Cnidaria
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Cnidaria are a phylum of aquatic animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydroids. They have radial symmetry and a simple two-layered body structure. They can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Cnidarians have stinging cells called nematocysts in their tentacles which they use for both offense and defense. While they can sting humans, serious cases are rare with only around 1100 reported annually in Queensland. Cnidarians come in a variety of shapes and sizes and most live in marine environments.
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Phylum Cnidaria
The document discusses the phylum Cnidaria, which contains about 10,000 species with two main body plans: the medusa and polyp forms. Polyps are cylindrical and often form large colonies by attaching to the sea floor. There are three main classes within Cnidaria: Anthozoa, which lack a medusa stage; Octocorallia whose polyps have 8 tentacles; and Hexacorallia whose polyps have 6 pairs of mesenteries. Examples of genera and species are provided along with their defining characteristics and classifications.
Cnidarians
Cnidarians are soft-bodied animals that have stinging cells called cnidocytes. They have two main forms in their life cycle, the polyp and medusa forms. Cnidarians feed by pulling prey into their gastrovascular cavity, which is a single opening that functions as both a digestive system and circulatory system. Major groups of cnidarians include jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, and corals.
Arthropoda Crustacea
This document summarizes key information about the phylum Arthropoda and class Crustacea. It describes their classification, basic body structure with an exoskeleton and segments, sexual reproduction, open circulatory system, respiratory systems adapted for gas exchange, habitats in fresh and salt water, interactions with humans as food and costumes, and includes pictures of crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.
Phylum cnidaria report
Cnidarians like hydra, jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones can take the form of polyps or medusas. Polyps are attached to surfaces while medusas are free-swimming. They capture prey using nematocysts in their tentacles and digest food in their guts. Reproduction varies between species, but includes both asexual budding and sexual reproduction.
Phylum cnidaria
The phylum Cnidaria includes sea jellies, hydra, coral colonies, sea anemones, sea pens, and sea fans. They are characterized by having radial symmetry, two germ layers, a jelly-like mesoglea layer, an acoelomate body cavity, and specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes. Many species have both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. Cnidarians play important ecological roles through food sources, habitat, symbiosis, and wave protection.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans are a diverse group of arthropods with over 40,000 species found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They exhibit bilateral symmetry, three germ layers, and a coelom. Crustaceans have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin and a calcified cuticle important for molting and growth. They have compound eyes and sensory antennae. Crustaceans display a variety of body plans and appendages and can regenerate lost appendages. They have open circulatory systems and various respiratory, excretory, and nervous systems depending on size. Reproduction involves internal fertilization and brooding of eggs in females.
cnidera
Phylum Cnidaria includes jellyfish, sea anemones, corals and hydroids. They have radial or biradial symmetry, nerve nets, and use nematocysts for defense and prey capture. Their life cycles often involve both polyp and medusa stages. Phylum Ctenophora includes comb jellies which have colloblasts for prey capture and comb rows for swimming. They lack nematocysts and a polyp stage.
Cnidaria gen features -2012
- Cnidarians are a phylum of mostly marine animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones. They have radial symmetry and two basic body forms - polyps and medusae.
- They have stinging cells called cnidocytes that help capture prey. Their nervous system is a nerve net. They reproduce sexually and asexually. Larvae are called planulae.
- Anthozoans like corals and sea anemones have a tubular body with a mouth and oral disc surrounded by tentacles. Their pharynx leads into the coelenteron.
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Phylum Cnidaria
The document discusses the phylum Cnidaria, which contains about 10,000 species with two main body plans: the medusa and polyp forms. Polyps are cylindrical and often form large colonies by attaching to the sea floor. There are three main classes within Cnidaria: Anthozoa, which lack a medusa stage; Octocorallia whose polyps have 8 tentacles; and Hexacorallia whose polyps have 6 pairs of mesenteries. Examples of genera and species are provided along with their defining characteristics and classifications.
Cnidarians
Cnidarians are soft-bodied animals that have stinging cells called cnidocytes. They have two main forms in their life cycle, the polyp and medusa forms. Cnidarians feed by pulling prey into their gastrovascular cavity, which is a single opening that functions as both a digestive system and circulatory system. Major groups of cnidarians include jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, and corals.
Arthropoda Crustacea
This document summarizes key information about the phylum Arthropoda and class Crustacea. It describes their classification, basic body structure with an exoskeleton and segments, sexual reproduction, open circulatory system, respiratory systems adapted for gas exchange, habitats in fresh and salt water, interactions with humans as food and costumes, and includes pictures of crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.
