attached to any object
• Symptoms
• Worry and apprehensive feelings about the
future

13. • Hypervigilance which involves constantly
scanning the environment for danger
• It is marked by motor tension as a result of
which the person is unable to relax
• Restless, tense and visibly shaky

14. Panic attack
• Denotes an abrupt surge of intense anxiety
rising to a peak when thoughts of a
particular stimuli are present
• Such thoughts occur in an unpredictable
manner
• It consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in
which a person experiences intense terror

16. Symptoms
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness and trembling
• Palpitations
• Nauseated
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Fear of going crazy
• Losing control or dying

17. Phobias
• Irrational fears related to specific objects,
people or situations
• Phobias often develop gradually or begin
with a generalised anxiety disorder

18. Types of Phobia

19. Specific Phobia
• Most commonly occurring phobia
• This group includes irrational fears such as
intense fear of a certain type of animal or
being in an enclosed space

20. Social Phobia/ Social anxiety
disorder
• Intense and incapacitating fear and
embarrassment when dealing with others
characterises social anxiety disorder

21. Agoraphobia
• When people develop a fear of entering
unfamiliar situations
• Many people with agoraphobia are afraid of
leaving their home
• So their ability to carry out normal life
activities is severely limited

22. Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Individuals with this disorder are fearful and
anxious about separation from attachment
figures to an extent that is developmentally
not appropriate

23. Symptoms in children
• Difficulty being in a room by themselves
• Going to school alone
• Fearful of entering new situations

24. • Cling to and shadow their parents every
move
• To avoid separation children with SAD may
fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums or make
suicidal gestures

25. Obsessive Compulsive &
Related Disorders

26. • People affected by OCD are unable to control
their preoccupation with specific ideas
• or
• Are unable to prevent themselves from
repeatedly carrying out a particular act or
series of acts that affect their ability to carry
out normal activities

27. Obsessive behaviour
• The inability to stop thinking about a
particular idea or topic
• The person involved, often finds these
thoughts to be unpleasant and shameful

28. Compulsive behaviour
• The need to perform certain behaviours over
and over again
• Many compulsions deal with counting,
ordering, checking, touching and washing

29. • Other disorders in this category include :
• Hoarding disorder
• Trichotillomania- Hair pulling disorder
• Excoriation - Skin picking disorder

31. Trauma & Stress
Related Disorders

32. Post Traumatic Disorder
• People who have been caught in a natural
disaster (such as tsunami, earthquakes) or have
been victims of bomb blasts by terrorists or war
related situations or met with a serious accident
experience post-traumatic stress disorder

33. Symptoms
• Recurrent dreams
• Flashbacks
• Impaired concentration and emotional
numbing
• Adjustment disorders and acute stress
disorders are included in this category

34. Somatic Symptom &
Related Disorders

35. • These are conditions in which there are
physical symptoms in the absence of a
physical disease
• Individuals have psychological difficulties and
complaints of physical symptoms with no
biological cause

36. • Types of Somatic Symptoms Disorder:
• Somatic Symptom Disorder
• Illness Anxiety Disorder
• Conversion Disorder

37. Somatic Symptom Disorder
• Persistent, recurring complaints of bodily
symptoms that have NO physical or medical
basis
• The person experiences body related
symptoms which may or may not be related
to any serious medical condition

38. • People with this disorder are overly
preoccupied with their symptoms
• Continually worry about the health and
make frequent doctor visits

39. • As a result they experience significant
distress and disturbances in their daily life
• Expression is in terms of physical illness

40. Illness Anxiety Disorder
• It involves persistent preoccupation about
developing a serious illness and constantly
worrying about this possibility
• Heart Disease?
• Dementia?
• Cancer?
• Lupus?
• Brain Tumor?

