A Power Point Presentation on the Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis covering everything from explanation and history to causes, effects, treatments, diagnosis, and prognosis.
an overview of Lupus for journalist
Lupus has a wide spectrum of manifestation. Some mild but in most cases it has a high impact of life and quality of life
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It is a long-term disease. It can also affect other organs.
RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men.
Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. Table of Contents Introduction Explanation & History Signs & Symptoms Diagnostic Testing Diagnosis Treatments Prognosis Conclusion Bibliography
3. Introduction My name is Rebecca Ledford and I am 27 years old. Growing up I have always been a lover of the arts, especially the art of dance. So much that when I was 3 years old, my mother enrolled me into my first dance class. For the better part of 15 years, dance was my life. Classes and competitions every weekend. At age 17 I was faced with the hardest decision I thought I would ever have to make. After seeing the doctor for minor wrist and knee pain, which at the time, I thought was just normal wear and tear from being a dancer for so many years, I was told that if I didn’t stop dancing sometime soon, I would end up on crutches or in a wheelchair, by the time I was 35. I was diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis.
4. Explanation & History Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but mainly attacks the joints producing an inflammatory synovitis. The first known cases date back as far as 4500 BC. Although, the first recognized description of the disease was in 1800 by the French physician Dr. Augustin Jacob Landre-Beauvais. The name, Rheumatoid Arthritis, was coined in 1859 by British rheumatologist Dr. Alfred Baring Garrod. The name is based on the term “rheumatic fever,” an illness which includes joint pain and is derived from the Greek word rheumatos meaning flowing and the suffix –oid meaning resembling, thus giving it the translation as joint inflammation that resembles rheumatic fever.
5. While RA mainly affects the joints, problems involving other organs of the body are known to occur. May also produce inflammation in the lungs, pericardium, pleura, and sclera. It can be difficult to determine whether the extra-articular symptoms are directly caused by RA or from side effects of the medications commonly used to treat it. Cause is unknown but autoimmunity plays a big part in its chronicity and progression. RA is a chronic disease who’s pain intensity and deterioration of joint structures progress over time often leading to deformations and disability.
6. Epidemiology - Statistics About 1% of the worlds population is afflicted, women almost 3 times more often than men. It is 4 times more common among smoker’s than non-smokers and some Native American groups have a higher prevalence rate. Genetics and/or family history play a big role as well. Onset is uncommon under the age of 15, however no age is immune. It is most commonly diagnosed between the ages of 40 and 50 years and normally no later than 80 years of age.
8. Arthritis of the joints – Synovitis. An inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines the joints and tendon sheaths. Joints become swollen, tender, and warm, and stiffness limits their movement. RA nearly always affects multiple joints. Common of joints affected are the small joints of the hands, feet, and cervical spine, as well as, larger joints such as the shoulders and knees. Synovitis can lead to tethering of tissue with loss of movement and erosion of the joint surface causing deformity and loss of function. Joints are often affected in a fairly symmetrical fashion, although this is not specific, and the initial presentation may be asymmetrical.
10. The Rheumatoid Nodule Often subcutaneous, it is the feature most characteristic of RA. The initial pathological process in nodule formation is unknown, however, it is very similar to synovitis because of the structural features that occur in both. The nodule has a central area of fibrinoid necrosis. Tissue death, in which there is accumulation of amorphous, proteinaceous material in the tissue matrix with a staining pattern reminiscent of fibrin. Surrounding the necrosis is a layer of palisading macrophages and fibroblasts, corresponding to the intimal layer in synovium and a cuff of connective tissue containing clusters of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
11. Typically about 3 millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter, the nodules are usually found over bony prominences. The Olecranon – behind the elbow. The Calcaneal Tuberosity – the heel bone. The Metacarpophalangeal Joints – the hands. Also may occur in other areas of the body that sustain repeated mechanical stress.
13. Fibrosis of the of lungs The formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue. A recognized response to RA. It is very rare, but a well identified consequence of therapy. Renal Amyloidosis A progressive, incurable, metabolic disease characterized by abnormal deposits of protein in the kidneys. Treatment with Penicillamine, a metabolite of penicillin although it has no antibiotic properties, and gold salts are causes of membranous nephropathy.
