this section speaks about the quantity flow meter and its different types i.e. positive displacement flow meter and metering pump, it comprises discussion on mass flow meter, coriolis flow meter, variable reluctance tacho generator and linear resistance element flow meter.
In this PPt u will see
1.Introduction
2.principle
3.construction
4.working
5.advantages and disadvantages
6.application
of Diaphragm and bellows pressure gauge
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
this section speaks about the quantity flow meter and its different types i.e. positive displacement flow meter and metering pump, it comprises discussion on mass flow meter, coriolis flow meter, variable reluctance tacho generator and linear resistance element flow meter.
In this PPt u will see
1.Introduction
2.principle
3.construction
4.working
5.advantages and disadvantages
6.application
of Diaphragm and bellows pressure gauge
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
In this presentation how flow rate, pressure, temperature and level in tank measure in refinery or any industry with different instrument are discussed.
Following Devices are described. All the best !!!
Bourdon Gauge Tube
Diaphragms
Bellow Gauge
Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCERS
Pirani Gauge (One Wire)
Ionization gauge
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
In this presentation how flow rate, pressure, temperature and level in tank measure in refinery or any industry with different instrument are discussed.
Following Devices are described. All the best !!!
Bourdon Gauge Tube
Diaphragms
Bellow Gauge
Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCERS
Pirani Gauge (One Wire)
Ionization gauge
Sub. Mechanical Engineering Measurement.Ch. no. 3 pressure and temperature me...Amol Kokare
Sub. Mechanical Engineering Measurement.
Ch. no. 3 pressure and temperature measurement
Babasaheb Phadatre Polytechnic, Kalamb.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Prepared By-
Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant Sir
This ppt includes different types of strain gauges which are used for pressure, temperature, force, acceleration etc measurement.
All types of strain gauges are included. Also temperature compensation is also explained.
Unit-3 Instrumentation and control in mechanical engineering and other basic subject which contain instruments and their working under the syllabus of RGPV UNIVERSITY Bhopal.
The ppt contains classification of hydraulic turbines as well as detail description of each turbine as well as numerical.
Each turbine is explained with construction and working. Also, Blade angles, types of flows, etc. are explained.
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Metal joining Processes( Riveting, Soldering, Welding)Prashant Borakhede
Metal joining processes includes Riveting, Soldering, Brazing, Welding etc. In this presentation, types of welding like gas welding metal arc welding are also included. advantages and disadvantages of the processes are also included.
This ppt includes measurement devices of speed measurement like various tachometers, acceleration measurement devices as well as vibration measurement devices, displacement sensing accelerometers, LVDT, piezoelectric tachometer, stroboscope.
Types of Casting Furnaces, Inspection and cleaning of castingPrashant Borakhede
This presentation includes
1.Types of castings Furnaces viz.crucible, Open hearth, electric arc, cupola.
2. Inspection methods of castings such as sound test, impact test, pressure test, radiography test, penetrant test, ultrasonic test, magnetic particle test etc.
3. Cleaning of casting: various methods such as removal of cores, gates, risers, unwanted metal projections, fins and nails.Surface cleaning etc.
Casting is very important in manufacturing processes. There are many processes of casting which are described in this presentation. Their defects are also described.
Instrument characteristics are divided into two parts 1. Static Characteristics 2. Dynamic Characteristics. Both characteristics are described in this presentation.
Pattern making is one of the first and most important steps in the casting process.The “pattern” is essentially a replica of the object about to be cast. In this presentation types of patterns, pattern making, pattern materials, types of cores, core boxes are described.
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. INTRODUCTION
Pressure measurement is one of the most common of
all the measurements made on systems.
Along with temperature and flow, pressure
measurements are extensively used in industry,
laboratories and many other fields for a wide variety of
purposes.
Pressure may be defined as action of a force against
some opposite force.
There are a wide varieties of pressure measuring
methods and devices which we will discuss.
3. Pressure measurement gauges are divided into
following
1. Mechanical Gauges
2. Low pressure Gauges
3. High Pressure Gauges
1. Mechanical Gauges:
Mechanical gauges are sub divided into following:
a) Manometers
b) Bourdon tube pressure gauges
c) Diaphragm gauges
d) Bellow pressure gauges
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
4. a) Diaphragm Gauges:
Diaphragm is a thin plate of circular shape clamped
around its edges.
