The document discusses different types of pressure measurement techniques including manometers, elastic sensors like Bourdon tubes, and calibration using a dead weight tester. It explains how manometers like the U-tube manometer and well manometer measure pressure as a difference or height of fluid columns. Bourdon tubes are elastic tubes that deform under pressure and transmit the measurement mechanically. A dead weight tester precisely applies known pressures using weights on a floating piston to calibrate other pressure sensors.
You'll find a wonderful explanation of the following topics:-
Sensing Elements,Bellows ,Bourdon tube,Impact of Operating Environment ,Diaphragm,Differen,capacitance,tial Pressure Transmitters,strain gauge
You'll find a wonderful explanation of the following topics:-
Sensing Elements,Bellows ,Bourdon tube,Impact of Operating Environment ,Diaphragm,Differen,capacitance,tial Pressure Transmitters,strain gauge
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
Speaks about the different aspects of flow measurement i.e. flow types, fluid types, its units, selection parameters; definition of common terms, coanda effect coriolis effect . it also speaks about the factors affecting flow measurement.
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
this section speaks about the quantity flow meter and its different types i.e. positive displacement flow meter and metering pump, it comprises discussion on mass flow meter, coriolis flow meter, variable reluctance tacho generator and linear resistance element flow meter.
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
This slide will give you all information about the pressure measuring devices. IT will give you information about barometer, pressure measuring device, manometer and it will give you information about piezometers.
In this PPt u will see
1.Introduction
2.principle
3.construction
4.working
5.advantages and disadvantages
6.application
of Diaphragm and bellows pressure gauge
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
Speaks about the different aspects of flow measurement i.e. flow types, fluid types, its units, selection parameters; definition of common terms, coanda effect coriolis effect . it also speaks about the factors affecting flow measurement.
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
this section speaks about the quantity flow meter and its different types i.e. positive displacement flow meter and metering pump, it comprises discussion on mass flow meter, coriolis flow meter, variable reluctance tacho generator and linear resistance element flow meter.
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
This slide will give you all information about the pressure measuring devices. IT will give you information about barometer, pressure measuring device, manometer and it will give you information about piezometers.
In this PPt u will see
1.Introduction
2.principle
3.construction
4.working
5.advantages and disadvantages
6.application
of Diaphragm and bellows pressure gauge
This software is designed for Marine Bunker Surveyors to minimize time in bunker quantification following API-MPMS guidelines. It also contains some other conversion tools which are really important to calculate the fuel characteristics like Shell CCAI, BP CII, Net and Gross Specific Energy, Injection, Temperature based on measured viscosity, density conversion tools and much more.
CargoSurveyor: toolbox for marine cargo surveyorsRon Mooring
CargoSurveyor is the ultimate iOS app for marine cargo surveyors. It contains a complete set of tools to carry out full cargo surveys on board oil / chemical tankers and bunker surveys. It contains all you need to produce smart accurate ullage reports, bunker reports, transfer records, VEF reports, letters of protest and much more. See also mooringmarineconsultancy.wordpress.com.
Download it on iTunes: http://bit.ly/1A6X1Wy
Following Devices are described. All the best !!!
Bourdon Gauge Tube
Diaphragms
Bellow Gauge
Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCERS
Pirani Gauge (One Wire)
Ionization gauge
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Density
D=M⁄V
So for greater density mass will more in the
substance in unit volume. And greater density
will give more hydrostatic(head) pressure than
lower density.
Density always define in given temperature
because density of a liquid decreases as
temperature increases.
This temperature is here reference temp.
3. Specific gravity
• Some time density can define in terms of Specific
gravity.
• Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a
particular liquid to the density of water at a
reference temperature.
problem:
Water has a density of 1,000 kg/m3 at 50 °F. The
density of gasoline is 660 kg/m3 at 50 °F.
calculate Specific gravity of gasoline?
4. • Ullage Pressure is pressure that is exerted on the surface of a
liquid.
• In an open tank, atmospheric pressure (the pressure exerted by
the Earth’s atmosphere) is the pressure on the surface.
• A gauge pressure measurement is sufficient for level
measurement.
• In a closed tank, it is common practice to fill the vapor space with
buffer gas. This is done in order to protect the products inside the
tank or to prevent them from evaporating into atmosphere.
• This buffer gas will exert a pressure on the column of liquid that
must be subtracted from the measurement of the height of the
liquid column otherwise error will occur.
• Differential pressure measurement, where the low side reference
leg is connected to the vapor space will allow the head pressure to
be subtracted out.
Ullage Pressure
5. Factors for gas
• Factors for gas’s exert pressure
⇨ Gas container volume
⇨ Gas temperature.
There is ideal gas law relating it’s pressure
temperature and volume.
