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DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure with two strands wound around each other. DNA replication and transcription produce new DNA and RNA molecules, while translation uses RNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that affect the genetic information.
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DNA a genetic repertoire
- DNA was first isolated and characterized in 1868, and in 1944 it was discovered that DNA carries genetic information. Experiments in 1952 confirmed that DNA, not protein, carries genetic material.
- Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray diffraction in the early 1950s to show that DNA has a helical structure with periodicities of 3.4Å and 34Å.
- Watson and Crick proposed in 1953 that DNA consists of two antiparallel chains in a right-handed double helix, with complementary base pairs (A=T, G=C) forming hydrogen bonds between the chains. This model explained DNA replication through template-directed synthesis of new strands.
Genetics 2
Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
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Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
Chapter 12 notes
This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that viruses use DNA to infect bacteria, and the role of DNA in storing, copying and transmitting information. The chapter also explains the work of Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick to determine DNA's double-helix structure, including the antiparallel strands, hydrogen bonding and base pairing. Finally, it discusses DNA replication in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Chp 12 cornell notes
This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that DNA carries genetic information in viruses, and Chargaff's rules which helped Watson and Crick determine DNA's double-helix structure. The chapter also addresses DNA replication, including the roles of enzymes and telomeres, and how replication occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Notes chpt 12
This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that DNA carries genetic information in viruses, and Chargaff's rules which helped Watson and Crick determine DNA's double-helix structure. The chapter also addresses DNA replication, including the roles of enzymes and telomeres, and how replication occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
genes
Genes are units of molecular information that correspond to discrete segments of DNA. The sequence of bases (A, C, G, T) in a gene segment determines its information. Experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material. DNA consists of bases, phosphoric acid, and the sugar deoxyribose. X-ray crystallography by Wilkins, Franklin, and Chargaff's base ratio analysis helped Watson and Crick develop their double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. Their model showed DNA as two antiparallel strands with bases pairing between strands via hydrogen bonds.
Watson and crick model of dna
The document summarizes the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure. It describes that in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick suggested the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure. Their model included that DNA is made of two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains with bases pairing between the chains via hydrogen bonds. A pairs with T and G pairs with C. The model also explained DNA's regular structure and matched Chargaff's rules on base composition. This groundbreaking discovery explained DNA's role in heredity and won Watson, Crick, and colleagues the Nobel Prize.
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DNA a genetic repertoire
- DNA was first isolated and characterized in 1868, and in 1944 it was discovered that DNA carries genetic information. Experiments in 1952 confirmed that DNA, not protein, carries genetic material.
- Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray diffraction in the early 1950s to show that DNA has a helical structure with periodicities of 3.4Å and 34Å.
- Watson and Crick proposed in 1953 that DNA consists of two antiparallel chains in a right-handed double helix, with complementary base pairs (A=T, G=C) forming hydrogen bonds between the chains. This model explained DNA replication through template-directed synthesis of new strands.
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Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
Genetics 2
Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
Chapter 12 notes
This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that viruses use DNA to infect bacteria, and the role of DNA in storing, copying and transmitting information. The chapter also explains the work of Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick to determine DNA's double-helix structure, including the antiparallel strands, hydrogen bonding and base pairing. Finally, it discusses DNA replication in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Chp 12 cornell notes
This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that DNA carries genetic information in viruses, and Chargaff's rules which helped Watson and Crick determine DNA's double-helix structure. The chapter also addresses DNA replication, including the roles of enzymes and telomeres, and how replication occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Notes chpt 12
This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that DNA carries genetic information in viruses, and Chargaff's rules which helped Watson and Crick determine DNA's double-helix structure. The chapter also addresses DNA replication, including the roles of enzymes and telomeres, and how replication occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
genes
Genes are units of molecular information that correspond to discrete segments of DNA. The sequence of bases (A, C, G, T) in a gene segment determines its information. Experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material. DNA consists of bases, phosphoric acid, and the sugar deoxyribose. X-ray crystallography by Wilkins, Franklin, and Chargaff's base ratio analysis helped Watson and Crick develop their double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. Their model showed DNA as two antiparallel strands with bases pairing between strands via hydrogen bonds.
Watson and crick model of dna
The document summarizes the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure. It describes that in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick suggested the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure. Their model included that DNA is made of two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains with bases pairing between the chains via hydrogen bonds. A pairs with T and G pairs with C. The model also explained DNA's regular structure and matched Chargaff's rules on base composition. This groundbreaking discovery explained DNA's role in heredity and won Watson, Crick, and colleagues the Nobel Prize.