Diaphragm gets deflected in accordance with pressure
differential across the side; deflection being towards
lower side.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
5. b) Bellow Pressure Gauge
The bellow is longitudinally
expansible and collapsible member
consisting of several convolutions
or folds.
Material selection is generally based
on considerations like strength or
the pressure range, hysteresis and fatigue,
corrosiveness of the bellows
environment, ease of fabrication etc.
Most common material chosen for
bellows fabrication are: trumpet brass,
stainless steel, phosphor bronze and
beryllium copper.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
6. The unit is very sensitive; changes of pressure of vacuum
causing a proportional change in the effective length.
Pressure is applied to one side of the bellows and
resulting deflection is counter balanced by a spring.
By suitable linkages, bellows displacement is magnified
and the gauge pressure is indicated by a pointer on
scale.
Axial movement, also called stroke, corresponding to
elastic deformation can be increased by increasing
number of convolutions.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
7. Advantages:
Simple and rugged construction
Good for low to moderate pressures
Available for gauge, differential and absolute pressure
measurements
Moderate cost
Limitations:
Greater hysteresis and zero shift problems
Unsuitable for transient measurements due to a longer
relative motion and mass
Needs spring for accurate characterization
Requires compensation for ambient temperature
changes.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
8. 2. Low Pressure Gauges
Pressure less than 1 mm of mercury are considered to be
low pressures, and expressed by torr or micron.
One torr is a pressure equivalent to 1 mm of Hg at
standard conditions; one micron is 10-3 torr.
Term vacuum refers to any pressure bellow atmosphere
(760mm Hg).
This pressure region is divided into five segments:
Low vacuum 760 torr to 25 torr
Medium vacuum 25 torr to 10-3 torr.
High vacuum to 10-6 torr to 10-9 torr.
Ultra high vacuum 10-9 torr and beyond.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
9. Low pressure measurement devices are
a) Mcleod Gauge
b) Thermocouple gauge
c) Ionisation gauge
d) Pirani Vaccum gauge
a) Mcleod Gauge
The unit comprises a system of glass tubings in which
a known volume of gas at unknown pressure is
trapped and then isothermally compressed by a rising
mercury column.
This amplifies unknown pressure and allows its
measurement by convnetional manometric means.
Its operation involves following steps.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
11. Plunger is withdrawn and mercury level is lowered to the
cut off position, thereby admitting gas at unknown
pressure Po into system.
Let Vo be the volume of gas admitted into measuring
capillary, the bulb and into the tube down to the cut off
points.
Plunger is pushed in and the mercury level goes up.
The plunger motion is continued until the mercury level
in the reference capillary reaches the zero mark.
Let height ‘h’ be a measure of the compressed gas
volume sealed into the measuring capillary.
This height also represents rise in gas pressure in terms
of height of mercury column.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
12. If ‘a’ denotes the area of measuring capillary. Then the
final volume Vf = ah, and the final amplified manometric
pressure Pf = Po+ h
Unknown pressure in then calculated using Boyles law
as follows:
PoVo=PfVf
= (Po +h) *ah
Po = ( a h2 )/(Vo - ah)
If ah<< Vo as is usually the case, then
Po = (a h2 /Vo)
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
13. Advantages:
It is independent of the gas composition.
It serves as a reference standard to other low pressure
measurement devices.
There is no need to apply corrections to Mcleod gauges
Limitations:
Gas whose pressure is to be measured should obeys
Boyles law.
It measures only on a sample basis
It cannot give continuous output.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
14. b) Thermal Conductivity Gauges
These gauges measures pressure through a change in
the thermal conductivity of the gas.
It is based on a principle that “at low pressure there is a
relationship between pressure and thermal conductivity ie
the heat conductivity decreases with decreasing
pressure”.
i) Thermal Conductivity Gauges:
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
15. In this gauge the heater element and a thermocouple
welded to it are enclosed in a metal or glass envelope.