41. • Expression is in terms of anxiety which is in
the main concern
• Overly concerned about the undiagnosed
disease, negative diagnostic results, do not
respond to assurance by doctors and easily
alarmed about illness such as hearing about
someone else's ill health or such news

42. Conversion Disorders
• The person suffers from a loss or
impairment of motor or sensory function
(paralysis, blindness etc)
• It has no physical cause but may be a
response to stress and psychological
problems

43. • Paralysis
• Blindness
• Deafness
• Difficulty in walking are generally reported
among the symptoms

44. Dissociative Disorders
•Dissociation : It can be viewed as
severance of the connections between
ideas and emotions

45. •Symptoms :
•Feelings of unreality
•Estrangement
•Depersonalisation
•Sometimes a loss of shift of identity

46. • Sudden temporary alternations in
consciousness that blot out painful
experiences are a defining characteristic of
dissociative disorders

47. Types of Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Depersonalisation Disorder
• Dissociative Identity Disorder

48. Dissociative Amnesia
• It is characterised by extensive but selective
memory loss that has no organic cause (head
injury)
• Some people cannot remember anything
about their past

49. • Others can no longer recall specific events,
people, places or objects while their memory
for other events remain intact
• A part of dissociative amnesia is dissociative
fugue

50. Dissociative Fugue
• Essential feature of this could be an
unexpected travel away from home and
workplace
• The assumption of a new identity and the
inability to recall the previous identity

51. • The fugue usually ends when the person
suddenly wakes up with no memory of the
events that occurred during the fugue

52. Dissociative Identity Disorder
• It is referred to as multiple personality and the
most dramatic of the dissociative disorders
• In this disorder, the person assumes alternate
personalities that may or may not be aware of
each other
• It is often associated with traumatic
experience of the childhood

53. Depersonalisation/ Derealisation
Disorder
• It involves a dreamlike state in which the
person has a sense of being separated both
from self and from the reality
• In depersonalisation, there is a change of self
perception and the persons sense of reality
is temporarily lost or changed

54. Depressive Disorders

55. Major Depression Disorder
• Major depressive disorder is defined as a
period of depression mood or loss of interest
or pleasure in most activities
• Along with other symptoms like

56. • Change in body weight
• Constant sleep problems
• Tiredness
• Inability to think clearly

57. • Agitation
• Greatly slower behaviour
• Thoughts of death and suicide
• Excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness

58. Factors Predisposing Towards
Depression
• Genetic make up or heredity: is an
important risk factor for major depression
• Age: women are particularly at risk during
young adulthood while men are at highest
risk in early middle age

59. • Gender: women in comparison to men are
more likely to report a depressive disorder
• Negative life events and lack of social
support

60. Negative life events
• 1.Death of family member/close friend
• 2. Parental divorce
• 3. Conflict with parents
• 4. Academic failure
• 5. Domestic economic issues
• 6. Bullying
• 7. Interpersonal conflicts
• 8. Serious illness/injury
• 9. Accident or disaster

61. Bipolar and Related Disorders
• Bipolar disorder involves both mania and
depression, which alternatively present and
sometimes interrupted by periods of normal
mood
• Bipolar disorders were earlier referred as
manic- depressive disorders

63. Suicide
• Suicide refers to act of intentionally killing
oneself
• Suicide occurs as a result of complex
interface of biological, genetic, psychological,
sociological, cultural and environmental
factors

64. Suicide warning signs:
• Exhibits drastic changes in behavior
• Withdraws from friends or social activities
• Loses interest in school, work or hobbies
• Trouble with eating or sleeping

65. • Preoccupied with death and dying
• Gives away prized possessions
• Increased intake of alcohol or drugs
• Previous suicidal attempt is an important risk
factor

66. Suicide Prevention
• Suicides are preventable. improving
identification, referral and management of
behaviours are crucial
• We need to identify vulnerability,
comprehend the circumstances leading to
such behaviour and accordingly plan
interventions

67. • Measures suggested by WHO :
• 1. Limiting access to the means of suicide
• 2. Reporting of suicide in media in a responsible way
• 3. Bringing in alcohol related policies
• 4. Early identification, treatment and carer of risk
• 5. Training health workers in assessing and managing
for suicide
• 6. Care for people who attempted suicide and
providing community support

68. Schizophrenia Spectrum and other
Psychotic Disorders
• Schizophrenia is the descriptive term for a
group of psychotic disorders
• In which personal, social and occupational
functioning deteriorate as a result of
disturbed thought process, strange
perceptions, unusual emotional states and
motor abnormalities

