Viewpoints on Psychopathology
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Week 3 for PSYC 3553 - Psychopathology, looking at different perspectives on the origins and explanations of abnormal behaviour.
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Attribution
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Behavioural approach to abnormality
Pavlov (1927) studied unconditioned reflexes in dogs like salivating in response to food. Later researchers like Watson, Raynor (1920) and Skinner (1957) studied conditioned learning through rewards and punishments in humans and animals. Observational learning theory proposes that behavior can be learned through observing and imitating others. Behavioral therapies for mental health issues are based on classical and operant conditioning principles like systematic desensitization to treat phobias. However, the behavioral approach is limited as it does not consider genetic or cognitive factors in learning and behavior.
Psychodynamic therapies
1) Psychodynamic therapies focus on accessing the unconscious mind through techniques like free association, word association, and dream interpretation.
2) The psychodynamic approach believes that psychological disorders stem from unconscious conflicts, often related to unresolved issues from childhood. Treatments therefore aim to reveal the unconscious and lift defense mechanisms.
3) Key psychodynamic treatments include psychoanalysis, which uses free association, word association, and dream analysis to gain insight into unconscious material from childhood. Psychoanalysis can be an effective long-term therapy but also carries risks of planting false memories.
Biological model
This document summarizes the biological model of abnormality. It discusses how the biological model views psychological abnormality as an illness caused by malfunctions in the brain or other parts of the body. It describes the brain's anatomy and chemistry and how certain disorders have been linked to problems in specific brain areas or abnormal chemical activity. Genetics are also discussed as a factor. Biological treatments like drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery aim to address the physical sources of dysfunction. While the biological model has strengths in producing new information and treatments, it also has weaknesses in being too simplistic and having incomplete evidence.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Clinical neuropsychology examines the relationship between brain functioning and behavior in domains like cognition, motor skills, senses, and emotions. Neuropsychological assessment purposes include identifying brain lesions, diagnosing conditions, determining strengths and weaknesses, making rehabilitation recommendations, and predicting prognosis. Assessments evaluate domains such as attention, memory, language, processing speed, and more using standardized tests. Performance in these domains can indicate damage to left or right brain hemispheres. Neuropsychological assessment batteries systematically evaluate cognitive functioning.
Foundations of Psychopathology >> A Brief History of Psychopathology
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Psychology Super-Notes >> Psychopathology >> Foundations of Psychopathology >> A Brief History of Psychopathology
Jung theory of personality in Psychology
Jung introduced the theory of analytical psychology in 1914. He believed personality is made up of interacting systems, including the conscious ego, personal unconscious, complexes, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The personal unconscious contains memories and experiences that have been forgotten or suppressed, while the collective unconscious consists of inherited experiences from ancestry. Archetypes in the collective unconscious include personas, anima, animus, and the self, which tries to synthesize all personality components into a unified whole known as self-actualization. Jung also described introversion and extraversion as personality types.
Psychopathology NR.ppt
The document discusses psychopathology, which is defined as the scientific study of mental conditions involving significant pain, suffering, or distress that damages a person's sense of self. It summarizes different models that have been used to understand the origins and nature of mental illness, including biological, psychological, psychosocial, and biopsychosocial models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurological factors while psychological models focus on unconscious conflicts, learned behaviors, distorted cognitions, and fulfillment of needs. Psychosocial models examine family and social influences as well as person-environment interactions.
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Attribution
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Behavioural approach to abnormality
Pavlov (1927) studied unconditioned reflexes in dogs like salivating in response to food. Later researchers like Watson, Raynor (1920) and Skinner (1957) studied conditioned learning through rewards and punishments in humans and animals. Observational learning theory proposes that behavior can be learned through observing and imitating others. Behavioral therapies for mental health issues are based on classical and operant conditioning principles like systematic desensitization to treat phobias. However, the behavioral approach is limited as it does not consider genetic or cognitive factors in learning and behavior.