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The document discusses the key components and structures of DNA and RNA. It describes DNA as containing the genetic material that is inherited and determines traits, and that it has a double helix structure. RNA is composed of different types that have various functions and is involved in protein synthesis. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick based on prior research by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray diffraction methods.
The central dogma
DNA stores genetic information in genes within the nucleus of cells. It has a double helix structure and is made of nucleic acid called DNA. DNA was discovered in 1958 by Francis Crick and is responsible for protein synthesis. It undergoes three main steps: 1) DNA replication within the nucleus to make copies, 2) DNA transcription within the nucleus to create mRNA, and 3) mRNA translation in the cytoplasm to produce proteins.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A short Introduction to DNA and the structure of DNA. It also explains base pairing and Chargaff's rule. It informs you of who built the first model of DNA using wire and tin to show a description of how DNA looks like.
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The Hershey-Chase experiment helped confirm that DNA is the genetic material by showing that the DNA, but not the proteins, of bacteriophages enters host bacterial cells during infection. They uniquely labeled the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages with different radioactive isotopes, then showed that the progeny of infected bacteria contained the radioactivity from the original phage DNA but not proteins. This provided strong evidence that DNA, rather than protein, carries the genetic information required for reproduction.
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The document summarizes the basic steps in gene cloning: 1) Isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, 2) Cleavage of the DNA using restriction enzymes, 3) Ligation of the DNA fragments, 4) Transformation of host cells via electroporation or other methods, 5) Selection of transformed cells using antibiotics, and 6) Amplification of the recombinant DNA by cell division and plasmid replication. The goal is to make identical copies of a gene by inserting it into a cloning vector for propagation in a host organism.
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The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
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The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts about DNA and RNA. It discusses that Avery discovered DNA is genetic material. Hershey and Chase found viruses transfer DNA into cells. Watson and Crick modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand producing a new partner strand. There are three types of RNA: mRNA transfers messages to cells, rRNA aids in protein synthesis, and tRNA helps construct proteins. Transcription and translation are the processes by which DNA's genetic code is read and utilized to produce proteins. Mutations can occur through changes to genes or chromosomes.
History of DNA Development
1. In the early 1950s, scientists including Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson, and Francis Crick were working to determine the structure of DNA. Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos provided key evidence of a double helix structure.
2. In 1953, Watson and Crick published a paper proposing that DNA consists of two intertwined strands coiled around each other in the shape of a double helix, with bases on the inside pairing according to Chargaff's rules. This successfully described DNA's structure and how it can replicate.
3. Their model built upon prior discoveries including Griffith's transformation experiments, Avery's finding that DNA is the genetic material, Chargaff
Watson and crick model of dna
Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA structure in 1953 as a double helix with two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis. Each strand consists of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups with purine or pyrimidine bases stacked inside. Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. Their model explained experimental X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules of base equivalence. The discovery revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
A complete PPT on DNA
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
Gene cloning
Gene cloning involves using recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reaction to make multiple copies of DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut a human gene and bacterial plasmid, which are then combined using DNA ligase to form a recombinant DNA molecule. This molecule is inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The transformed cells are then plated and screened to identify colonies containing the cloned human gene.
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Frederick Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that something from dead virulent bacteria could transform live non-virulent bacteria of the same species, allowing them to become virulent. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty in 1944 identified that the transforming principle was DNA. Further evidence that DNA carries genetic information came from Hershey and Chase's 1953 experiment with bacteriophage virus infecting E. coli bacteria, which showed that viral DNA, not proteins, entered the bacterial cells.
DNA Notes
DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits like appearance and personality. It has a double helix structure with sugars and phosphates forming the sides and nitrogen bases forming the rungs. In the 1950s, Rosalind Franklin discovered the X-ray crystallography structure of DNA. Her work was shared with Watson and Crick, who then constructed a model of DNA's double helix structure, winning a Nobel Prize. DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for cell division, involving enzymes breaking bonds and RNA assisting new strands to form based on base pairing.
Nucleic acid_Power Point Presentation - By RJ
Sorry for page no 1 & 9. aap sahi kar lena waise to download karne ke baad problem nahi hogi. upload karne ke baad in pages mein problem ho gayi kyonki inme words ke beech space jyada hai. thankyou
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This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
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GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
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The document discusses several key topics in genetics:
- Griffith's experiment showed that living bacteria could transform non-pathogenic bacteria into pathogenic ones.
- Hershey and Chase studied viruses and proved that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.
- DNA replication duplicates DNA before cell division using DNA polymerase.
- There are three main types of RNA (messenger, ribosomal, and transfer) that help express genes by translating DNA into proteins.
