Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardial surfaces. It most commonly involves the mitral and aortic valves. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of acute infective endocarditis while viridans streptococci most commonly cause subacute infective endocarditis. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and is confirmed through blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying modified Duke criteria. Treatment involves prolonged intravenous antibiotics targeting the causative organism along with surgery to address valvular complications or poor prognostic factors. Prevention strategies focus on proper dental and skin care to reduce risk of infection from procedures.
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves, usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and adhering to previously damaged valves. It can occur in patients with normal or abnormal heart anatomy. Viridans streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes. It may present with nonspecific symptoms like fever or with signs of complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment is antibiotics with possible surgery. Prevention focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis before procedures for high-risk patients.
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It usually involves the heart valves. It is classified as either acute or subacute based on the virulence of the infecting organism and clinical course. Common predisposing factors are rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic heart valves. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using positive blood cultures, echocardiographic findings, and clinical features. Treatment involves long-term intravenous antibiotics and may require surgery for complications or poorly responsive infections. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for certain high risk groups before invasive procedures.
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It involves the heart valves, mural endocardium, or intracardiac devices. It is classified as acute or subacute based on the virulence of the organism and progression of symptoms. Predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic valves. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using blood cultures, echocardiography, and clinical signs. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy targeting the identified organism along with surgery in some cases. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for high risk patients undergoing certain medical procedures.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be acute or subacute depending on the virulence of the organism and host factors. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, and embolic phenomena. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment is with prolonged antibiotic therapy tailored to the identified organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Infective endocarditis has a high mortality rate around 25% depending on the organism and underlying heart condition.
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream. It requires prolonged antibiotic treatment and sometimes surgery to address complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography to identify vegetations or abscesses, and application of the modified Duke criteria. Complications can include embolisms, metastatic infections, immune complex disease, and valve destruction. Prevention relies on antibiotic prophylaxis for certain dental and surgical procedures for at-risk patients.
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis, including:
- It defines infective endocarditis and discusses its history and evolution.
- It covers the epidemiology, classification, predisposing factors, pathogenesis, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of infective endocarditis.
- It provides details on the various types of infective endocarditis including native valve, prosthetic valve, intravenous drug abuse, nosocomial, and pacemaker infective endocarditis.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Native valve endocarditis most commonly affects the mitral valve and has a mortality of 16-27% with treatment. Risk factors include IV drug use, poor dental hygiene, and underlying heart conditions.
- Prosthetic valve endocarditis has higher mortality rates of 30-80% for early infection and 20-40% for late infection.
- Common causative organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, and enterococci. Fungal and HACEK organisms are also possible.
- Diagnosis
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves, usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and adhering to previously damaged valves. It can occur in patients with normal or abnormal heart anatomy. Viridans streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes. It may present with nonspecific symptoms like fever or with signs of complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment is antibiotics with possible surgery. Prevention focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis before procedures for high-risk patients.
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It usually involves the heart valves. It is classified as either acute or subacute based on the virulence of the infecting organism and clinical course. Common predisposing factors are rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic heart valves. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using positive blood cultures, echocardiographic findings, and clinical features. Treatment involves long-term intravenous antibiotics and may require surgery for complications or poorly responsive infections. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for certain high risk groups before invasive procedures.
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It involves the heart valves, mural endocardium, or intracardiac devices. It is classified as acute or subacute based on the virulence of the organism and progression of symptoms. Predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic valves. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using blood cultures, echocardiography, and clinical signs. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy targeting the identified organism along with surgery in some cases. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for high risk patients undergoing certain medical procedures.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be acute or subacute depending on the virulence of the organism and host factors. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, and embolic phenomena. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment is with prolonged antibiotic therapy tailored to the identified organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Infective endocarditis has a high mortality rate around 25% depending on the organism and underlying heart condition.
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream. It requires prolonged antibiotic treatment and sometimes surgery to address complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography to identify vegetations or abscesses, and application of the modified Duke criteria. Complications can include embolisms, metastatic infections, immune complex disease, and valve destruction. Prevention relies on antibiotic prophylaxis for certain dental and surgical procedures for at-risk patients.
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis, including:
- It defines infective endocarditis and discusses its history and evolution.