69. Schizophrenia
• Formal thought disorders include:
• Rapidly shifting from one topic to another so
that the normal structure of thinking is muddled
and become illogical (loosening of association
and derailment)
• Neologism-inventing new words or phrases
• Perseveration- persistent and inappropriate
repetition of the same thoughts

70. The symptoms of schizophrenia can be grouped
into 3 categories
• A. Positive symptoms -
• Excesses of thought emotion and behavior
• Delusion, disorganized thinking and speech,
heightened perception, hallucinations and
inappropriate affect

71. • B. Negative symptoms:
• Deficits of thought, emotion and behavior
• Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect,
loss of volition and social withdrawal
• C. Psychomotor symptoms

72. A. Positive Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
• Delusion:
• A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on
inadequate grounds. It is not affected by rational
argument and has no basis in the reality

73. Types Of Delusion
• 1) Delusion of Persecution:
• People with this delusion believe that they
are being plotted against, spied on,
slandered, threatened, attacked or
deliberately victimized

74. • 2) Delusion of Reference:
• In these delusions people attach special and
personal meaning to actions of others or to
the objects and events

75. • 3) Delusion of Grandeur:
• People believe themselves to be specially
empowered beings

76. • 4) Delusion of Control:
• People believe that their feelings, thoughts
and actions are controlled by others

77. HALLUCINATION
• Perception that occur in the absence of
external stimuli

78. • 1) Auditory Hallucination:
• Most common in schizophrenia
• Patients hear sounds or voices that speak
words, phrases and sentences directly to the
patient (second-person hallucination)
• Talk to one another referring to the patient
(third person hallucination)

79. • 2) Tactile Hallucinations: Forms of tingling,
burning
• 3) Somatic Hallucination: Something
happening inside the body such as snake
crawling inside ones stomach

80. • 4) Visual Hallucination: Vague perceptions of
colour or distinct visions of people or objects
• 5) Gustatory Hallucination: Food or drink
tastes strange
• 6) Olfactory Hallucination: Smell of poison or
smoke

81. Negative Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
• Negative Symptoms Are Pathological Deficits
which includes poverty of speech, Blunted and
flat affect, Loss of volition and Social withdrawal

82. • 1. Alogia: Poverty of speech that is reduction
in speech and speech content
• 2. Blunted Affect: Some show less anger,
sadness, joy and other feelings than most
people do

83. • 3. Flat Affect :A condition in which they show
no emotions
• 4. Avolition: Apathy and an inability to start
or complete a course of action
• 5. Social withdrawal : People with this
disorder socially withdraw and become
totally focussed on their own ideas and
fantasies

84. Psychomotor Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
• CATATONIA: They move less spontaneously
• or make odd grimaces and gestures. These
symptoms may take extreme forms called
catatonia.

85. • CATATONIC STUPOR:
• People remain motionless and silent for long
stretches of time

86. • CATATONIC RIGIDITY:
• Maintaining a rigid, upright postures for
hours

87. • CATATONIC POSTURING :
• Assuming awkward, bizarre position for
hours

89. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• A common feature of the neurodevelopmental
disorders is that they manifest in the early stage
of development
• Often the symptoms appear before the child
enters school or during the early stage of
schooling
• These disorders result in hampering personal,
social, academic and occupational functioning

90. • Types:
• Attention deficit hyperactive disorder
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Intellectual disability
• Specific Learning Disorder

91. Attention Deficit Hyperactive
Disorder
• The main features of ADHD are inattention,
hyperactivity and impulsive
• Inattention:
• Children who are inattentive find it difficult to
sustain mental effort during a work or play
• They have a hard time keeping their minds on
any one thing or following instructions

92. • Symptoms:
• Child does not listen and cannot concentrate
• Disorganised
• Easily distracted and forgetful
• Does not finish assignments
• Quick to lose interest in boring activities

93. HYPERACTIVITY
• Children with ADHD are in constant motion.
Parents and teachers describe them as " driven
by a motor "
• Talks incessantly
• The child may fidget, squirm, climb and run
around the room aimlessly

