The document summarizes the digestive and excretory systems. It describes the stages of digestion starting in the mouth and continuing through the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small and large intestines. It then discusses the key roles and structures of the kidneys in the excretory system, including filtration and reabsorption of waste, and how the kidneys help regulate water content in the blood and maintain homeostasis.

1. Digestive and Excretory Systems By Daria Tugwell

2. The Process of Digestion The Mouth: Where the digestive system begins Begins process of mechanical digestion Digestive enzymes break down food molecules

3. The Esophagus and Stomach Tongue and Throat push bolus down into esophagus Food from esophagus put into the stomach, a muscular sac Pepsin and hydrochloric acid used to start protein digestion process Stomach produces chyme

4. The Pancreas and Liver Pancreas; a gland with three functions Produce hormones Produces enzymes And produces sodium bicarbonate Liver produces bile that makes enzymes break down fat molecules

5. Small and Large Intestine Chyme goes into jejunm and ileum SMALL INTESTINE- Huge surface area and nutrient-free LARGE INTESTINE- Main job is to remove water from the undigested material

6. The Excretory System The Kidneys: 2 Main organs of excratory system Blood goes into kidney through renal artery Waste products are collected as urine The filtered blood is returned to the cycle

7. Kidney Structure Inner: Renal medulla Outer: Renal cortex Nephron: Functional unit About 1 million in each kidney

8. Filtration and Reabsorption Filtration: Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule help nephron filter Reabsorption: Most material goes back into blood *Kidneys filter blood every 45 minutes

9. Control of Kidney Function Important for homeostasis It regulates water content in blood