This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 11 on genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's work with pea plants, the principles of dominance and segregation. It also explains probability and Punnett squares, Mendel's two-factor crosses, his principles of inheritance, meiosis, the differences between mitosis and meiosis, and gene mapping.

1. Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics By Miguel Mejia and Seena Nadimi

2. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Mendel was a Austrian monk who taught high school. He understood biological inheritance, and studied this in a garden with pea plants for 14 years.

3. Dominance and Segregation Traits are specific characteristic, such as individual height, eye color, or hair color. Hybrids are a cross between parents with unrelated traits. The principle of dominance says some alleles are recessive(rr) and are dominant(Rr) Recessive alleles do not disappear in the breeding process.

4. 11-2 Probability and Punnet Square Probability: The likelihood that an event will occur. Punnet Squares show the probability of a genotype.11-2 Probability and Punnet Square Probability: The likelihood that an event will occur. Punnet Squares show the probability of a genotype.

5. 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics The Two-Factor Cross:F1

6. Mendel's Principles Inheritance of characteristics are determined by genes that are passed on my previous generations Genes can be dominant or recessive Genes from separate organisms are segregated when gametes are formed The alleles from separate genes are normal segregated independently of each other

7. Applying his Principles Mendel's principles apply to all organisms that reproduce sexually. And

8. Meiosis Meiosis consist of 8 phases Interphase1, Prophase1, Metaphase, Anaphase, Prophase2, Metaphase2, anaphase2, Telophase2

9. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis results in the production of two identical diploids, while Meiosis produces four different haploid cells.

10. Gene Maps Gene maps show the location of a colorful assortment of gene on given chromosomes. Q: If you find two genes on the same chromosome, does it mean that the genes are linked to the chromosome forever? A:No, in the process of Meiosis it sometimes separates the genes on the chromosomes

11. FIN