- It covers the epidemiology, classification, predisposing factors, pathogenesis, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of infective endocarditis.
- It provides details on the various types of infective endocarditis including native valve, prosthetic valve, intravenous drug abuse, nosocomial, and pacemaker infective endocarditis.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Native valve endocarditis most commonly affects the mitral valve and has a mortality of 16-27% with treatment. Risk factors include IV drug use, poor dental hygiene, and underlying heart conditions.
- Prosthetic valve endocarditis has higher mortality rates of 30-80% for early infection and 20-40% for late infection.
- Common causative organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, and enterococci. Fungal and HACEK organisms are also possible.
- Diagnosis
1) Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be caused by various organisms and has multiple risk factors.
2) Clinical presentation may include fever, heart murmur, embolic events, and peripheral signs. Investigations include blood cultures, echocardiography, and modified Duke's criteria.
3) Management involves long-term antibiotic therapy based on culture results, monitoring for complications, and possible surgery if the infection cannot be controlled medically or the patient develops heart failure or other complications.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be classified as native valve, prosthetic valve, intravenous drug abuse related, or nosocomial acquired. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, petechiae, and splinter hemorrhages. Blood cultures and echocardiography are used to diagnose. Treatment involves parenteral antibiotics for 4-6 weeks along with possible surgery. Complications can be embolic, from local spread of infection, metastatic spread, or immune complex formation leading to glomerulonephritis. Prevention focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis for high risk patients before certain medical procedures.
1) Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardial surface. It can be caused by various organisms and has multiple risk factors.
2) It presents with non-specific symptoms like fever and heart murmur, and can lead to complications affecting the heart, brain, spleen and other organs. Investigations include blood cultures, echocardiography and modified Duke's criteria.
3) Management involves long-term intravenous antibiotics based on culture results, treating complications, and possibly surgery to repair or replace infected valves. Patients are monitored in the hospital for resolution of symptoms and complications of infective endocarditis.
Endocarditis ( Inflammatory disease of the Heart ANILKUMAR BR
Infective endocarditis is an inflammatory process of the endocardium, especially the heart valves. It carries high morbidity and mortality risks but outcomes can be improved with early diagnosis and effective treatment. The disorder is usually caused by bacterial infections entering the bloodstream from procedures involving the mouth, respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary systems. Symptoms include fever, heart murmur, and embolic complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and assessing for clinical signs. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks along with managing complications and preventing recurrence.
This document provides information about infective endocarditis, including its causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves and lining that can be caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream. It requires long-term antibiotic treatment and may necessitate valve replacement surgery if complications occur. Nurses monitor for symptoms, assess treatment effectiveness, and educate patients on preventing future infections.
This document discusses endocarditis, an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. It defines endocarditis and describes its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis using the Duke's criteria, approach, treatment with antibiotics and sometimes surgery, and prophylaxis. For the presented case of a 26-year-old IV drug user with fever and murmur, the recommended workup includes blood cultures, CBC, electrolytes, urine analysis, EKG, CT chest, and transthoracic echocardiogram along with IV fluids, antibiotics, and consulting infectious disease and cardiology specialists.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including trends, classifications, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- IE is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria. Common predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use.
- It is classified based on several factors such as the site of infection, causative organism, and underlying risk factors. Acute IE has a rapid course while subacute IE progresses more slowly.
- Common symptoms include heart murmurs, heart failure, embolic phenomena affecting organs like the brain, lungs and kidneys. Specific findings include petechiae, splinter
This ppt of endocarditis consists of definition, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy, management of endocarditis
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis. It defines infective endocarditis as a microbial infection of the endothelial heart surface or intracardiac devices. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, investigations, treatment, and prophylaxis of the condition. The most common causes are streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci bacteria. Infective endocarditis can be native or prosthetic valve endocarditis. If left untreated, it can be fatal in 20-100% of cases depending on diagnosis and treatment. Echocardiography is important for diagnosis, and treatment involves antibiotics tailored to the infecting organism.