Psychodynamic therapies
1) Psychodynamic therapies focus on accessing the unconscious mind through techniques like free association, word association, and dream interpretation.
2) The psychodynamic approach believes that psychological disorders stem from unconscious conflicts, often related to unresolved issues from childhood. Treatments therefore aim to reveal the unconscious and lift defense mechanisms.
3) Key psychodynamic treatments include psychoanalysis, which uses free association, word association, and dream analysis to gain insight into unconscious material from childhood. Psychoanalysis can be an effective long-term therapy but also carries risks of planting false memories.
Biological model
This document summarizes the biological model of abnormality. It discusses how the biological model views psychological abnormality as an illness caused by malfunctions in the brain or other parts of the body. It describes the brain's anatomy and chemistry and how certain disorders have been linked to problems in specific brain areas or abnormal chemical activity. Genetics are also discussed as a factor. Biological treatments like drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery aim to address the physical sources of dysfunction. While the biological model has strengths in producing new information and treatments, it also has weaknesses in being too simplistic and having incomplete evidence.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Clinical neuropsychology examines the relationship between brain functioning and behavior in domains like cognition, motor skills, senses, and emotions. Neuropsychological assessment purposes include identifying brain lesions, diagnosing conditions, determining strengths and weaknesses, making rehabilitation recommendations, and predicting prognosis. Assessments evaluate domains such as attention, memory, language, processing speed, and more using standardized tests. Performance in these domains can indicate damage to left or right brain hemispheres. Neuropsychological assessment batteries systematically evaluate cognitive functioning.
Foundations of Psychopathology >> A Brief History of Psychopathology
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Psychology Super-Notes >> Psychopathology >> Foundations of Psychopathology >> A Brief History of Psychopathology
Jung theory of personality in Psychology
Jung introduced the theory of analytical psychology in 1914. He believed personality is made up of interacting systems, including the conscious ego, personal unconscious, complexes, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The personal unconscious contains memories and experiences that have been forgotten or suppressed, while the collective unconscious consists of inherited experiences from ancestry. Archetypes in the collective unconscious include personas, anima, animus, and the self, which tries to synthesize all personality components into a unified whole known as self-actualization. Jung also described introversion and extraversion as personality types.
Psychopathology NR.ppt
The document discusses psychopathology, which is defined as the scientific study of mental conditions involving significant pain, suffering, or distress that damages a person's sense of self. It summarizes different models that have been used to understand the origins and nature of mental illness, including biological, psychological, psychosocial, and biopsychosocial models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurological factors while psychological models focus on unconscious conflicts, learned behaviors, distorted cognitions, and fulfillment of needs. Psychosocial models examine family and social influences as well as person-environment interactions.
Clinical assessment and diagnosis (1)
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
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Abnormal Psychology
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and the treatment of mental disorders. It defines abnormal psychology as the scientific study of mental disorders, their classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Mental disorders are categorized according to diagnostic manuals like the DSM-IV which classify disorders and describe symptoms. Treatments discussed include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, biomedical therapies like medication and ECT, and hospitalization.
TAT Interpretation
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Psychology Of Aggression
This document defines aggression and violence, and discusses various models and factors related to aggression. It begins by defining aggression as behavior intended to cause harm between individuals, which can be physical or emotional. Violence is defined as aggressive behavior using force. It then covers biological models of aggression including anatomical bases in the limbic system and hypothalamus, as well as neurotransmitters and hormones. Psychological models discussed include psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social learning theories. Social determinants of aggression highlighted include frustration, provocation, and media violence. The document concludes by covering prevention/control methods and cognitive theories of aggression.
Aggression
1) Aggression is defined as behavior intended to harm another living being who wants to avoid harm. Biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors all contribute to aggression.
2) Media violence exposure, through television, movies, video games and other media, increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in both the short and long term according to research.
3) Bullying is a pattern of repeated aggression against a target with less power. It is motivated by a desire for power and status. Reducing bullying requires recognizing it as a problem and protecting victims.