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
Chapter 15 bacterial gene
Bacteria can transfer genetic material through three main methods: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria cells and the transfer of genetic material via plasmids or chromosomes. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophages, which can carry small amounts of host DNA from one bacterium to another.
Shreya transformation ppt
1) The document discusses the process of natural transformation in bacteria, where DNA is transferred from one bacterial cell to another without direct contact.
2) It describes how competent bacterial cells can take up extracellular DNA released from lysed donor cells, and how the DNA can recombine into the recipient cell's genome.
3) The document compares natural transformation between gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae, noting differences in how DNA is taken up and the role of specific DNA sequences.
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The document discusses the key components and structures of DNA and RNA. It describes DNA as containing the genetic material that is inherited and determines traits, and that it has a double helix structure. RNA is composed of different types that have various functions and is involved in protein synthesis. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick based on prior research by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray diffraction methods.
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DNA stores genetic information in genes within the nucleus of cells. It has a double helix structure and is made of nucleic acid called DNA. DNA was discovered in 1958 by Francis Crick and is responsible for protein synthesis. It undergoes three main steps: 1) DNA replication within the nucleus to make copies, 2) DNA transcription within the nucleus to create mRNA, and 3) mRNA translation in the cytoplasm to produce proteins.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A short Introduction to DNA and the structure of DNA. It also explains base pairing and Chargaff's rule. It informs you of who built the first model of DNA using wire and tin to show a description of how DNA looks like.
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The Hershey-Chase experiment helped confirm that DNA is the genetic material by showing that the DNA, but not the proteins, of bacteriophages enters host bacterial cells during infection. They uniquely labeled the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages with different radioactive isotopes, then showed that the progeny of infected bacteria contained the radioactivity from the original phage DNA but not proteins. This provided strong evidence that DNA, rather than protein, carries the genetic information required for reproduction.
Gene cloning
The document summarizes the basic steps in gene cloning: 1) Isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, 2) Cleavage of the DNA using restriction enzymes, 3) Ligation of the DNA fragments, 4) Transformation of host cells via electroporation or other methods, 5) Selection of transformed cells using antibiotics, and 6) Amplification of the recombinant DNA by cell division and plasmid replication. The goal is to make identical copies of a gene by inserting it into a cloning vector for propagation in a host organism.
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The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
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The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts about DNA and RNA. It discusses that Avery discovered DNA is genetic material. Hershey and Chase found viruses transfer DNA into cells. Watson and Crick modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand producing a new partner strand. There are three types of RNA: mRNA transfers messages to cells, rRNA aids in protein synthesis, and tRNA helps construct proteins. Transcription and translation are the processes by which DNA's genetic code is read and utilized to produce proteins. Mutations can occur through changes to genes or chromosomes.
History of DNA Development
1. In the early 1950s, scientists including Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson, and Francis Crick were working to determine the structure of DNA. Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos provided key evidence of a double helix structure.
2. In 1953, Watson and Crick published a paper proposing that DNA consists of two intertwined strands coiled around each other in the shape of a double helix, with bases on the inside pairing according to Chargaff's rules. This successfully described DNA's structure and how it can replicate.
3. Their model built upon prior discoveries including Griffith's transformation experiments, Avery's finding that DNA is the genetic material, Chargaff
Watson and crick model of dna
Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA structure in 1953 as a double helix with two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis. Each strand consists of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups with purine or pyrimidine bases stacked inside. Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. Their model explained experimental X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules of base equivalence. The discovery revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
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The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
Gene cloning
Gene cloning involves using recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reaction to make multiple copies of DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut a human gene and bacterial plasmid, which are then combined using DNA ligase to form a recombinant DNA molecule. This molecule is inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The transformed cells are then plated and screened to identify colonies containing the cloned human gene.
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Frederick Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that something from dead virulent bacteria could transform live non-virulent bacteria of the same species, allowing them to become virulent. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty in 1944 identified that the transforming principle was DNA. Further evidence that DNA carries genetic information came from Hershey and Chase's 1953 experiment with bacteriophage virus infecting E. coli bacteria, which showed that viral DNA, not proteins, entered the bacterial cells.
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DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits like appearance and personality. It has a double helix structure with sugars and phosphates forming the sides and nitrogen bases forming the rungs. In the 1950s, Rosalind Franklin discovered the X-ray crystallography structure of DNA. Her work was shared with Watson and Crick, who then constructed a model of DNA's double helix structure, winning a Nobel Prize. DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for cell division, involving enzymes breaking bonds and RNA assisting new strands to form based on base pairing.