PV= nRT
6. Relations between
gas pressure and volume
Boyel’s law : It is stated that that the pressure and volume
of a gas have an inverse relationship, when temperature is
held constant.
P1V1= P2V2
A fixed amount of gas is transferred to a larger container,
the pressure will decrease in proportion to the increase in
container volume.
So we can conclude that gas can be compressed, the
pressure of a gas increases proportionately as the volume
of the container in which it is held decreases.
7. Need of pressure measurement
• There are four common need
⇨ Safety
⇨ Process efficiency
⇨ Cost savings
⇨ Measurement of other process variables
8. Safety
• Pipes, tanks, valves, and other equipment used with pressurized
fluids in process industries are designed to withstand the stress of a
specific range of pressures.
• Accurate pressure measurement and precise control help prevent
pipes and vessels from bursting.
• In addition, pressure measurement and control help minimize
equipment damage, reduce the risk of personal injury, and prevent
leaks of potentially harmful process materials into the environment.
• Pressure measurement used to control the level and flow of
process materials helps to prevent backups, spills, and overflows.
• By monitoring the pressure in the process, actions can be taken to
prevent (or minimize) an environmental release or personal injury/
exposure.
9. Cost saving
• The equipment used to create pressure or vacuum in
process industries (e.g., pumps and compressors) uses
considerable energy.
• Because energy costs money, a precise pressure
measurement can save money by preventing the
unnecessary expense of creating more pressure or
vacuum than is required to produce required result.
10. Process efficiency
Most common example making paper from paper bulb.
The piece of paper on which these words are written
was created from a pulp solution gone through a paper
machine at a specific pressure , If the pressure had
gone above or below the set point (required range),
the result would have been scrap instead of a usable
sheet of paper.
So, The efficiency of a process is directly related to the
quality of the product being produced.
11. Measurement of other variables
Pressure transmitters are frequently used to measure..
⇨ Temperature measurement
⇨ Level of fluid in a tank
⇨ Flow rate measurement through a pipe
⇨ Density of a substance
⇨ Liquid interface measurement
12. Types of pressure measuring sensors
• Mechanical type Instruments
⇨ Manometers- Comparing the unknown to
known pressure.
⇨ Metal diaphragm or bellows or capsules
⇨ Bourdon tubes.
• Electro-mechanical type Instruments
• Vacuum sensors.
14. Explanation
• Let the density of the fluid whose pressure being measured be ρf
and that of the manometer liquid be ρm.
• Equilibrium of the manometer liquid requires that there be the
same force in the two limbs across the plane AA.
• We can write : P+ ρfgh= Pa + ρmgh
• Finally ,
P-Pa =(ρm- ρf )gh
for manometer liquid most commonly used liquid is mercury(Hg)
and basically used for high pressure measurement
2nd common liquid is water and basically used for low pressure.
15. Contd..
• When measuring pressures close to the atmospheric
pressure in gases, the fluid density may be quite
negligible in comparison
with the manometer liquid density.
• Rewriting : P – Pa≈ ρm gh
for mercury manometer :
ρm=13600kg/m3
ρf=1kg/m3
16. Contd..
Advantages :
• Manometers include simple and time proven construction.
• High accuracy.
• Good repeatability.
• Wide range of filling fluids and use as primary standard or as
working device.
Disadvantages :
• Include lack of portability.
• Need of leveling, the hazardous condition existing when
mercury is used as the filling fluid and exposed to the atmosphere
and the reading error due to the meniscus on small diameter tubes.
17. Well type Manometer
• Sometimes a well type manometer is used and it operates in
the same manner as the U-tube manometer, except that
construction.
• In the well type manometer, one of the legs of the U-tube is
substituted by a large well such that the variation in the level
in the well will be negligible and instead of measuring a
differential height, a single height in the remaining column is
measured.
• The advantage of the well type design is that relatively large
pressure differences may be measured with enough
manometer liquid being available for doing so.
19. Well type inclined manometer
In case the measured pressure difference is small one may use
an inclined well type manometer
20. Summary
Advantages :
• Very simple
• No calibration required.
Disadvantages :
• slow response – for fluctuating pressures not useful, useful only for
slow varying pressures.
• For the "U" tube manometer two measurements must be taken
simultaneously to get the h value. This may be avoided by using a tube
with a much larger cross-sectional area on one side of the manometer
than the other.
• For very accurate work the temperature and relationship between
temperature and density of the manometric liquid must be known.
21. Elastic type pressure sensors
Elastic members are also used for measurement of
pressure up to 700 MPa.
⇨ Bourdon tube or pressure spring.
⇨ Bellows elements
⇨ Diaphragms.
Bellows and Diaphragms can be useable up to 3-6
Mpa but bourdon tubes for very high range.
22. Bourdon tube
• Bourdon tube pressure gages are extensively used for
local indication and signal transmission to remote
location.