Infective endocarditis is an inflammatory process that occurs on the endocardium due to infection following endothelial damage, most often involving the aortic and mitral valves. It is diagnosed using the Duke criteria which considers major and minor criteria such as positive blood cultures, evidence of endocardial involvement, predisposing factors, and clinical symptoms. Echocardiography plays a fundamental role in diagnosis and management. Treatment involves bactericidal antibiotics for weeks depending on the pathogen and location of infection. Complications include heart failure, embolism, neurological events and more. Surgery may be indicated for complications or uncontrolled infection. Proper oral hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis are important for prevention.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is classified based on whether the infection involves native or prosthetic valves. Common causes are bacteria like staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus. Risk factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use. Symptoms can include fever, heart murmur, and embolic complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and Duke criteria. Treatment is with long-term antibiotics with surgery for complications like heart failure or persistent infection. Prevention involves antibiotics for certain medical procedures to prevent bacteremia.
Infective endocarditis is characterized by proliferation of microorganisms on the heart's endothelium, resulting in the development of vegetations, most commonly on the cardiac valves. It can be classified as either acute or subacute. Acute endocarditis follows a rapidly progressive course while subacute progresses more slowly. Common causative organisms include streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci. It is diagnosed using the Duke's Criteria based on clinical evidence, laboratory findings, and echocardiographic imaging. Homeopathic treatment focuses on addressing the underlying susceptibility and constitutional symptoms of each individual patient.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, which is a microbial infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It forms vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and organisms that can damage the heart valves. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream, with common culprits being streptococci and staphylococci. Risk factors include pre-existing heart valve problems, intravenous drug use, and dental procedures. It can range from acute to subacute and cause complications like heart failure, neurological problems, and kidney damage if not properly treated with antibiotics and possibly surgery to repair or replace damaged valves. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for worsening symptoms and preventing further infection.
1. Cardiovascular devices and prostheses can become infected, leading to device-related infective endocarditis (CDRIE). CDRIE is associated with high mortality.
2. Infective endocarditis can also occur in unusual sites, such as the pulmonary valve, coronary stents, septal closure devices, and the aorta in the setting of coarctation. These unusual sites of IE are often associated with underlying heart conditions or invasive procedures/devices.
3. Diagnosis of infective endocarditis requires blood cultures, echocardiography, and in some cases lead extractions to confirm the causative pathogen. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy and often complete removal of the infected
A powerpoint presentation about infective Endocarditis, with the most recent updates from the most reliable sources. I highlighted an introduction, pathology, approach to disease & different management plans in this presentation. 2018. Please don't forget to give me credit to my work.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves. It can affect native or prosthetic valves. Common causes are streptococci and staphylococci bacteria. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and application of the Duke criteria. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics for 2-6 weeks along with surgery if needed for complications. Prognosis depends on the causative organism and underlying heart condition.
This document discusses infective endocarditis (IE), a serious infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, causative organisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria (Modified Duke Criteria), investigations including echocardiography and blood cultures, and treatment approach for IE. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause worldwide and viridans group streptococci are common causes after dental procedures. Diagnosis relies on modified Duke criteria incorporating positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that involves the heart valves and adjacent structures. It is caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream and can lead to heart valve damage or death. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, heart murmur. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and the modified Duke criteria. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy, which depends on the identified organism. Prevention focuses on proper dental hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis for certain at-risk patients before invasive procedures.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
1) Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be caused by various organisms and has multiple risk factors.
2) Clinical presentation may include fever, heart murmur, embolic events, and peripheral signs. Investigations include blood cultures, echocardiography, and modified Duke's criteria.
3) Management involves long-term antibiotic therapy based on culture results, monitoring for complications, and possible surgery if the infection cannot be controlled medically or the patient develops heart failure or other complications.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be classified as native valve, prosthetic valve, intravenous drug abuse related, or nosocomial acquired. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, petechiae, and splinter hemorrhages. Blood cultures and echocardiography are used to diagnose. Treatment involves parenteral antibiotics for 4-6 weeks along with possible surgery. Complications can be embolic, from local spread of infection, metastatic spread, or immune complex formation leading to glomerulonephritis. Prevention focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis for high risk patients before certain medical procedures.
1) Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardial surface. It can be caused by various organisms and has multiple risk factors.
2) It presents with non-specific symptoms like fever and heart murmur, and can lead to complications affecting the heart, brain, spleen and other organs. Investigations include blood cultures, echocardiography and modified Duke's criteria.