Nucleic acid_Power Point Presentation - By RJ
Sorry for page no 1 & 9. aap sahi kar lena waise to download karne ke baad problem nahi hogi. upload karne ke baad in pages mein problem ho gayi kyonki inme words ke beech space jyada hai. thankyou
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Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
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This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
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GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
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The document discusses several key topics in genetics:
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- Hershey and Chase studied viruses and proved that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.
- DNA replication duplicates DNA before cell division using DNA polymerase.
- There are three main types of RNA (messenger, ribosomal, and transfer) that help express genes by translating DNA into proteins.
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
Chapter 15 bacterial gene
Bacteria can transfer genetic material through three main methods: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria cells and the transfer of genetic material via plasmids or chromosomes. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophages, which can carry small amounts of host DNA from one bacterium to another.
Shreya transformation ppt
1) The document discusses the process of natural transformation in bacteria, where DNA is transferred from one bacterial cell to another without direct contact.
2) It describes how competent bacterial cells can take up extracellular DNA released from lysed donor cells, and how the DNA can recombine into the recipient cell's genome.
3) The document compares natural transformation between gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae, noting differences in how DNA is taken up and the role of specific DNA sequences.
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Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nuclei. The document discusses eukaryotic cells, noting that animal and plant cells differ. It includes an electron microscope image of a liver cell and asks the reader to identify structures and calculate the magnification and maximum diameter of the nucleus. It also provides links for more resources and information about making donations to the Biology4Good charity.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are evolutionary precursors to eukaryotes that lack a nucleus. They include organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Prokaryotic cells have various parts like cell walls, plasma membranes, pili, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, these parts are not membrane-bound like organelles in eukaryotes. The prokaryotic DNA exists in a condensed nucleoid region. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two.
Transformation in bacteria
Genetic transformation is the incorporation of naked DNA from the extracellular environment into bacterial cells. There are two types of transformation: natural transformation which occurs naturally in some bacteria, and artificial transformation which is done through chemical, physical, or enzymatic treatment in the laboratory. The basic procedure of transformation involves isolating naked donor DNA, mixing it with competent recipient bacterial cells, and allowing the donor DNA to enter the recipient cells and recombine with the recipient genome.
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DNA is made up of two antiparallel chains of nucleotides that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up between the two strands in a complementary fashion, with adenine always pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. This precise sequence of bases varies between individuals and carries genetic information.
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DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides, with each nucleotide containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA exists as a double helix held together through base pairing between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine. DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of cells to the next through the process of replication. It also controls the production of proteins through transcription of DNA into RNA and the translation of RNA into proteins, which are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body.
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This document provides an overview of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It begins by discussing Griffith's experiments which discovered transformation and the experiments of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty which identified DNA as the transforming factor. It then describes the structure of DNA as a double helix based on evidence from Chargaff, Franklin and the model proposed by Watson and Crick. The document outlines DNA replication and how the DNA double helix unwinds and uses each strand as a template to produce two new DNA molecules. It concludes by explaining how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins, the basic process by which genes direct the traits of organisms.
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The document summarizes key concepts about DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It discusses:
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Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
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2) Early experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty demonstrated that DNA carries genetic information by showing it was responsible for bacterial transformation. Further work by Hershey and Chase using bacteriophage showed that viral DNA, not protein, entered host cells to direct new virus production.
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The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the cell nucleus. It discusses how DNA is tightly packaged into chromosomes through winding around histone proteins to form nucleosomes and chromatin fibers. This compact packaging allows the 100 trillion meters of DNA in the human body to fit within cell nuclei. The nucleus contains DNA, which directs gene expression, DNA replication, and cell division. RNA carries DNA's genetic instructions out of the nucleus to direct protein synthesis. Key concepts covered include DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the central dogma of molecular biology.
1. modern genetics (2010)
Modern genetics began in the 1920s with the study of DNA and its role in heredity. Griffith's experiments in 1928 showed that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria, transforming harmless bacteria into deadly ones. Hershey and Chase's experiments in 1952 provided proof that DNA, rather than proteins, carries the genetic instructions of organisms. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson, Crick, and Franklin to be a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
DNA and RNA.ppt
DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits in living organisms. It is found in the form of a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides bonded together. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The base pairing rule dictates that adenine bonds only with thymine and cytosine bonds only with guanine. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division to produce two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. It uses messenger RNA to transport its genetic instructions to ribosomes for protein production.
DNA and RNA.ppt
DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits in living organisms. It is found in the form of a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides bonded together. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The base pairing rule dictates that adenine bonds only with thymine and cytosine bonds only with guanine. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division to produce two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. It uses messenger RNA to transport its genetic instructions to ribosomes for protein production.