History of abnormal psychology
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Case formulation
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Introduction to abnormal psychology
Has extensive training in psychoanalytic theory and
techniques; provides intensive long-term therapy focusing on
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Types of Therapists
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Psychotherapy: Treatment of mental disorders through
verbal communication between a trained therapist and a
client
Goal: Help clients gain insight into problems and change
maladaptive behaviors, emotions, and thought patterns
Types of Psychotherapy
39 of 53
Psychoanalysis: Developed by Sigmund Freud; focuses on
unconscious conflicts, early childhood experiences, and
dreams
Long-term, intensive therapy involving free association and
interpretation of transference
Not widely used today due to its length and expense
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Psychopathology
The document discusses psychopathology and its treatments. It defines psychopathology as the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. There are four main perspectives on the causes of psychopathologies: biomedical (physical factors), psychodynamic (unconscious psychological conflicts), behavioral (maladaptive learning), and diathesis-stress (genetic predisposition and stress). Treatments include biological therapies like medication administered by psychiatrists, and psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and others. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) provides a standardized classification system for mental disorders.
Bipolar and related disorders
Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of abnormally elevated mood (mania or hypomania) and depressive episodes. There are several types of bipolar disorder defined by the specific symptoms and impairment criteria outlined in the DSM-5. Bipolar disorder typically first appears in teenagers or early adulthood and can be genetic. Proper diagnosis depends on the pattern and severity of mood episodes experienced by the individual.
AS The biological model of abnormality
The biological model assumes that psychological illnesses have a physical cause in the brain due to biological dysfunctions, genetics, toxins, infections, or stress. Possible biological causes of abnormal behavior include imbalances of neurotransmitters or hormones, structural damage or abnormalities in the brain, and genetic factors associated with schizophrenia. While studies have found associations between psychological disturbances and biological changes, it is difficult to determine whether biological changes cause or result from psychological symptoms. The biological model also faces issues regarding evidence, patient roles, and social stigma.
Ethics of Clinical Psychologists
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Specific phobia
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The document discusses several definitions and models of abnormality and mental illness:
1. Abnormality is defined as deviations from social norms, failures to function adequately, and deviations from ideal mental health.
2. Four models of abnormality are presented: the biological model which sees abnormalities as malfunctions in the brain; the psychodynamic model which focuses on unconscious psychological forces; the behavioral model which emphasizes learned behaviors; and the cognitive model related to human thought patterns.
3. Limitations of the definitions and models are discussed, such as the influence of culture and individual situations. Overall, the document seeks to explore different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal or disordered behavior and thought.
Adlerian theory of personality
Adlerian theory views human nature positively and believes people can control their own fate. It stresses social interest and understanding a person's lifestyle to analyze their behavior. Early family interactions help shape feelings of inferiority or superiority and one's role in the family constellation. The theory views people as goal-oriented and focused on overcoming feelings of inferiority through social contribution and developing competence. A person's unique experiences and perceptions shape their understanding of reality.
Psychodynamic Model
The document aims to provide a comprehensive view of psycho-dynamic model, its assumptions, historical background, Freud's contribution, causes of abnormality, and role and contribution of other contributors
Neuro psychological assessment
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
Disorders of affect and emotion
This document discusses normal emotions and the assessment of mood and affect in clinical interviews. It defines key terms like feeling, emotion, mood and affect. It describes the basic emotions and normal physiology of emotions, including the role of the autonomic nervous system and brain structures. Assessment of mood involves evaluating qualities like intensity, duration and fluctuations. Assessment of affect involves monitoring body language and facial expressions.
Introduction Psychopathology
This document provides an overview of psychopathology and the history of defining mental health and illness. It discusses how abnormal behavior and psychology have been defined. Throughout history, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demon possession. Hippocrates first proposed a biological explanation for abnormal behaviors and thinking. The rise of hospitals and more humane treatment methods occurred in the 18th-19th centuries. Defining mental health and illness remains difficult due to variability between individuals and cultures. Studying psychopathology is important for various mental health professionals to better understand and treat disorders.