Phylum cnidaria report
Cnidarians like hydra, jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones can take the form of polyps or medusas. Polyps are attached to surfaces while medusas are free-swimming. They capture prey using nematocysts in their tentacles and digest food in their guts. Reproduction varies between species, but includes both asexual budding and sexual reproduction.
Phylum cnidaria
The phylum Cnidaria includes sea jellies, hydra, coral colonies, sea anemones, sea pens, and sea fans. They are characterized by having radial symmetry, two germ layers, a jelly-like mesoglea layer, an acoelomate body cavity, and specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes. Many species have both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. Cnidarians play important ecological roles through food sources, habitat, symbiosis, and wave protection.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans are a diverse group of arthropods with over 40,000 species found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They exhibit bilateral symmetry, three germ layers, and a coelom. Crustaceans have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin and a calcified cuticle important for molting and growth. They have compound eyes and sensory antennae. Crustaceans display a variety of body plans and appendages and can regenerate lost appendages. They have open circulatory systems and various respiratory, excretory, and nervous systems depending on size. Reproduction involves internal fertilization and brooding of eggs in females.
cnidera
Phylum Cnidaria includes jellyfish, sea anemones, corals and hydroids. They have radial or biradial symmetry, nerve nets, and use nematocysts for defense and prey capture. Their life cycles often involve both polyp and medusa stages. Phylum Ctenophora includes comb jellies which have colloblasts for prey capture and comb rows for swimming. They lack nematocysts and a polyp stage.
Cnidaria gen features -2012
- Cnidarians are a phylum of mostly marine animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones. They have radial symmetry and two basic body forms - polyps and medusae.
- They have stinging cells called cnidocytes that help capture prey. Their nervous system is a nerve net. They reproduce sexually and asexually. Larvae are called planulae.
- Anthozoans like corals and sea anemones have a tubular body with a mouth and oral disc surrounded by tentacles. Their pharynx leads into the coelenteron.
Zoology
Cnidaria and Ctenophora are radiate animals that include jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, and corals. They have stinging cells called nematocysts that are used to capture prey. Cnidarians have two main body forms - polyps and medusae. They lack specialized organ systems and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Major classes of Cnidaria include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa.
Phylum Coelenterata
The document summarizes the phylum Coelenterata, which includes multicellular, radially symmetrical animals with needle cells. It describes three classes: Hydrozoa which have polyp and medusa forms like Obelia; Scyphozoa which are solitary marine medusoid forms like the four-chambered stomach jellyfish Aurelia; and Anthozoa which are marine polyp forms that can be solitary or colonial with septa in their gastrovascular cavity, including corals and sea anemones. It notes that corals form some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth like the Great Barrier Reef.
Cnidaria
The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria. Cnidaria exhibit radial symmetry and have two basic body plans - either diploblastic or with radial canals extending from a central gastrovascular cavity. They possess cnidocytes or cnidae, which are capsule-like organelles used to capture prey. The phylum contains four classes: Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa.
Phylum coelenterata
This document summarizes key characteristics of cnidarians. It describes their three classes - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa. Cnidarians are radially symmetric and have specialized cells. They live in water and have tentacles covered in stinging nematocysts that help capture prey. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and different classes display different forms like polyps or medusae and move via jet propulsion or crawling.
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Cnidaria and ctenophora 2012
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that date back approximately 700 million years. They display radial or biradial symmetry and tissue-level organization. Their body plans are simple sac-like structures with one opening for feeding and excretion. Cnidarians utilize stinging cells called nematocysts for defense and capturing prey. They also possess nerve nets, statocysts for balance, and in some cases simple light-sensing ocelli. Reproduction can occur sexually through larvae or asexually by budding. Major classes include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Coral reefs formed by cnidarians like hydroids, jellyfish
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INVERTEBRATES
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Echinodermata
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2) They have separate sexes and reproduce both asexually through regeneration and sexually by releasing gametes into water.
3) Echinoderms live mainly in marine environments in shallow and deep waters and have open circulatory and respiratory systems.
Class hydrozoa and anthozoa
The document summarizes key information about the class Hydrozoa. It belongs to the phylum Cnidaria and includes solitary or colonial organisms found mostly in marine environments. They have noncellular mesoglea and lack tentacles in their gastrovascular cavity. The document also provides details about two common orders - Hydroida and Siphonophora - including examples like the Portuguese man-of-war Physalia.
Cnidarians
Cnidarians are soft-bodied aquatic animals that exhibit radial symmetry and possess true tissues. They have a sac-like body with a central digestive cavity and a single opening surrounded by tentacles bearing stinging cells. Cnidarians exist as sessile polyps or free-swimming medusae, and their life cycle may alternate between these two forms. The phylum is divided into three classes: Hydrozoa (hydras), Scyphozoa (jellyfish), and Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones).
