The document discusses various topics related to abnormal psychology including: 1. Historical and contemporary perspectives on defining and understanding abnormal behavior including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial models. 2. Major categories of abnormal behavior and mental disorders like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, organic brain disorders, and personality disorders. 3. Methods of assessing and diagnosing abnormal behavior including clinical interviews, psychological testing, and observation of behaviors and cognitive patterns. 4. Common approaches to treating abnormal behavior and mental disorders such as psychotherapy, biomedical therapies, hospitalization, and community-based care.

1. Chapter 8 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

2. Various Criteria used to define ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Unusual or infrequent Socially unacceptable or in violation of social norms Fraught with misperceptions or misinterpretations of reality

3. Associated with states of severe personal distress Maladaptive or self-defeating Dangerous

4. Ancient societies attributed abnormal behavior to divine or supernatural forces. Exorcists were used to rid people who behaved abnormally. Greek Physicians Hippocrates and Galen believed that abnormal behavior reflected natural causes. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

5. In the 19th Century, German Physician Wilhelm Griesinger argued that abnormal behavior was caused by diseases of the brain. Griesinger, along with another German Physician Emil Kraepin, was ininfluential in the development of the modern medical model Asylums or “madhouses” began to crop up throughout Europe in the late 15th century and early 16th century.

7. Learning Theory

8. Humanists Theory

9. Cognitive TheoryCONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

10. Sociocultural Perspective -theorists believe that abnormal behavior is rooted in social ills, such as poverty, discrimination, and social stressors, not in individuals Biopsychosocial Perspective - The leading interactionist model, the diathesis-stress model, posits that some people have predispositions (diathesis) for particular disorders, but whether these disorders actually develop depends upon the type and severity of the stressors they experience

11. CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

12. A. Degenerative Disease - also called neurodegenerative disease, is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits. 1. ORGANIC BRAIN DISORDERS

13. EXAMPLES OF DEGENERATIVE DISEASES: 1. Huntington Disease – Huntington's disease, chorea, or disorder (HD), is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and dementia. It typically becomes noticeable in middle age.

14. 2. Multiple Sclerosis -is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms.

15. 3. Senile Dementia - also called Alzheimer disease, senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type, or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of dementia. This incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease

16. 4. Parkinson’s Disease -is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. It results from the death of dopamine-containing cells in the substantinigra, a region of themidbrain; the cause of cell-death is unknown. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related, including shaking,rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait.

17. B. Cardiovascular Disorders - These are disorders related to the heart. C. Trauma Induced - These are all related to brain injury, hemorrhages and concussions. D. Drug and Alcohol related - Intoxication, drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms.

18. Some of the major disorders in this category are: Depression, Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, Bipolar-Affective Disorder, PTSD, Panic Disorders 2. MOOD and ANXIETY

19. DEPRESSION -is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings and physical well-being

20. PANIC ATTACK - are periods of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of relatively brief duration. Panic attacks usually begin abruptly, reach a peak within 10 minutes, and subside over the next several hours. It may lead to other anxiety disorders, such as agoraphobia (avoiding going out in public)

21. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER - Obsessions are persistent thoughts or fears that preoccupy your mind and are difficult to remove. In contrast, compulsions are specific actions that you do over and over, often to deal with an obsessions. BIPOLAR DISORDER - A person with bipolar disorder will go through episodes of mania (highs) and at other times experience episode s of depression (lows).

23. Increased energy

24. Decrease need for sleep

25. Elevated mood and exaggerated optimism

26. Increased physical and mental activity

27. Excessive irritability, aggressive behavior, and impatience,

28. Poor judgment

29. Reckless behavior

30. Difficulty concentrating

32. Prolonged sad or irritable mood

33. Loss of energy or fatigue

34. Feelings of guilt or worthlessness

35. Sleeping too much or inability to sleep

36. Drop in grades and inability to concentrate

37. Inability to experience pleasure

38. Appetite loss or overeating

39. Anger, worry, and anxiety

42. Schizoid Personality

44. Borderline Personality

45. Histrionic Personality

47. Dependent Personality Disorder

49. Schizophreniform

50. Schizoaffective disorder

51. Delusional disorder

52. Substance-abuse Psychotic Disorder4. Psychotic Disorders

53. HALLUCINATIONS - are false or distorted sensory experiences that appear to be real perceptions. These sensory impressions are generated by the mind rather than by an external stimuli, and may be seen, heard, felt, even smelled or tasted.

54. DELUSIONS - is defined as a false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everybody else believes and despite what constitutes inconvertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.

55. Clinical Interview – the most widely used method of assessment Psychological Tests- are structured methods of assessment that are used to evaluate reasonably stable traits such as intelligence and personality. Neuropsychological assessment- help determine organic bases for impaired behavior and psychological functioning. Behavioral assessment- test responses are taken as samples of behavior rather than as signs underlying traits or dispositions Cognitive assessment- focuses on the measurement of thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes in order to help identify distorted thinking patterns. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

57. Behavior Therapy

58. Humanistic Approaches

59. Technical Electicism

60. Group TherapyMETHODS OF TREATMENT