Biological approach
Here are two criticisms of the biological approach to psychopathology:
1. It is reductionist - it reduces complex mental disorders down to simple biological components alone. This ignores other potential contributing factors like environment and life experiences.
2. It is deterministic - it suggests we have no free will and are solely determined by our biology. This ignores the role of psychological and environmental factors in developing mental illness.
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
This is a presentation regarding Albert Ellis' REBT. Ellis' model teaches us to dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones to experience effective change.
Abnormal Psychology
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and the treatment of mental disorders. It defines abnormal psychology as the scientific study of mental disorders, their classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Mental disorders are categorized according to diagnostic manuals like the DSM-IV which classify disorders and describe symptoms. Treatments discussed include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, biomedical therapies like medication and ECT, and hospitalization.
TAT Interpretation
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that involves presenting subjects with ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. It was developed in the 1930s by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan at Harvard Psychological Clinic as a way to reveal subjects' inner drives, emotions, and conflicts. Administration of the TAT provides insights into subjects' personality characteristics, interpersonal relationships, needs, and view of the world through analysis of the content, structure, and themes of the stories they generate. Interpretation considers both normative and individual factors and occurs at descriptive, interpretive, and diagnostic levels. The TAT continues to be used to better understand an individual's unconscious
Psychology Of Aggression
This document defines aggression and violence, and discusses various models and factors related to aggression. It begins by defining aggression as behavior intended to cause harm between individuals, which can be physical or emotional. Violence is defined as aggressive behavior using force. It then covers biological models of aggression including anatomical bases in the limbic system and hypothalamus, as well as neurotransmitters and hormones. Psychological models discussed include psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social learning theories. Social determinants of aggression highlighted include frustration, provocation, and media violence. The document concludes by covering prevention/control methods and cognitive theories of aggression.
Aggression
1) Aggression is defined as behavior intended to harm another living being who wants to avoid harm. Biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors all contribute to aggression.
2) Media violence exposure, through television, movies, video games and other media, increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in both the short and long term according to research.
3) Bullying is a pattern of repeated aggression against a target with less power. It is motivated by a desire for power and status. Reducing bullying requires recognizing it as a problem and protecting victims.
History of abnormal psychology
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Case formulation
This document discusses case formulation, which involves developing a hypothesis about the factors that cause and maintain a client's problems. It outlines the key components of case formulation using the DSM-5, including the presenting problem, predisposing factors, precipitating factors, perpetuating factors, and protective factors. The document provides an example case formulation for a client named Nasira who is experiencing depression. It analyzes the precipitant, predisposing factors, and perpetuating factors for Nasira based on her history and symptoms. The case formulation would then inform the treatment plan.
Introduction to abnormal psychology
Has extensive training in psychoanalytic theory and
techniques; provides intensive long-term therapy focusing on
unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences
Types of Therapists
38 of 53
Psychotherapy: Treatment of mental disorders through
verbal communication between a trained therapist and a
client
Goal: Help clients gain insight into problems and change
maladaptive behaviors, emotions, and thought patterns
Types of Psychotherapy
39 of 53
Psychoanalysis: Developed by Sigmund Freud; focuses on
unconscious conflicts, early childhood experiences, and
dreams
Long-term, intensive therapy involving free association and
interpretation of transference
Not widely used today due to its length and expense
Psy
Neo freudians
Neo-freudians, a ppt prepared with help of my colleague residents at gauhati medical college, may be useful...
Psychopathology
The document discusses psychopathology and its treatments. It defines psychopathology as the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. There are four main perspectives on the causes of psychopathologies: biomedical (physical factors), psychodynamic (unconscious psychological conflicts), behavioral (maladaptive learning), and diathesis-stress (genetic predisposition and stress). Treatments include biological therapies like medication administered by psychiatrists, and psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and others. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) provides a standardized classification system for mental disorders.