Mollusks
Mollusks are a large phylum of invertebrate animals that first appeared during the Cambrian period. They have soft bodies that are usually protected by an external calcium carbonate shell. Their bodies have three main zones - a head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle. There are several major classes of mollusks including bivalves like clams and mussels, cephalopods like squid and octopuses, gastropods like snails, and others. Mollusks play important roles in ecosystems as prey for other animals or by filtering water. They also have commercial and medical significance for humans.
Phylum echinodermata 2016
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molluscs
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Mollusca
Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that usually have an external or internal shell. They are grouped together due to sharing a similar developmental pattern involving a trochophore larva. Most adult mollusks have bilateral symmetry, an open circulatory system, and a body plan divided into a muscular foot, mantle, shell, and visceral mass. The three major classes of mollusks are gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
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Cnidarians
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Zoology
Cnidaria and Ctenophora are radiate animals that include jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, and corals. They have stinging cells called nematocysts that are used to capture prey. Cnidarians have two main body forms - polyps and medusae. They lack specialized organ systems and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Major classes of Cnidaria include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa.
Phylum Coelenterata
The document summarizes the phylum Coelenterata, which includes multicellular, radially symmetrical animals with needle cells. It describes three classes: Hydrozoa which have polyp and medusa forms like Obelia; Scyphozoa which are solitary marine medusoid forms like the four-chambered stomach jellyfish Aurelia; and Anthozoa which are marine polyp forms that can be solitary or colonial with septa in their gastrovascular cavity, including corals and sea anemones. It notes that corals form some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth like the Great Barrier Reef.
Cnidaria
The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria. Cnidaria exhibit radial symmetry and have two basic body plans - either diploblastic or with radial canals extending from a central gastrovascular cavity. They possess cnidocytes or cnidae, which are capsule-like organelles used to capture prey. The phylum contains four classes: Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa.
Phylum coelenterata
This document summarizes key characteristics of cnidarians. It describes their three classes - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa. Cnidarians are radially symmetric and have specialized cells. They live in water and have tentacles covered in stinging nematocysts that help capture prey. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and different classes display different forms like polyps or medusae and move via jet propulsion or crawling.
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There are 3 main orders of amphibians:
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Cnidaria and ctenophora 2012
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that date back approximately 700 million years. They display radial or biradial symmetry and tissue-level organization. Their body plans are simple sac-like structures with one opening for feeding and excretion. Cnidarians utilize stinging cells called nematocysts for defense and capturing prey. They also possess nerve nets, statocysts for balance, and in some cases simple light-sensing ocelli. Reproduction can occur sexually through larvae or asexually by budding. Major classes include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Coral reefs formed by cnidarians like hydroids, jellyfish
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INVERTEBRATES
Invertebrates are animals without backbones and make up 97% of animal species. They include single-celled and multicellular organisms like sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects and snails. Invertebrates are diverse, ranging from simple organisms lacking organs to complex animals with exoskeletons. They live in various environments including oceans, ponds and soil.
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This document summarizes key facts about echinoderms:
1) Echinoderms are classified into 5 classes and have a spiny skin or wart-like bumps with the ability to regenerate or lose limbs.
2) They have separate sexes and reproduce both asexually through regeneration and sexually by releasing gametes into water.
3) Echinoderms live mainly in marine environments in shallow and deep waters and have open circulatory and respiratory systems.
Class hydrozoa and anthozoa
The document summarizes key information about the class Hydrozoa. It belongs to the phylum Cnidaria and includes solitary or colonial organisms found mostly in marine environments. They have noncellular mesoglea and lack tentacles in their gastrovascular cavity. The document also provides details about two common orders - Hydroida and Siphonophora - including examples like the Portuguese man-of-war Physalia.
Cnidarians
Cnidarians are soft-bodied aquatic animals that exhibit radial symmetry and possess true tissues. They have a sac-like body with a central digestive cavity and a single opening surrounded by tentacles bearing stinging cells. Cnidarians exist as sessile polyps or free-swimming medusae, and their life cycle may alternate between these two forms. The phylum is divided into three classes: Hydrozoa (hydras), Scyphozoa (jellyfish), and Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones).
Mollusks
Mollusks are a large phylum of invertebrate animals that first appeared during the Cambrian period. They have soft bodies that are usually protected by an external calcium carbonate shell. Their bodies have three main zones - a head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle. There are several major classes of mollusks including bivalves like clams and mussels, cephalopods like squid and octopuses, gastropods like snails, and others. Mollusks play important roles in ecosystems as prey for other animals or by filtering water. They also have commercial and medical significance for humans.
