27 prokaryotes text

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 27.1

[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 27.2a–c 1 m 2 m 5 m (a) Spherical (cocci) (b) Rod-shaped (bacilli) (c) Spiral

Cell-Surface Structures ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],(a) Gram-positive. Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall with a large amount of peptidoglycan that traps the violet dye in the cytoplasm. The alcohol rinse does not remove the violet dye, which masks the added red dye. (b) Gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan, and it is located in a layer between the plasma membrane and an outer membrane. The violet dye is easily rinsed from the cytoplasm, and the cell appears pink or red after the red dye is added. Figure 27.3a, b Peptidoglycan layer Cell wall Plasma membrane Protein Gram- positive bacteria 20 m Outer membrane Peptidoglycan layer Plasma membrane Cell wall Lipopolysaccharide Protein Gram- negative bacteria

[object Object],[object Object],200 nm Capsule Figure 27.4

[object Object],[object Object],200 nm Fimbriae Figure 27.5

Motility ,[object Object],[object Object],Flagellum Filament Hook Cell wall Plasma membrane Basal apparatus 50 nm Figure 27.6

Internal and Genomic Organization ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],(a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote 0.2 m 1 m Respiratory membrane Thylakoid membranes Figure 27.7a, b

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 27.8 1 m Chromosome

Reproduction and Adaptation ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Endospore 0.3 m Figure 27.9

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Metabolic Relationships to Oxygen ,[object Object],[object Object]

Nitrogen Metabolism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Metabolic Cooperation ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Photosynthetic cells Heterocyst 20 m Figure 27.10

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 27.11 1 m

Lessons from Molecular Systematics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Figure 27.12 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Alpha Beta Gamma Epsilon Delta Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Korarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Nanoarchaeotes Eukaryotes Universal ancestor

Bacteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Chromatium; the small globules are sulfur wastes (LM) Fruiting bodies of Chondromyces crocatus, a myxobacterium (SEM) Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus Attacking a larger bacterium (colorized TEM) 2.5 m 1 m 0.5 m 10 m 5 m 2 m Figure 27.13 Rhizobium (arrows) inside a root cell of a legume (TEM) Nitrosomonas (colorized TEM) Chromatium; the small globules are sulfur wastes (LM) Fruiting bodies of Chondromyces crocatus, a myxobacterium (SEM) Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus Attacking a larger bacterium (colorized TEM) Helicobacter pylori (colorized TEM).

[object Object],Chlamydia (arrows) inside an animal cell (colorized TEM) Leptospira, a spirochete (colorized TEM) Streptomyces, the source of many antibiotics (colorized SEM) Two species of Oscillatoria, filamentous cyanobacteria (LM) Hundreds of mycoplasmas covering a human fibroblast cell (colorized SEM) 2.5 m 5 m 5 m 50 m 1 m Figure 27.13

Archaea ,[object Object],[object Object],Table 27.2

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Chemical Recycling ,[object Object],[object Object]

Symbiotic Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],Figure 27.15

Pathogenic Prokaryotes ,[object Object],[object Object],5 µm Figure 27.16

Prokaryotes in Research and Technology ,[object Object],[object Object]

27 prokaryotes text

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