This document provides an overview of osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses key concepts such as osmosis, osmoregulation, excretion of nitrogenous waste, and the mechanisms involved. Examples of excretory structures are given for different animal groups, including the nephron in vertebrates. Feedback control of osmoregulation via hormones such as ADH and aldosterone is also summarized.
- Introduction
- Normal anatomy of kidney
- Nephron
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- Clearance
- tubular function
- Regulation of water and ion reabsorption
- Types of water reabsorption
- Mechanism of urine concentration and dilution
- Countercurrent mechanism
# Tubular reabsorption along part's of nephron.
# Tubular reabsorption is the most important because it's selective.
# Every cells in the nephron has a special charecteristic and mechanism of reabsorption.
What is Excretion ?, organ used, types of regulation, modes of excretion, explanation of each, human excretory system & function, kidney and its parts, mechanism of urine formation, Dialysis
There needs to be a balance between water ingested and water eliminated.
In order to maintain homeostatic levels of water, the body must undergo osmoregulation.
The lungs in the respiratory system excrete some waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water.
The skin is another excretory organ that rids the body of wastes through the sweat glands.
The liver (via the intestines) excretes bile pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin. It also converts nitrogenous waste from the break down of proteins into urea.
The major task of excretion still belongs to the kidneys, the major organ in the urinary system. If it fails the other organs cannot take over and compensate adequately.
Functions in ExcretionForms UreaChanges toxic wastes (ammonia – from break down of amino acids) to Urea.Urea Blood KidneysFiltered out & excreted in Urine
- Introduction
- Normal anatomy of kidney
- Nephron
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- Clearance
- tubular function
- Regulation of water and ion reabsorption
- Types of water reabsorption
- Mechanism of urine concentration and dilution
- Countercurrent mechanism
# Tubular reabsorption along part's of nephron.
# Tubular reabsorption is the most important because it's selective.
# Every cells in the nephron has a special charecteristic and mechanism of reabsorption.
What is Excretion ?, organ used, types of regulation, modes of excretion, explanation of each, human excretory system & function, kidney and its parts, mechanism of urine formation, Dialysis
There needs to be a balance between water ingested and water eliminated.
In order to maintain homeostatic levels of water, the body must undergo osmoregulation.
The lungs in the respiratory system excrete some waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water.
The skin is another excretory organ that rids the body of wastes through the sweat glands.
The liver (via the intestines) excretes bile pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin. It also converts nitrogenous waste from the break down of proteins into urea.
The major task of excretion still belongs to the kidneys, the major organ in the urinary system. If it fails the other organs cannot take over and compensate adequately.
Functions in ExcretionForms UreaChanges toxic wastes (ammonia – from break down of amino acids) to Urea.Urea Blood KidneysFiltered out & excreted in Urine
Osmoregulation Mechanisms and Adaptations in Various Organisms.pdfNAGENDRA SINGH
Osmoregulation is the process by which living organisms regulate the concentration of water and solutes (such as salts) in their bodies to maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal environment. This is especially important in aquatic organisms, which are surrounded by water of varying salt concentrations, but also in terrestrial organisms that need to conserve water.
In animals, osmoregulation involves a variety of physiological processes such as filtration, reabsorption, and secretion by the kidneys. Fish, for example, have specialized organs called gills that are adapted to exchange water and solutes with their environment. They also have kidneys that regulate the concentration of ions in their bodies. Other animals, such as birds, excrete waste products in the form of uric acid, which conserves water.
Plants also engage in osmoregulation, using a process called osmosis to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. They also use various mechanisms, such as opening and closing stomata, to control water loss through transpiration.
Overall, osmoregulation is an essential process for maintaining the internal environment of living organisms and ensuring their survival.
Sure, here are some additional details about osmoregulation:Types of Osmoregulation: There are two types of osmoregulation, depending on the organism's environment. In freshwater environments, organisms have to regulate the inflow of water and outflow of salts. In contrast, marine organisms have to regulate the outflow of water and inflow of salts.
Osmoregulatory Organs: Different organisms have evolved various osmoregulatory organs to maintain the balance of water and solutes in their bodies. For example, insects have Malpighian tubules, which remove waste and excess water from the body. Terrestrial animals such as reptiles, birds, and mammals have kidneys that filter blood and excrete waste products in the form of urine.
Osmolarity: Osmoregulation maintains the balance of osmolarity in the body, which is the concentration of solutes in a solution. Osmolarity is measured in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L) and is important for the regulation of water balance in organisms.
Regulation of Salt Balance: In addition to regulating water balance, osmoregulation also involves the regulation of salt balance. Salt balance is critical for cellular functions such as enzyme activity, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
Osmoregulation and Adaptation: Different organisms have evolved various mechanisms for osmoregulation to adapt to their environment. For example, some desert animals conserve water by producing dry feces or uric acid instead of urea, which conserves water. Some marine organisms, such as sharks, have a high concentration of urea in their blood, which helps them retain water in the ocean's salty environment.
Osmoregulation and Human Health: Osmoregulation is essential for human health, and disruptions in the body's water and salt balance can lead to health problems such a
osmoregulation in invertebrates- it is a processes by which any organisms maintains the fluid and salt balance of its body, which is important for proper functioning of organs .