This envelope communicates with the vacuum system
whose pressure is to be measured.
The element is supplied with a constant electric energy
and its temperature (which is function of the heat loss and
hence thermal conductivity or pressure of the surrounding
gas) is measured by the thermocouple.
The voltage measuring instrument can be directly
calibrated to read the pressure of the gas.
Thermocouple gauges of one type or another are available
to measure in the range 10-4 to 1 torr.
These gauges have following advantages and limitations.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
16. Advantages:
Rugged and inexpensive construction
Convenient and continuous reading
No departure from linearity in the range 0.02 to 1 mm of
Hg.
Possibility o f process control with meter relay
Possibility of remote reading from system
Limitations:
Narrow reading range
Need for individual and frequent calibration for different
gases
Requires electric power
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
17. ii) Pirani Vacuum Gauges
It is a type of thermal conductivity
gauge.
It is based on a hot metal wire
suspended in a tube that is exposed
to gas pressure media.
The Pirani gauge measures the vacuum pressure
dependent thermal conductivity from the heated wire to
the surrounding gas.
The heated Pirani sensor filament is typically made of a
thin (<25 µm) Tungsten, Nickel or Platium wire which is
enclosed in glass tube.
If the gas density is low then then thermal conductivity in
the filament is low.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
18. The Pirani wire filament is typically operated in a
balanced Wheatstone bridge circuit where one leg of the
bridge is the Pirani filament and the other three
elements of the bridge circuit balance and temperature
compensate the circuit.
At first the bridge is balances.
A constant current is passed through the filament in the
pirani gauge chamber. Due to this current, the filament
gets heated and assumes a resistance which is
measured using the bridge.
Now the pressure source to be measured (applied
pressure) is connected to the pirani gauge chamber.
Due to the applied pressure the density of the
surrounding of the pirani gauge filament changes.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
19. Due to the applied pressure the density of the
surrounding of the pirani gauge filament changes.
Due to this change in density of the surrounding of the
filament its conductivity changes causing the
temperature of the filament to change.
When the temperature of the filament changes, the
resistance of the filament also changes.
Now the change in resistance of the filament is
determined using the bridge.
This change in resistance of the pirani gauge filament
becomes a measure of the applied pressure when
calibrated.
Used to measure low vacuum and ultra high vacuum
pressures.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
20. Advantages of Pirani gauge
It covers range form about 10-5 to 1 torr.
They are rugged and inexpensive
Give accurate results
Good response to pressure changes.
Relation between pressure and resistance is linear for
the range of use.
Readings can be taken from a distance.
Limitations of Pirani gauge
Pirani gauge must be checked frequently.
Pirani gauge must be calibrated from different gases.
Electric power is a must for its operation.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
21. c) Ionisation Gauge
The hot filament ionisation gauge consists of heated
filament( cathod) to furnish electrons, a grid and an
anode plate.
These elements are enclosed in
envelop which communicates with
the vacuum system under test.
The grid is maintained at positive
potential while anode plate is
maintained at negative potential.
The cathod is positive ion collector and anode is an
electron collector.
When electrons are emmited by the heated cathode, high
positive charge on grid accelerates the stream electrons
away from the cathode.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
22. Because of their speed and relative wide spacing
between the turns of the grid, most of the electrons
continue moving past the grid.
These electrons collides with gas molecules, thereby
causing ionization of the gas atoms.
Since the anode plate is maintained at a negative
potential, the positive ions in the space between grid and
anode migrates towards anode and current I1 is produced
in the plate circuit.
The electrons and negative ions are collected by the grid
and current I2 is produced in the grid circuit.
The rate of ion production is proportional to the number
of electron available to ionize the gas the and the amount
of gas present.
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon
23. P= (1/S)(I1 / I2)
Where S is sensitivity.
Advantages:
Wide pressure range of 10-3 to 10-11 torr.
Constant sensitivity for a given gas over a wide range of
pressure.
Possibility of process control and remote indication
Fast response to pressure changes.
Limitation:
High cost and complex electrical circuitry
Calibration varies with gases
Filament burns out if exposed to air while hot.
Decomposition of some gases by the hot filament
Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGI-COET, Shegaon