The document discusses the classification and reproduction of prokaryotes, as well as their roles in ecosystems. Prokaryotes are classified by their shape, including cocci, bacilli, and spirilla, as well as by configuration such as pairs, chains, and clusters. They are also classified by their Gram stain as Gram positive or Gram negative. Reproduction is primarily through binary fission. Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems through nitrogen fixation, recycling nutrients, cleaning up pollution, and production of medicines, food, and digestion of food for animals, though some are pathogenic bacteria that can cause disease.

1. Prokaryote Classification

2. Domains Bacteria and Archaea Classified by Shape Cocci Bacilli Spirilla

3. Domains Bacteria and Archaea Classified by Shape Vibrio Spirochete

4. Domains Bacteria and Archaea Classified by Configuration Pairs Chains Clusters

6. Domains Bacteria and Archaea Gram Stain Developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884 Still used in laboratories as a “first step” in diagnostics

7. Domains Bacteria and Archaea Gram negative Pink Tend to be more pathogenic (disease causing) Have a thinner cell wall Gram positive Purple Have a thicker cell wall

8. Reproduction of Prokaryotes Binary fission The DNA replicates and attaches to cell membrane. The cell grows. The DNA copies separate, cell grows larger. The cell splits into two daughter cells.

10. Reproduction of Prokaryotes Endospores A thick, protective membrane formed when conditions are bad. Can survive boiling, freezing, drought, etc Will grow when conditions are favorable.

11. Prokaryotes in the Ecosystem Nitrogen Fixation Recycling Nutrients Cleaning up Pollution Production of Medicines Production of Food Products Digestion of Food for Animals Pathogenic Bacteria

12. Nitrogen Fixation All eukaryotes need nitrogen for basic cellular function. Nitrogen is a major component of proteins and DNA. Bacteria take nitrogen out of the air and convert it to a form plants can use.

14. Recycling Nutrients Decay is caused by bacteria and fungi. Organic matter is recycled into original elements by bacteria. Composted material important garden component

15. Cleaning up Pollution BIOREMEDIATION uses living things to change polluting chemicals into less harmful chemicals. Mine tailings Oil spills Agricultural Waste Municipal Waste

16. Production of Medicines Genetically modified bacteria produce: Antibiotics Insulin Anti-cancer drugs

17. Dangerous Bacteria PATHOGENIC bacteria cause diseases. These bacteria attack: Animals Plants Protists Fungi Other bacteria!