Phylum echinodermata 2016
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
molluscs
The document provides an overview of the phylum Mollusca, including general information about their anatomy, habitat, reproduction cycles, classes, and examples. The phylum contains over 90,000 living species ranging from microscopic to over 20 meters in size. They are mostly marine but also found in freshwater and terrestrial environments. Their body plans and features vary between classes but generally include a mantle, visceral mass, and foot, with some having shells.
Mollusca
Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that usually have an external or internal shell. They are grouped together due to sharing a similar developmental pattern involving a trochophore larva. Most adult mollusks have bilateral symmetry, an open circulatory system, and a body plan divided into a muscular foot, mantle, shell, and visceral mass. The three major classes of mollusks are gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
Crustacean lecture
The document discusses the structure and characteristics of arthropods. It notes that arthropods have a segmented body, jointed appendages, and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin. Their success is attributed to traits like metamerism, tagmatization, and their exoskeleton. Common characteristics include a head, thorax, and abdomen, as well as specialized respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and excretory systems. Arthropods display a variety of adaptations for feeding and have compound eyes well-suited for movement detection. The document also outlines the course objectives, scope, and procedures for learning about arthropods and echinoderms.
Cnidarians
The document discusses the phylum Cnidaria, which includes animals like hydra, jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones. Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity for digestion, and stinging cells called nematocysts. They can be either solitary polyps attached to the sea floor or free-swimming medusae. Corals secrete calcium carbonate cups and form coral reefs in warm, salty waters. Jellyfish are free-swimming cnidarians with an umbrella-shaped body.
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Arthropoda Hexapoda
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2) They have a ribbon-like shape, absorb nutrients through their skin, and lack digestive and circulatory systems.
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Onychophora, also known as velvet worms, are soft-bodied invertebrates that resemble both worms and arthropods. They have a velvety texture and claws that allow them to grasp prey and climb surfaces. Velvet worms live in tropical and subtropical forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand, where they trap prey and consume their body fluids using a sticky saliva and teeth. With characteristics of both worms and arthropods, velvet worms are believed to represent an evolutionary link between these groups.
Chordata Urochordata
Tunicates, also known as sea squirts, are small marine invertebrates that are classified as chordates. They have a notochord during early development that is later lost, but replaced by a backbone in vertebrates. Tunicates have a bilateral symmetrical body structure, lack bones, and use muscles to move against their body. They are hermaphrodites that fertilize eggs internally and eject larvae. Tunicates filter feed by taking in water and extracting particles, and can expel water if frightened. They are considered evolutionary links between invertebrates and vertebrates.
Prokaryote Classification
The document discusses the classification and reproduction of prokaryotes, as well as their roles in ecosystems. Prokaryotes are classified by their shape, including cocci, bacilli, and spirilla, as well as by configuration such as pairs, chains, and clusters. They are also classified by their Gram stain as Gram positive or Gram negative. Reproduction is primarily through binary fission. Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems through nitrogen fixation, recycling nutrients, cleaning up pollution, and production of medicines, food, and digestion of food for animals, though some are pathogenic bacteria that can cause disease.
Basic Laws Of Genetics
1. Genetic instructions are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. These genes control traits and are inherited in pairs, one from each parent.
2. Some genes are dominant and will be expressed even if one recessive gene is present, while recessive genes only express when two are present. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive by lowercase.
3. Hybrid organisms have one dominant and one recessive gene, while purebred have two of the same. Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits rather than one being dominant.
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2. Relapse is a process that occurs in phases, from initial internal changes to full loss of control over substance use. There are warning signs in each phase.
3. High-risk situations like negative emotions, conflicts, and social pressure can lead to relapse if the person does not have coping skills. The "abstinence violation effect" can also undermine commitment to sobriety.
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Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up the cora reefs.
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This document provides an overview of sponges and cnidarians. It discusses their distinguishing features, basic body structures, and evolutionary histories. Sponges are multicellular organisms that lack tissues and have pores to intake and output water. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with stinging cells that have two main layers and feed through predation or symbiosis. Both groups have a long fossil record dating back hundreds of millions of years.
Echinodermata tina sunny mihaela 10 6
Echinodermata are marine animals with radial symmetry and include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea daisies. They are found in oceans around the world and range in size from a pencil diameter to over 3 feet. Echinoderms have a calcium carbonate endoskeleton and a water vascular system. They can regenerate lost limbs and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Common uses of echinoderms include food, medicine, and decoration.