3) Management involves long-term intravenous antibiotics based on culture results, treating complications, and possibly surgery to repair or replace infected valves. Patients are monitored in the hospital for resolution of symptoms and complications of infective endocarditis.
Endocarditis ( Inflammatory disease of the Heart ANILKUMAR BR
Infective endocarditis is an inflammatory process of the endocardium, especially the heart valves. It carries high morbidity and mortality risks but outcomes can be improved with early diagnosis and effective treatment. The disorder is usually caused by bacterial infections entering the bloodstream from procedures involving the mouth, respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary systems. Symptoms include fever, heart murmur, and embolic complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and assessing for clinical signs. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks along with managing complications and preventing recurrence.
This document provides information about infective endocarditis, including its causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves and lining that can be caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream. It requires long-term antibiotic treatment and may necessitate valve replacement surgery if complications occur. Nurses monitor for symptoms, assess treatment effectiveness, and educate patients on preventing future infections.
This document discusses endocarditis, an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. It defines endocarditis and describes its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis using the Duke's criteria, approach, treatment with antibiotics and sometimes surgery, and prophylaxis. For the presented case of a 26-year-old IV drug user with fever and murmur, the recommended workup includes blood cultures, CBC, electrolytes, urine analysis, EKG, CT chest, and transthoracic echocardiogram along with IV fluids, antibiotics, and consulting infectious disease and cardiology specialists.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including trends, classifications, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- IE is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria. Common predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use.
- It is classified based on several factors such as the site of infection, causative organism, and underlying risk factors. Acute IE has a rapid course while subacute IE progresses more slowly.
- Common symptoms include heart murmurs, heart failure, embolic phenomena affecting organs like the brain, lungs and kidneys. Specific findings include petechiae, splinter
This ppt of endocarditis consists of definition, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy, management of endocarditis
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis. It defines infective endocarditis as a microbial infection of the endothelial heart surface or intracardiac devices. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, investigations, treatment, and prophylaxis of the condition. The most common causes are streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci bacteria. Infective endocarditis can be native or prosthetic valve endocarditis. If left untreated, it can be fatal in 20-100% of cases depending on diagnosis and treatment. Echocardiography is important for diagnosis, and treatment involves antibiotics tailored to the infecting organism.
Infective endocarditis is an inflammatory process that occurs on the endocardium due to infection following endothelial damage, most often involving the aortic and mitral valves. It is diagnosed using the Duke criteria which considers major and minor criteria such as positive blood cultures, evidence of endocardial involvement, predisposing factors, and clinical symptoms. Echocardiography plays a fundamental role in diagnosis and management. Treatment involves bactericidal antibiotics for weeks depending on the pathogen and location of infection. Complications include heart failure, embolism, neurological events and more. Surgery may be indicated for complications or uncontrolled infection. Proper oral hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis are important for prevention.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is classified based on whether the infection involves native or prosthetic valves. Common causes are bacteria like staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus. Risk factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use. Symptoms can include fever, heart murmur, and embolic complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and Duke criteria. Treatment is with long-term antibiotics with surgery for complications like heart failure or persistent infection. Prevention involves antibiotics for certain medical procedures to prevent bacteremia.
Infective endocarditis is characterized by proliferation of microorganisms on the heart's endothelium, resulting in the development of vegetations, most commonly on the cardiac valves. It can be classified as either acute or subacute. Acute endocarditis follows a rapidly progressive course while subacute progresses more slowly. Common causative organisms include streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci. It is diagnosed using the Duke's Criteria based on clinical evidence, laboratory findings, and echocardiographic imaging. Homeopathic treatment focuses on addressing the underlying susceptibility and constitutional symptoms of each individual patient.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, which is a microbial infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It forms vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and organisms that can damage the heart valves. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream, with common culprits being streptococci and staphylococci. Risk factors include pre-existing heart valve problems, intravenous drug use, and dental procedures. It can range from acute to subacute and cause complications like heart failure, neurological problems, and kidney damage if not properly treated with antibiotics and possibly surgery to repair or replace damaged valves. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for worsening symptoms and preventing further infection.
1. Cardiovascular devices and prostheses can become infected, leading to device-related infective endocarditis (CDRIE). CDRIE is associated with high mortality.
