This document discusses infective endocarditis, including its classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, signs, diagnosis, and complications. It can be classified as native or prosthetic valve endocarditis. Pathogenesis involves bacterial seeding of the heart valves leading to vegetation formation. Common risk factors include intravenous drug use and artificial heart valves. Signs may be nonspecific like fever or more specific like Osler's nodes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures and echocardiography. Complications affect the heart, kidneys, brain, spleen and other organs due to embolisms.

1. INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

2. CLASSIFICATION
OLD
•Subacute bacterial endocarditis
•Acute bacterial endocarditis
NEW
•Native valve endocarditis
•Prosthetic valve endocarditis
•Endocarditis in injection drug users
•Nosocromial endocarditis(not includued
everywhere)

3. PATHOGENESIS
• Alteration of the valvular endothelium leading to deposition of
platelets and fibrin
•Bacteremia with seeding of non-bacterial thrombotic
vegetation(NBTE)
•Adherence and growth, further platelet and fibrin deposition
•Extension to other structures
- Papillary muscle, aortic valve ring abscess, conduction
system

4. •Intravenous drug abuse
•Artificial heart valves and pacemakers
•Acquired heart defects
•Calcific aortic stenosis
•Mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation
•Congenital heart defects
•Intravascular catheters
RISK FACTORS

5. •Staphylococcus aureus(30-40%)
•Viridans group streptococci(18%)
•Enterococci (11%)
•Coagulase-negative staphylococci (11%)
•Streptococcus bovis(7%)
•Other streptococci (5%)
•Non-HACEK Gram negatives(2%)
•HACEK organisms(2%)
•Fungi(2%)
•Culture negative(2-20%)
MICROBIOLOGY

7. •Fever
•Heart murmur
•Nonspecific signs – petechiae, subungal
or “splinter” hemorrhages, clubbing,
splenomegaly, neurologic changes
•More specific signs - Osler’s Nodes,
Janeway lesions, and Roth Spots
SIGNS

8. Petechiae
Photo credit, Josh Fierer, M.D.
medicine.ucsd.edu/clinicalimg/ Eye-Petechiae.html
Harden Library for the Health Sciences
www.lib.uiowa.edu/ hardin/
md/cdc/3184.html
1. Nonspecific
2. Often located on extremities
or mucous membranes
dermatology.about.com/.../
blpetechiaephoto.htm

9. Splinter Hemorrhages
1. Nonspecific
2. Nonblanching
3. Linear reddish-brown lesions found under the nail bed
4. Usually do NOT extend the entire length of the nail

10. Osler’s Nodes
1. More specific
2. Painful and erythematous nodules
3. Located on pulp of fingers and toes
4. More common in subacute IE
American College of Rheumatology
webrheum.bham.ac.uk/.../ default/pages/3b5.htm
www.meddean.luc.edu/.../
Hand10/Hand10dx.html

11. Janeway Lesions
1. More specific
2. Erythematous, blanching macules
3. Nonpainful
4. Located on palms and soles

12. DIAGNOSIS

13. Blood Cultures
Minimum of three blood cultures1
Three separate venipuncture sites
Obtain 10-20mL in adults and 0.5-5mL in children2
Positive Result
Typical organisms present in at least 2 separate samples
Persistently positive blood culture (atypical organisms)
Two positive blood cultures obtained at least 12 hours apart
Three or a more positive blood cultures in which the first and
last samples were collected at least one hour apart
BLOOD CULTURE

15. Chest x-ray
Look for multiple focal infiltrates and
calcification of heart valves
EKG
Rarely diagnostic
Look for evidence of ischemia, conduction delay,
and arrhythmias
Echocardiography
IMAGING

16. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
First line if suspected IE
Native valves
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Prosthetic valves
Intracardiac complications
Inadequate TTE
Fungal or S. aureus or bacteremia
INDICATIONS FOR ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

22. CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS
•Vegetations on valve closure lines
•Destruction and perforation of valve leaflets
•Rupture of chordae tendinae, intraventricular septum,
papillary muscles
•Valve ring abscess
•Myocardial abscess
•Conduction abnormalities
•Congestive heart failure

23. EXTRA CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS
KIDNEY
•Immune complex glomerulonephritis
•Emboli with infarction, abcess
AORTIC MYCOTIC ANEURYSM
CEREBRAL EMBOLISM
•Infarction, abcess, mycotic aneurysm
•Purulent/aseptic meningitis
•Hemorrhage

24. SPLENIC ENLARGEMENT, INFARCTION
SEPTIC OR BLAND PULMONARY EMBOLISM
SKIN
BOWEL AND OTHER ORGAN EMBOLI’S