Bipolar and related disorders
Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of abnormally elevated mood (mania or hypomania) and depressive episodes. There are several types of bipolar disorder defined by the specific symptoms and impairment criteria outlined in the DSM-5. Bipolar disorder typically first appears in teenagers or early adulthood and can be genetic. Proper diagnosis depends on the pattern and severity of mood episodes experienced by the individual.
AS The biological model of abnormality
The biological model assumes that psychological illnesses have a physical cause in the brain due to biological dysfunctions, genetics, toxins, infections, or stress. Possible biological causes of abnormal behavior include imbalances of neurotransmitters or hormones, structural damage or abnormalities in the brain, and genetic factors associated with schizophrenia. While studies have found associations between psychological disturbances and biological changes, it is difficult to determine whether biological changes cause or result from psychological symptoms. The biological model also faces issues regarding evidence, patient roles, and social stigma.
Ethics of Clinical Psychologists
There are many different kinds of ethical issues facing clinical psychologists. Some of the most common ones involve confidentiality, payments, relationships, and testimony.
Specific phobia
Anxiety
Fear v/s Anxiety
Specific phobia
ICD-10 v/s DSM-5
Epidemiology
Differential diagnosis
Comorbidity
Assessment
Aetiology
Management
Psychology - Psychopathology
The document discusses several definitions and models of abnormality and mental illness:
1. Abnormality is defined as deviations from social norms, failures to function adequately, and deviations from ideal mental health.
2. Four models of abnormality are presented: the biological model which sees abnormalities as malfunctions in the brain; the psychodynamic model which focuses on unconscious psychological forces; the behavioral model which emphasizes learned behaviors; and the cognitive model related to human thought patterns.
3. Limitations of the definitions and models are discussed, such as the influence of culture and individual situations. Overall, the document seeks to explore different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal or disordered behavior and thought.
Adlerian theory of personality
Adlerian theory views human nature positively and believes people can control their own fate. It stresses social interest and understanding a person's lifestyle to analyze their behavior. Early family interactions help shape feelings of inferiority or superiority and one's role in the family constellation. The theory views people as goal-oriented and focused on overcoming feelings of inferiority through social contribution and developing competence. A person's unique experiences and perceptions shape their understanding of reality.
Psychodynamic Model
The document aims to provide a comprehensive view of psycho-dynamic model, its assumptions, historical background, Freud's contribution, causes of abnormality, and role and contribution of other contributors
Neuro psychological assessment
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
Disorders of affect and emotion
This document discusses normal emotions and the assessment of mood and affect in clinical interviews. It defines key terms like feeling, emotion, mood and affect. It describes the basic emotions and normal physiology of emotions, including the role of the autonomic nervous system and brain structures. Assessment of mood involves evaluating qualities like intensity, duration and fluctuations. Assessment of affect involves monitoring body language and facial expressions.
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Biological approach
Here are two criticisms of the biological approach to psychopathology:
1. It is reductionist - it reduces complex mental disorders down to simple biological components alone. This ignores other potential contributing factors like environment and life experiences.
2. It is deterministic - it suggests we have no free will and are solely determined by our biology. This ignores the role of psychological and environmental factors in developing mental illness.
Theories of Psychopathology
Theories of Psychopathology
Psychoanalytic theory – Sigmund Freud
Developmental Theories
Psychosocial Stages – Erik Erikson
Cognitive Stages – Jean Piaget
Interpersonal Theories
Harry Stack Sullivan
Hildegard Peplau
Humanistic Theories
Hierarchy of Needs - Abraham Maslow
Client-centered Theory - Carl Rogers
Behavioral Theories
Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
Operant Conditioning – Burrhus F. Skinner
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PSYA3 - The Biological Approach
The biological approach views mental disorders as medical conditions with physical causes, such as infections, biochemical imbalances, genetic factors, and neurological damage. Strengths include modern brain scanning technologies identifying biological abnormalities and some effective drug treatments. However, it is also reductionist by ignoring environmental influences, and drug treatments do not work for all disorders. The diathesis-stress model provides a more balanced view that both biological and environmental factors interact to cause psychopathology.