2. Infective endocarditis can also occur in unusual sites, such as the pulmonary valve, coronary stents, septal closure devices, and the aorta in the setting of coarctation. These unusual sites of IE are often associated with underlying heart conditions or invasive procedures/devices.
3. Diagnosis of infective endocarditis requires blood cultures, echocardiography, and in some cases lead extractions to confirm the causative pathogen. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy and often complete removal of the infected
A powerpoint presentation about infective Endocarditis, with the most recent updates from the most reliable sources. I highlighted an introduction, pathology, approach to disease & different management plans in this presentation. 2018. Please don't forget to give me credit to my work.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves. It can affect native or prosthetic valves. Common causes are streptococci and staphylococci bacteria. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and application of the Duke criteria. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics for 2-6 weeks along with surgery if needed for complications. Prognosis depends on the causative organism and underlying heart condition.
This document discusses infective endocarditis (IE), a serious infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, causative organisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria (Modified Duke Criteria), investigations including echocardiography and blood cultures, and treatment approach for IE. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause worldwide and viridans group streptococci are common causes after dental procedures. Diagnosis relies on modified Duke criteria incorporating positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that involves the heart valves and adjacent structures. It is caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream and can lead to heart valve damage or death. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, heart murmur. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and the modified Duke criteria. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy, which depends on the identified organism. Prevention focuses on proper dental hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis for certain at-risk patients before invasive procedures.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
3. INTRODUCTION/DEFINITION
• Infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial surfaces of the heart.
• Infection most commonly involves heart valves.
• The signs and symptoms vary widely including manifestations of infected and
sterile emboli as well as those of some immunological pathways.
• It is a life-threatening infection so if its diagnosis is unduly delayed or treatment is
inadequate, it is inevitably fatal.
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• In the United States and likely in other developed countries, the incidence of IE is
estimated to be 12 cases per 100,000 population per year, with progressive
increases during recent decades.
• The incidence of IE is notably increased among the elderly.
• In Africa, 42 studies with 2141 records were looked at.
• Rheumatic heart disease was the most common risk factor for infective
endocarditis in adults whereas congenital heart disease was the most common
risk factor for infective endocarditis in children and the most common pathogen
were Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species.
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NIGERIA
• Ninety cases of IE seen over a 10-year-period at University College
Hospital, Ibadan.
• The peak incidence was in the third decade.
• Rheumatic heart disease was the most common pre-existing lesion in 59
cases with subacute endocarditis.
• In most cases the source of infection was not known.
• In 41 of the 90 cases (44%) the diagnosis was made only at autopsy.
• The bacterial isolation rate was low, the commonest organisms being
staphylococci, streptococci, micrococci and gram-negative bacilli.
• The overall mortality was 70%.
6. TYPES OF IE
• Native valve endocarditis(NVE).
• Prosthetic valve endocarditis(PVE): Early or Late
• Intravenous drug use(IDU) related endocarditis
7. CLASSIFICATION OF IE
• AIE can be classified according to the temporal evolution of disease, the site of infection, the cause of
infection, or the predisposing risk factor.
• CUTE IE
ACUTE IE SUBACUTE IE
• HECTICALLY FEBRILE ILLNESS THAT’S
DEVELOPS OVER HOURS OR DAYS
• RAPID DESTRUCTION OF ENDOCARDIAL
TISSUE, SEEDS EXTRACARDIAC SITES
• RAPIDLY PROGRESSES TO DEATH.
• SLOWER ONSET, DEVELOPS OVER WEEKS
TO MONTHS.
• IT CAUSES STRUCTURAL DAMAGE MORE
SLOWLY
• IT IS MORE COMMON WITH
INDIVIDUALS WITH PRE-EXISTING
DAMAGE TO HEART VALVES,
STRUCTURAL HEART DEFECTS OR
PROSTHETIC VALVES.
8. AETIOLOGY
• Although many species of bacteria and fungi cause sporadic episodes
of IE, a few bacterial species cause the majority of cases and they
include:
9. ORGANISM
Staphylococcus aureus • Part of normal skin flora for follows procedures on the skin.
• Most common cause of ACUTE IE
• Affects healthy valves in addition to damaged valves. ONLY pathogen.
• Usually fatal within 6 weeks.
Viridan streptococci • Part of normal oral flora, mostly follows dental procedures.
• Most common cause of SUBACUTE IE
• Affects usually damaged valves.