Biology 12.1
Scientists discovered that DNA stores and transmits genetic information between generations of organisms. DNA has a double helix structure with two strands wound around each other. The strands are made up of nucleotides that bond together through specific base pairing between adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine. Viruses can introduce foreign DNA into bacteria through transformation, changing the bacteria.
DNA-APBio Ch 9
The document summarizes key discoveries about DNA and genetics. It describes how Griffith's experiments in the 1920s showed that genetic material can transform bacteria. Later work by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed this material was DNA. Watson and Crick then deduced DNA's double-helix structure in 1953 using X-ray crystallography data. DNA contains four nucleotides that form base pairs between strands. Its sequence encodes genetic information.
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists in cells as a double helix structure, with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases on the two strands bond together in specific patterns, with adenine bonding only to thymine and cytosine bonding only to guanine. This allows the DNA strands to reliably replicate and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. While DNA provides the code, RNA is involved in expressing this code by assisting in protein production.
bio 111 lect 25-26 (2jgdrsrycmbbcrkhx).pptx
DNA is the hereditary material that is copied and passed from generation to generation in living organisms. Evidence from experiments like Griffith's transformation experiment, Avery's work identifying the transforming principle as DNA, and Hershey and Chase's viral infection experiments proved that DNA carries genetic information. Watson and Crick used evidence from X-ray crystallography and Chargaff's rules to determine that DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA replication is semiconservative and involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of new strands, and production of two identical DNA molecules each with one old and one new strand.
Basic concepts & scope of recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA molecules from different sources and introducing them into host cells. Key developments include the discovery that DNA carries genetic information (Avery, 1944), determining DNA's structure (Watson and Crick, 1953), developing techniques to cut and join DNA (restriction enzymes and ligase, 1970s), and creating the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining bacterial plasmid and phage DNA (Cohen and Boyer, 1973). These advances laid the foundation for genetic engineering.
Chapter 10 Notes
The document discusses DNA replication and protein production. It explains that DNA controls protein production through transcription and translation. DNA replication involves unwinding DNA and adding complementary nucleotides to each strand to produce two identical copies. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA which carries protein instructions to ribosomes. Translation at the ribosomes then builds proteins according to the mRNA codons through tRNA and amino acid pairing. The document also covers DNA technology like extraction, gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA, and genetic mutations.
Dna replication recombination
DNA was discovered in 1868 and carries genetic traits. It is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that code for inherited characteristics. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself during cell division. It occurs in three main steps - initiation, elongation, and proofreading. DNA recombination and mutation can result in changes to the DNA sequence, altering traits or introducing variation. Recombinant DNA techniques cut and join DNA from different sources to produce modified sequences.
Watson and Crick DNA model, Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Pyrimidi...
This presentation provides an overview of DNA structure and functions. It discusses that DNA is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix, and carries genetic instructions. It also summarizes key aspects of DNA such as the discovery of its structure by Watson and Crick, the four bases that form base pairs, the three types of DNA, transcription, translation, replication, and how DNA makes proteins. The discovery of DNA has revolutionized fields like genetics, biotechnology, and holds promise for advances in medicine, agriculture and more.
Similar to 6chapter12 (20)
DNA and RNA , Structure, Functions, Types, difference, Similarities, Protein ...
DNA and RNA , Structure, Functions, Types, difference, Similarities, Protein ...
Basic concepts & scope of recombinant DNA technology
Basic concepts & scope of recombinant DNA technology
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The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The main organs of the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs which facilitate gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Breathing is controlled by the brain and carbon dioxide levels, while disorders of the circulatory system include high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.
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The document summarizes the digestive and excretory systems. It describes the stages of digestion starting in the mouth and continuing through the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small and large intestines. It then discusses the key roles and structures of the kidneys in the excretory system, including filtration and reabsorption of waste, and how the kidneys help regulate water content in the blood and maintain homeostasis.
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The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, provides movement, and stores minerals. There are three types of joints: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue and muscles contract to allow movement. The integumentary system is made up of skin, which acts as a barrier, protects against injury, regulates temperature, removes waste, and protects against sun radiation.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in genetics including:
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2) Probability and Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible outcomes of genetic crosses and determine genotypes and phenotypes.
3) Other Mendelian genetics concepts explored are independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits which result from the interaction of multiple genes.
4) Meiosis is the process where the number of chromosomes is halved through homologous chromosome separation in diploid cells.
5) Link
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This document discusses genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, inbreeding, hybridization, and molecular biology tools to extract, cut, separate and read DNA sequences in order to transform bacteria, plant and animal cells to create transgenic microorganisms, animals and plants as well as using cloning.
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