Mental status examination
The mental status examination focuses on evaluating a patient's current mental state by assessing their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It involves examining general appearance, mood, affect, speech, thought processes, sensory perceptions, orientation, memory, and higher cognitive functions. The goals are to establish a baseline, identify any problems, and facilitate accurate diagnoses.
Mental State Examination
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Normality
MENTAL HEALTH MUST BE BROADLY DEFINED IN TERMS THAT ARE CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND INCLUSIVE.
THE CRITERIA FOR MENTAL HEALTH MUST BE EMPIRICALLY AND LONGITUDINALLY VALIDATED.
VALIDATION MEANS PAYING SPECIAL ATTENTION TO CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES.
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This document provides an overview of different perspectives on the causes of psychopathology and abnormal behavior, including:
1. Biological perspectives focus on genetic and neurological factors, examining topics like neurotransmitters, brain structures, and the effects of conditions like infections.
2. Psychodynamic perspectives are based on Freudian concepts like the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychodynamic therapy.
3. Behavioral perspectives emphasize learned behaviors and conditioning principles from theorists like Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura.
4. Cognitive perspectives examine schemas, distortions, and the impact of thoughts, as described by Aaron Beck in cognitive therapy.
5. Sociocultural and family systems perspectives look at the influences
Psychology 101: Chapter1
The document provides an overview of the field of psychology, including its goals, approaches, and history. It discusses how psychology aims to understand both normal and abnormal behavior and mental processes scientifically. Early approaches included structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. Modern psychology takes an eclectic approach, drawing from biological, cognitive, evolutionary, and cultural perspectives to understand the adaptive human mind.
Psychopathology revision notes
The document discusses several definitions of abnormality including statistical deviation from norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health. It also evaluates these definitions. Mental disorders like phobias, depression, and OCD are explained using behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches and the effectiveness of treatments like CBT, flooding, and drug therapy are evaluated.
Chapter 1 Powerpoint
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology, including different psychological perspectives and research methods. It discusses functionalism as an early psychological approach, psychoanalysis, and major psychological perspectives like psychodynamic, biological, cognitive, and sociocultural. It also describes different research methods used in psychology like descriptive studies, correlational studies, and experiments.
Viewpoints on Psychopathology
The document discusses four major paradigms in psychopathology: biological, psychoanalytic, cognitive, and behavioral. The biological paradigm views abnormal behavior as linked to physical causes and malfunctions in the brain or body. It examines brain structure, biochemistry, genetics, and treats disorders with drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery. The psychoanalytic paradigm views behavior as linked to underlying psychological forces and examines psychosexual development, fixation at developmental stages, and defense mechanisms. The cognitive paradigm looks at how information is processed and views abnormal behavior as resulting from interpretations and thinking patterns. The behavioral paradigm views abnormal behavior as learned through conditioning or modeling and examines classical and operant conditioning in psychopathology.
Psych 101 Chapter One
This chapter provides an overview of the field of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The chapter discusses the historical foundations of psychology in Western philosophy, biology, and early schools of thought. It also summarizes seven contemporary approaches to psychology and areas of specialization within the field. The chapter concludes by exploring careers in psychology and examining the mind-body connection in health and wellness.
Psychological Approaches to Schizophrenia
The psychological approaches to schizophrenia. Includes: psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive. Notes geared towards AQA A2 Psychology A Specification.
Ch. 1 -_the_science_of_psychology
This document provides an overview of the field of psychology. It discusses what psychology is, the goals of psychology, and historical figures and perspectives that helped shape the field. It also covers modern psychological perspectives, careers in psychology including different specializations, psychological research methods, and ethics in research. Key topics include the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, different research designs, and ensuring participant consent and protection in psychological studies.