• Produces DEXTRAN.
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
• Part of skin flora.
• Common cause of subacute IE in patients with prosthetic valves and
intracardiac devices.
Enterococci (esp
Enterococcus faecalis)
• Part of urogenital flora, follows GUT + GIT. Procedures.
• Causes multi-drug resistant IE.
Streptococcus gallolyticus • Associated with colorectal cancer and colonic polyps.
• Common among the elderly.
Grame –ve HACEK group • Formerly most common cause of subacute IE.
10.
11. AETIOLOGY …..CONT’D
• About 5–15% of patients with IE have negative blood cultures.
• In one-third to one-half of these cases, cultures are negative because
of prior antibiotic exposure.
• The remainder are infected by fastidious organisms, such as some
streptococci, HACEK organisms, Coxiella burnetii, and Bartonella
species, Tropheryma whipplei, Corynebacterium species and
Propionibacterium acnes and Mycobacterium chimaera.
• Lastly, atrial myxoma, marantic endocarditis, and the
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome may mimic culture-negative IE.
12. RISK FACTORS
• Age: >60yrs
• Male sex
• Previous history of IE
• IV drug use or other skin procedures
• Poor dentition/Dental procedures (cleaning, root cannel)
• Catheter procedures (urethral, central venous)
• Long term hemodialysis
• HIV infection
13. …..cont’d
• Abnormal cardiac anatomy
– Abnormal native valve (most common predisposing factor)
– MVP(20%to30% of cases)
– RHD
– Bicuspid aortic valve
– Congenital heart disease including ASD,VSD and PDA
– Prosthetic heart valves
14. PATHOGENESIS
• The prototypic lesion of infective endocarditis (IE), the vegetation, is a
mass of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and scant inflammatory
cells
• Usually there is a predisposition; DAMAGED ENDOCARDIUM (E.G. an
abnormal valve). But S. aureus has the ability to cause infection on a
healthy endocardium or abnormal valve.
• Endothelial injury allows either direct infection by virulent organisms
or the development of a platelet–fibrin thrombus—a condition called
nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE).
15. • The cardiac conditions most commonly resulting in NBTE are mitral
regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, ventricular septal
defects, and complex congenital heart disease.
• This NBTE serves as a site of bacterial attachment during transient
bacteremia.
• NBTE + bacteria = Microbial vegetations.
16. • Microbial vegetations activate immune system with subsequent
release of cytokine, proteases and reactive oxygen species leading to
valve and perivalvular tissue destruction.
• Blood flow flicks off a piece of the vegetation = SEPTIC EMBOLI
• Plasma cells produce antibodies against the microbial antigen forming
and Ag-Ab IMMUNE COMPLEX. A part of this immune complex could
break off and get deposited in various tissues.
• The left side of the heart is more affected than the right side
(M>A>T>P valve). But in IV drug users; the tricuspid valve is more
affected.
17.
18. CONSTITUTIONAL SYMPTOMS
• In patients with subacute presentations, fever is typically low grade
rarely exceeding 39.4°C (103°F); in contrast, temperatures of 39.4°–
40°C (103°–104°F) are often noted in acute IE.
• Fever may be blunted in patients who are elderly, are severely
debilitated, prior antibiotic use or have renal failure.
• Nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, weight loss, malaise, chills, night
sweat, and/or musculoskeletal aches.
19. CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS
• Valve dysfunction
• New regurgitant murmurs
• Congestive heart failure
• Intracardiac fistulae
• Valvular and Perivalvular abscesses
• Periannular abscess
• Prosthetic valve dehiscence
• Varying degree of heart block (aortic paravalvular infection)
• Myocardial infarction from coronary artery emboli(2% of patients)
22. DIAGNOSIS
• The diagnosis of IE requires a high index of suspicion.
• Careful clinical, microbiologic, and echocardiographic evaluations
should be pursued when febrile patients have IE predispositions,
cardiac or noncardiac (e.g., stroke or splenic infarct) features of IE, or
blood cultures yielding an IE-associated organism.
23. INVESTIGATIONS
• Laboratory
– Non specific- anemia, leucocytosis, ↑c-reactive protein, ↑ESR, abnormal
urinalysis with hematuria, or red casts
– Blood culture
• Obtain blood culture before starting antibiotics.