Echinodermata classification
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with pentaradial symmetry. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, and sea lilies. Echinoderms have a calcareous endoskeleton, a water vascular system, and undergo indirect development with a bilaterally symmetrical larval stage. They exhibit characteristics like regeneration, autotomy, and radial symmetry as adults with bilateral symmetry as larvae. Major classes include Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea.
Fishes boris veli lilly 10-8
The document summarizes bony fishes (Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes). It describes their key characteristics, examples of types of fish in each group like the dwarf pygmy goby and great white shark, and how they breathe, move, feed and reproduce. It also discusses humans' interactions with and consumption of different fish.
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The document summarizes key information about sponges and cnidarians. It discusses their:
1) Simple body structures and lack of tissues in sponges. Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity and three body layers.
2) Radial symmetry in cnidarians and lack of symmetry in sponges.
3) Close evolutionary relationship and how cnidarians were early ancestors of animals with nerves and muscles.
4) Filter feeding in sponges and carnivorous feeding using nematocysts in cnidarians like jellyfish and hydra.
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This document provides an overview of fish biology. It discusses 10 topics: 1) the scientific study of fish, 2) the evolution of fish and their common ancestor with humans, 3) fish reproduction strategies, 4) how fish exchange gases and food/waste with their environment, 5) fish movement, 6) fish thermal strategies, 7) the cartilaginous whale shark, 8) the bony clown fish, 9) the jawless hagfish, and 10) human interactions with fish. The document also includes a vocabulary list and citations.
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This document provides information on the taxonomy of corals. It begins by introducing the phylum Cnidaria, which includes corals. It then describes key characteristics of Cnidaria and provides a classification system, dividing the phylum into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa. Most of the document focuses on describing the class Anthozoa, which contains corals and is further divided into subclasses and orders. For each group, example genera are provided. Key characteristics and taxonomic groups of important soft coral orders are also summarized.
Classification of Plants and Animals By SYED AASIM HAQ
This document provides an overview of the classification of plants and animals. It discusses the three domain system of classifying all living things and provides details on the classification of major kingdoms of plants and animals. The key plant groups discussed include algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The major animal phyla described are porifera, coelentrata, ctenophora, platyhelminthes, aschelminths, annelids, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata and the classes under chordata.
Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
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The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. It describes their key characteristics such as a jointed exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed limbs, and growth through molting. Arthropods are the largest and most diverse phylum, making up over 75% of animal species, mostly insects. Their success is attributed to traits like metamerism, tagmatization, their exoskeleton, hemocoel circulatory system, and ability to undergo metamorphosis. The phylum contains five subphyla characterized by their body plans, appendages, and habitats.
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There are over 50,000 species of molluscs that can be categorized into 7 classes. This document focuses on 3 classes - Gastropoda which includes snails, Bivalvia such as clams with two shells, and Cephalopoda like squid and octopus. Molluscs have a mantle, muscular foot, and secrete calcium-based shells or other stiff structures. They live in a variety of habitats from marine to freshwater and land.
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Birds are a class of vertebrates that evolved from dinosaurs. They have bilateral symmetry and hollow bones, allowing for flight. Unique characteristics include feathers, wings, and lack of teeth. Birds reproduce sexually, with males defending territories and providing care during incubation and fledgling stages. Common activities in their life cycle include breeding migration, territory formation, nest building, incubation, and seasonal migration.
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Coelenterates are diploblastic animals with a radial or biradial symmetry and two tissue layers. They are divided into three phyla - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa - based on their polyp and medusa forms. Hydrozoans have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle while scyphozoans are medusa-dominant and anthozoans are polyp-dominant. Cnidarians have stinging cells called nematocysts and a gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion, circulation, and osmoregulation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
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The document discusses the evolution of early vertebrates from jawless fishes to jawed fishes. It describes the characteristics of modern and extinct Agnathans (jawless) like hagfish and lampreys, including their filter feeding and parasitic behaviors. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) such as sharks, rays and chimaeras are discussed next, noting they lack bone and have placoid scales and advanced sensory systems. Key trends in vertebrate evolution included the development of the vertebral column, jaws, paired fins, and gills.
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This document provides information on sponges and cnidarians. It discusses the distinguishing features, basic body structures, life functions, habitats, and evolutionary histories of these early animal phyla. Sponges are multicellular organisms that live in water and have pores but lack nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. They reproduce sexually or through budding. Cnidarians are more complex than sponges and have stinging cells called cnidocytes. They have two main cell layers and feed through predation or symbiosis. Their fossil record extends back over 500 million years.
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