Fall 2014 psychology chapter 1 thinking critically with psychological science
This document outlines the topics to be covered in a general psychology course. It will introduce students to the key concepts and perspectives in psychology, including its history and roots in the late 19th century. Students will learn about the scientific method and how psychological research is conducted and analyzed. They will also explore the different approaches used in traditional and positive psychology. The course will cover descriptive, correlational, and experimental research methods.
Unit 3 Contemporary Perspectives
The document discusses the biological and neurological bases of abnormal behavior. It describes how genetics and biological factors like neurotransmitters and nervous system functioning can contribute to conditions. The central and peripheral nervous systems are involved in transmitting signals through neurons. Disturbances in these biological systems may underlie many psychological disorders. Environmental influences also interact with biological factors to shape abnormal behavior.
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1) The document provides an overview of the history and development of psychology from its prescientific roots to the establishment of modern psychological science.
2) It discusses key figures like Wundt, James, Pavlov, and Freud who helped establish psychology as a scientific discipline in the late 19th century.
3) The document also summarizes some of psychology's main perspectives and subfields, including basic research areas like cognitive, developmental, and social psychology, as well as applied fields like clinical, industrial/organizational, and psychiatry.
Biological approach in psychology
The biological approach in psychology emphasizes how biology influences behavior. Biopsychologists study the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics. They examine topics like the relationship between mind and body, the effects of the mind on the body, and the influence of heredity on behavior. Biopsychologists believe mental illnesses have physical causes and can be treated physically, for example through medication, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery. The biological approach uses research methods like genetics studies, brain scans, and case studies to understand these influences.
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This document discusses several approaches to understanding and treating schizophrenia, including:
- The biological approach which examines genetic and neurological factors.
- The cognitive approach which focuses on faulty thought processes that lead to symptoms.
- Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, family/marital, humanistic, and sociocultural perspectives on etiology and treatment.
Key treatment approaches mentioned are psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavioral techniques like systematic desensitization and exposure therapy, and rational emotive therapy.
Chapter1m1powerpointpresentation 160111151315
The document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology including:
- The history and development of psychology from its philosophical roots to modern approaches like behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and humanism.
- The main fields of specialization within psychology like cognitive, developmental, social, and clinical psychology.
- Common research methods used in psychology like surveys, observation, and experimentation.
- Important figures who shaped the field like Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, John Watson, and humanistic psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
S. Sherrill - General Psychology - Chapter 1 (M1) Spring 2016
The document provides an overview of key concepts from an introductory psychology course, including:
1) It outlines three course modules focused on understanding human behavior, development, and applying psychology.
2) Key areas of psychology are defined, such as cognitive, developmental, and social psychology.
3) The history and origins of psychology are summarized, from early philosophers to the founders of modern approaches like structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism.
4) The differences between related fields like psychology and psychiatry are clarified.
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This document provides an overview of the field of psychology. It discusses the goals of psychology, which are to describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior. The major approaches to psychology are also outlined, including psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, and sociocultural approaches. The document also summarizes the history of psychology and describes different subfields within the profession, such as clinical, counseling, school, and industrial/organizational psychology.
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Introduction to Psychology
Introduction to Psychology, What is Psychology, Branches of Psychology, Schools of Psychology, Psychogenesis of Psychology
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The document discusses clinical assessment and diagnosis in psychopathology. It describes the goals of assessment as understanding how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how they can be helped. Assessment tools should be standardized, reliable, and valid. Clinical interviews and psychological tests are common forms of assessment. Treatment decisions are based on assessment and diagnosis to determine an appropriate treatment plan. Research shows that therapy is generally effective compared to no treatment, and certain therapies are effective for specific disorders.
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Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
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5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
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Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
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Olfactory Genes:
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400 genes for odorant receptors.
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Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
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Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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