Excretory system
Fuction of excretory system
Excretory organ
1>Malpighian tubules
2>Nephrocyte
3>Oenocytes
5>Integument
6>rectum
→Urine production
Formation of primary urine
Movement of solute
Excreation of ions
Modification of primary urine
Salt and water balance
terrestial insects
Fresh water insect
Salt water insect
Nitrogen Excretion
Mechanisms of osmoregulation in fresh water and marine water invertebratesfaunafondness
Mechanisms of osmoregulation in fresh water and marine water invertebrates.
content :-
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEFINITION OF OSMOREGULATION
3. TYPES OF INVERTEBRATES ACCORDING TO THE MEDIUM
4. CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES ON THE BASIS OF 5. OSMOREGULATION
(I) OSMOCONFORMERS
(II) OSMOREGULATORS
6. MECHANISMS OF OSMOREGULATION
7. OSMOREGULATION IN FRESH WATER INVERTEBRATES
8. OSMOREGULATION IN MARINE WATER INVERTEBRATES
9. CONCLUSION
10.REFERENCE
for more refer to Faunafondness.com
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...
Presentation1
1. Osmoregulation & Excretion Kevin Kwan Jeffery Khou Jessica Dai Jason Yiu
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10. Countercurrent heat exchange cont. • Countercurrent heat exchange involves a special arrangement of arteries and veins • The countercurrent heat exchange conserves heat by arteries that carry warm blood which circulate through limbs, which come into contact with veins that convey blood in the opposite direction. This arrangement facilitates heat transfer from arteries to veins along the entire length of the blood vessel. • Examples of how an ectotherm maintains higher than expected temperature: behavioral adaptations (seek ideal environments), physiological adaptations (vasoconstriction).
20. Nephron and Associated Structures Structure and Function of the Nephron: -nephron: functional unit of the vertebrate kidney -renal cortex: outer part of a mammalian kidney -renal medulla: inner part of a mammalian kidney -glomerulus: single long tubule and a ball of capillaries - Bowman’s capsule: blind end of a tubule that forms a cup-shaped swelling surrounding the glomerulus. 80% of the nephrons in the human kidney are cortical nephrons and they have reduced loops of Henle. Juxtamedullary nephrons are about 20% and have well-developed loops that extend deeply into the renal medulla.
21. The relationship of the kidney and the circulatory system: The kidneys produce urine and regulate the composition of the blood. The urine is conveyed to the urinary bladder via the ureter and to the outside via the urethra. Branches of the aorta, retinal arteries, convey blood to the kidneys; renal veins drain blood from the kidneys into the posterior vena cava. Excretion cont. Posterior Vena cava Kidney Renal artery and vein Aorta Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Afferent arteriole from renal artery Efferent arteriole from glomerulus Branch of renal vein Proximal tubule Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Collecting duct Loop of Henle Descending limb Ascending limb Vasa recta Renal pelvis Ureter Renal Medulla Renal cortex Juxtamedullarnephron Cortical nephron Renal cortex Renal medulla
22. Filtration of the Blood: It occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule. It contains a variety of substances including nitrogenous wastes. Pathway of the filtrate: (Blood filtrate to Urine) proximal tubule-> Descending limb of the loop of Henle-> Ascending limb of the loop of Henle-> Distal tubule-> Collecting duct-> renal pelvis-> drained by ureter Nephron and Associated Structures
23. Blood Vessels Associated with the Nephrons Afferent arteriole: supplies blood to each Nephron Efferent arteriole: formed by the capillaries that converge as they leave the glomerulus Peritubular capillaries: formed by vessels subdividing Vasa recta: capillaries that serve the loop for Henle
29. ADH: antidiuretic hormone - Produced in the hypothalamus, stored in and released from the posterior pituitary gland, osmoreceptor cells monitor the osmolarity of the blood. If it rises about a set point of 300 mosm/L, more ADH is released into the bloodstream/reaches kidney. The main targets are the distal tubules and collecting ducts where it increases the permeability of the epithelium to water, amplify water reabsorption, reduce urine volume and prevent further increase of blood osmolarity above the set point. If negative feedback- less ADH. Only gain of additional water in food/drink can bring osmolarity back. Large intake of water-> little ADH is released thus decreases permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts (more urine).
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31. · RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis, drop in blood pressure/blood volume triggers renin release from JGA. In turn, rise in blood pressure/volume from various actions of angiotensin II/aldsterone reduce the release of renin. · ADH vs RAAS : ADH is a response to an increase in osmolarity of the blood and lowers blood sodium ion concentration by stimulating water reabsorption in the kidney. RAAS responds to a fall in blood volume/pressure by increasing water and sodium ion reabsorption.
32. ANF: atrial natriuretic : a hormone/peptide that opposes the RAAS. Walls of atria of the heart release ANF in response to an increase in blood volume/pressure and inhibits the release of renin from JGA, NaCl reabsorption by the collecting ducts, reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands, and lower blood volume and pressure.
33. All animals have different habitats, functions of osmoregulations, physiological machines (organs) to maintain solute and water balance and excreting nitrogenous wastes.
34. AMOEBA -water enters amoeba by osmosis -excess water collects in the contractile vacuole(contains water soluble nitrogenous wastes) -osmoregulation is the main function of the contractile vacuole -EXCRETION: when the contractile vacuole is full and is ready to burst, it goes to the surface of the amoeba and uses energy from the mitochondria to release all the nitrogenous wastes. -Then, a new contractile vacuole is formed and water enters the amoeba and the same steps repeat. EXTRA CREDIT: Amoeba vs. Human ^ THAT IS SOOO COOL!!! O.O xP