• There are three types of bourbon elements
⇨ c-Type
⇨ spiral
⇨ Helical
23. C-type
• Bourdon gages are purely mechanical devices utilizing the
mechanical deformation of a flattened but bent tube.
• The motion is against a spring torque such that a needle
attached to the shaft indicates directly the pressure
difference.
24. C- Type working
The Bourdon tube is a metal tube of
elliptic cross section having a bent
shape.
• The inside of the tube is exposed to the
pressure to be measured. The outside of
the Bourdon tube is exposed to a second
pressure, usually the atmospheric.
• The Bourdon tube is held fixed at one
end (the end connected to the pressure
source) and the other end is connected
by linkages to a spring restrained shaft.
• A pointer is mounted on the shaft. The
needle moves over a circular scale that
indicates the pressure.
The position of the needle is determined
by a balance between the Bourdon tube
developed torque acting on the shaft and
the torque due to the shaft mounted
spring that opposes its movement.
25. Note
• The commercial Bourdon pressure gauges have near elliptical
cross section and tube generally bend into a C- shape or arc
length of about 27 degrees.
• The materials used are commonly Phosphor Bronze, Brass and
Beryllium Copper
30. Spiral type
The spiral bourdon element is used when the free-end movement
of the C-type is not great enough to provide the needed motion.
• Since greater movement of the free end is attained with the
spiral element, it is not necessary, in most cases, for mechanical
amplification, so better accuracy is obtained.
• Spiral tubes are made by winding the tube with its flattened
cross section in a spiral form of several turns.
• As pressure is applied to the spiral, it tends to uncoil, producing
the relatively long movement of the tip end whose motion can be
used for indication or transmission.
32. Helical type
The helical bourdon element is similar to the spiral element,
except it is wound in the form of a helix.
• It increases the tip travel considerably, producing even greater
amplification than the spiral element.
• Usually a central shaft is installed within the helical element,
and the pointer is driven from this shaft is installed within the
helical element, and the pointer is driven from this shaft by
connecting links.
• This system transmits only the circular motion of the tip to the
pointer and hence, is directly proportional to the changes in the
pressure
34. Need for various type
• The types are varied for specific uses and space
accomodations,for better linearity and larger
sensitivity.
• How ?
The displacement of the tip varies inversely as the
wall thickness and depends upon cross-sectional
form of the tube. But importantly length of the
arc.
Therefore displacement of the of the tip may be
increased by increasing the length of the arc of
the tube without changing the wall thickness.
35. Factors need to consider
• Nonlinearity
• Hysteresis
• Static error
• Elevation error
36. Non linearity
• Because of the compound stresses developed in the tube, actual
tip travel is nonlinear in nature.
• However for a small travel of this can be considered to be linear and
parallel to the axis of the link.
• The small linear tip movement is matched with a rotational pointer
movement.
• This is known as multiplication, which can be adjusted by adjusting
the length of the lever. A shorter lever gives larger rotation for the
same amount of tip travel.
• The approximately linear motion of the tip when converted to a
circular motion with a link-lever and pinion attachment, a one-to one
correspondence between them may not occur and a distortion
results. This is known as angularity which can be minimized by
adjusting the length of the link
37. Hysteresis , Static error and Elevation
error
•Hysteresis:
• Like all elastic elements Bourdon tube element also has some
hysteresis in a given pressure cycle. By proper choice of
material and its heat treatment, this may be kept low.
• Static error:
• It generally appears because of the change in elasticity due to
change in temperature. With temperature rising, elasticity
decreases and hence, indication would increase.
• Materials like Ni-span C, which consists of highest amount of Ni.
Lowest amount of carbon is virtually free from this change and
hence is suitable for low static error.
• Elevation error occurs if the tubing connecting the pressure
measuring element and the pressure point is partially filled
38. Advantages and Disadvantages
• Simple construction
• Very low cost
• Improved design at high pressure for maximum
safety
⇨ Disadvantages :
• They are susceptible to shock and vibration due
to their large overhang.
• They are subjected to hysteresis
40. working
• A Bourdon pressure gage may be calibrated by the use of a dead
weight tester, a schematic of which is shown in Figure.
• The dead weight tester consists of an arrangement by which a
piston may be allowed to float over a liquid (usually oil) under
internal pressure and a force in the opposite direction imposed
on the piston by weights placed as indicated in the figure.
• The oil pressure is changed by the pumping piston. The pressure
is calculated as the weight placed on the piston divided by the
cross section area of the piston (the piston is to be oriented
with its axis vertical).
• The gage under test experiences the same pressure by being
connected to a side tube communicating with the oil.
41. limitations
• The fiction between the cylinder and the
priston.
• The uncertainty in the area of the priston