94. IMPULSIVE:
• Children who are impulsive seem unable to
control their immediate reactions or think
before they act

95. • Common complaints are:
• They find difficult to wait or take turns
• Difficulty resisting immediate temptations or
delaying gratification
• Minor mishaps, knocking things over and
sometimes serious accidents or injuries can

96. Autism Spectrum Disorder
• It is characterised by widespread
impairments in social interaction and
communication skills and stereotyped
patterns of behaviour, interests and activities
• Symptoms
• ➤ Have marked difficulties in social
interaction and communication across
different contexts

97. • Restricted range of interests:
• Strong desire for routine
• 70 percent of children have intellectual
disability
• Experience profound difficulties in relating to
others
• Unable to initiate social behaviour and seem
unresponsive to other peoples feelings
• Have difficulty in sharing experiences or
emotions with others

98. Intellectual Disability
• Refers to below average intellectual
functioning (IQ of 70 or below) and deficits
or impairments in adaptive behaviour
• In the areas of communication, self café,
home living, social/ interpersonal skills,
functional academic skills, work etc. which
are manifested before the age of 18 years

99. Specific Learning Disorder
• Individuals experience difficulty in
perceiving or processing information
efficiently and accurately
• It gets manifested during early school years
and the individual encounters problems in
basic skills in reading, writing or
mathematics

100. • The affected child tends to perform below
average for his/age
• However with additional inputs and efforts the
individuals will be able to reach acceptable
performance levels
• Specific learning disorder is likely to impair
functioning and performance in activities /
occupations dependant on related skills

101. • They show serious abnormalities in
communication and language that persist
over time
• Some of them do not develop speech and
have repetitive and deviant speech patterns
• Autism children show narrow patterns of
interests and repetitive behaviours such as
lining up of objects or stereotyped body
movements such as rocking

102. • Motor movements may be self stimulatory
such as hand flapping or self injurious such
as head banging against the wall
• Due to difficulties in verbal and nonverbal
communication they tend to have difficulties
in starting, maintaining and even
understanding relationships

103. Disruptive, Impulse-Control and
Conduct Disorder
• The disorders included under the category are
• 1) Oppositional defiant disorder
• 2) Conduct disorder

104. 1) Oppositional Defiant Disorder:
• Children with ODD display age inappropriate
amounts of stubbornness, irritable
defiant,disobedient and behave in a hostile
manner

105. • Individuals with ODD will not see themselves
as angry, oppositional or defiant and often
justify their behaviour as reactions to
circumstances or demands
• The symptoms of the disorder become
entangled with the problematic interactions
with others

106. 2)Conduct disorders
• Conduct disorders and antisocial behaviour
refer to age inappropriate actions and
attitudes that violate family expectation
societal norms and the personal or property
rights of others

107. Symptoms of Conduct Disorder:
• Aggressive actions that cause or threaten
harm to people or animals
• Non aggressive conduct that causes property
damage
• Major deceitfulness or theft and serious rule
violations

108. • Different types of aggressive behaviour
shown by Children:
• Verbal aggression- name calling, swearing
• Physical aggression- hitting, fighting
• Hostile aggression- directed at inflicting injury
to others
• Proactive aggression- dominating and
bullying others without provocation

109. Feeding And Eating Disorders
• Disorders included in this category are
• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• Binge eating

110. Anorexia Nervosa:
• The individual has a distorted body image that
leads him/her to see herself as overweight
• Symptoms:
• Refusing to eat

111. • Exercising compulsively
• Developing unusual habits such as refusing
to eat in front of others
• Starve to death
• Person with anorexia may loose large
amounts of weight

112. Bulimia Nervosa:
• The individual may eat excessive amounts of
food, then purge the food by using medicines
such as laxatives or diuretics or by vomiting
• The person often feels disgusted and ashamed
when he/she binges and is relieved of tension
and negative emotions after purging

113. Binge Eating
• Purging
• In this condition there are frequent episodes
of out of control eating
• The individual tends to eat at a higher speed
than normal and continuous eating till she
feels uncomfortably full
• Large amounts of food may be eaten even
when the individual is not hungry