• Exercise strict aseptic technique and optimal sin preparation
• In acute presentations obtain 2 or 3 sets rapidly within 5 to 10 mins of each
other prior to starting antibiotics
• In subacute presentations obtain 3 separate sets of blood cultures spaced
30 minutes apart Obtain 20 mL of blood for each sample drawn
24. INVESTIGATIONS
• ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: TEE and TTE
TEE has more specificity and sensitivity than TTE
• TTE- to be used in patients with NVE who are good candidates for
imaging
• TTE may produce suboptimal images in 20% of patients- Obesity,
COPD
• TEE- has a negative predictive value of 92%
• TEE- is particular useful in PVE and for evaluation of myocardial
invasion
Color doppler
27. …..CONT’D
• NON-BLOOD CULTURE TESTING:
• Serologic testing (Brucella, Bartonella, T. whipplei, and C. burnetii)
• Culture and histopathologic examination of vegetations recovered
from surgery or embolectomy
• Molecular testing: PCR
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. TREATMENT
• The major goals of therapy for IE are to eradicate the infectious agent
from the thrombus and to address the intra and extacardiac
complications of valvular infection.
• Some of the effects of IE require surgical intervention.
• Emergent care should focus on making the correct diagnosis and
stabilizing the patient.
33. TREATMENT
• Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for infective endocarditis.
• Goals to achieve maximize clinical outcomes are early diagnosis,
accurate microorganism identification, reliable susceptibility testing,
prolonged intravenous (IV) administration of bactericidal
antimicrobial agents, proper monitoring of potentially toxic
antimicrobial regimens
46. CONCLUSION
Infective endocarditis is not a single disease, but rather may present
with very different aspects depending on the first organ involved, the
underlying cardiac disease (if any), the microorganism involved, the
presence or absence of complications and the patient’s characteristics
so its management should be based on multi-disciplinary approach.
47. QUESTIONS
• Rheumatoid factor in infective endocarditis
• Duration of ttt in IE
• When to repeat ECHO
• Mural endocardium
• Know criteria off head
• Read from manifestations in Harrison
• Pictures add to presentation.
Editor's Notes
but may also occur on the low-pressure side of a ventricular septal defect, on mural endocardium damaged by aberrant jets of blood or foreign bodies, or on intracardiac devices.
. While congenital heart diseases remain a constant predisposition, predisposing conditions in developed countries have shifted from chronic rheumatic heart disease (still common in developing countries) to injection drug use, degenerative valve disease, and intracardiac devices.
USUALLY WITHIN THE FIRSt 2 months
DUE TO A HIGHLY VIRULENT PATHOGEN. PT LOOKS VERY SICK(SEPTIC, HYPOTENSION). Subacute: atleast 2 months of symptoms before diagnosis.
Coxiella burnetti, bartonella species. Fungal endocarditis.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common in early PV
• Staphyloccocus lugdunensis, a coagulase-negative tends to cause a particularly virulent form of IE with high rates of perivalvular extension and metastatic seeding
Tropheryma whipplei causes an indolent, culture-negative, afebrile form of IE.
C. burnetii has a predilection for prosthetic valves.
Corynebacterium species and Propionibacterium acnes may involve intracardiac devices and be slow to grow in blood cultures.
Mycobacterium chimaera, which may be difficult to recover from blood cultures unless special media is used, has caused a global outbreak of PVE and disseminated infection as a result of aerosols from contaminated heater-cooler machines used during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Endothelial injury (e.g., at the site of impact of high-velocity blood jets or on the low-pressure side of a cardiac structural lesion)
Emboli from mitral valve
BLOOD CULTURE: 3 sets of blood culture. Different site and different times Aerobes, anaerobes and fungi
Blood culture done for 2 reasons: to be show it’s a bacteria causing the veegtations also to narrow done antibiotic use
95%. Aortic and mitral valve vegetations are more difficult to visualize with TTE.
CXR: abn noular lesion
Histopathology may inform the selection of specific molecular tests. Molecular testing is a useful diagnostic technology when the histopathology of a vegetation is consistent with IE; however, it cannot be used to establish the viability of residual bacteria in vegetations. Additionally, molecular testing is only moderately sensitive and thus a negative test cannot exclude IE. When tissue is limited, molecular testing should be prioritized over culture.