15. Myocardial Infarction Commonly known as a heart attack. Occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted causing some heart cells to die. Disambiguation Stroke. The rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in blood supply to the brain. Atherosclerosis The abnormal narrowing of an artery. The condition in which an artery wall thickens due to a build up of fatty materials such as cholesterol.
16. Other conditions of the heart caused by RA: Pericarditis Inflammation of the pericardium – the sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels. Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. Left Ventricular Failure Commonly known as heart failure. Valvulitis Inflammation of one or more of the heart valves.
18. Ocular Episcleritis Inflammation of the sclera or white of the eye. Scleromalacia An abnormal softening of the sclera. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Dryness of the eyes. Caused by the lack of tear production. When severe, dryness of the cornea can lead to keratitis. Inflammation of the cornea. Loss of vision.
20. Hematological Anemia The most common abnormality of the blood cells. Red blood cells are of normal size and color but are lacking in number. Neutropenia An abnormally low white blood cell count. Normally only occurs when the patient has an enlarged liver or spleen. Thrombocytosis An increased platelet count. Occurs when inflammation is uncontrolled.
22. Carpel Tunnel Syndrome Due to compression of the medial nerve by swelling around the wrist. Atlanto-Axial Subluxation Erosion of the odontoid process and/or transverse ligaments in the cervical spine’s connection to the skull. Vertebrae begin slipping over one another and compress the spinal cord. Clumsiness is initially experienced, but without due care this can progress to quadriplegia. Quadriplegia :: paralysis of all four extremities.
24. X Rays X rays of hands and feet are generally performed in people with RA. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Ultrasounds
25. Blood Tests Rheumatoid Factor (RF) RF is a specific antibody in the blood. A negative RF does not rule out RA. The arthritis is then called seronegative, most common during the first year of illness and converting to seropositive status over time. Anti-citrullinated Protein Antibodies (ACPAs) Like RF, this testing is only positive in a proportion of all RA cases. Unlike RF, this test is rarely found positive if RA is NOT present, giving it a specificity of about 95%.
26. Other blood tests performed when RA is suspected: Lupus Erythematosus A connective tissue disease Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) The rate at which red blood cells precipitate in a 1 hour period. C-Reactive Protein A protein found in the blood in response to inflammation. Full Blood Count Gives information about all blood cells. Renal Function Kidney Function Liver Enzymes Gives information on the state of a patient’s liver
28. At least FOUR criteria MUST be met for classification of RA. Morning stiffness of more than 1 hour most mornings for at least 6 weeks. Arthritis and soft-tissue swelling of more than 3 of 14 joints, present for at least 6 weeks. Arthritis of the hand joints, present for at least 6 weeks. Symmetric arthritis, present for at least 6 weeks. Subcutaneous nodules in specific places. Rheumatoid Factor at a level above the 95th percentile. Radiological changes suggestive of joint erosion.
30. Goal of Treatment To alleviate the current symptoms and to prevent future destruction of the joints resulting in handicap. Cortisone Therapy Cortisone, a steroid hormone, can be valuable to a long term treatment plan. Anti-inflammatory Agents Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen Acetaminophen Tylenol Opiates Any of the narcotic alkaloids found in the opium poppy. Diproqualone A Sedative Lidocaine Topical A local anesthetic
31. Other Therapies Include: Weight Loss Occupational Therapy Podiatry The study of the foot, ankle, and leg. Physiotherapy Immunoadsorption Therapy A drug that has effect on the immune system. Radon Therapy A radioactive water bath. Acupuncture A technique of inserting fine needles into specific points of the body to relieve pain.
33. Disability Daily living activities are impaired. After 5 years of disease, approximately 33% of sufferers can no longer work. After 10 years of disease, approximately 50% of sufferers have substantial functional disability. Some people have mild or short-term symptoms, but in most cases, the disease is progressive for life. The life shortening effect of RA varies. Most sources cite a lifespan reduction of 5 to 10 years.
35. Rheumatoid Arthritis is more severe than I ever really began to think that it was. I watched my grandmother suffer through it for so many years, but never really understood the extent of the disease. I’ve been a sufferer of Rheumatoid Arthritis for almost 11 years now. I’m certainly glad that I’ve been given the chance to better understand the inner workings of my body through this project.
