Regulation of Body Fluids in Plants and Animals

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Plant and Animal
Organismal Biology
Regulation of Body Fluids
1
1
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DIVISION OF SAN JOSE DEL MONTE CITY
San Ignacio St., Poblacion, City of San Jose del Monte 3023

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Plant and Animal
Organismal Biology

Introductory Message
This Self- Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part
shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on
lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing
this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher's assistance
for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need
to answer the post-test to self - check your learning. Answer keys are
provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using
these. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing
each task. If you have any question in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

1
FOREWORD
Learning can be both fun and interactive. So, we present to you this
Learning Material that will provide valuable understanding of the topic being
presented. As a 21st century learner, this material can be your steppingstone
in achieving proficiency in the subject matter.
The elements serve as guides in your learning journey. The contents of
this learning materials, carefully prepared and developed by dedicated
teachers from various schools in the City of San Jose del Monte, provide
deeper understanding.
Treat this module like a friend and it will connect you with the
wonderful world of learning. If you are excited to have fun while learning, this
module is for you.

2
What I Need to Know
CONTENT STANDARD
Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Their Functions
LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learners shall be able to:
• compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals:
regulation of body fluids; and
• describe excretory systems in animals especially the human urinary
system and their functions in homeostasis. (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1)
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• define some key terms related to osmoregulation;
• describe the different types of animals based on the osmolarity of their body fluids
in relation to their environment.
• enumerate the three types of nitrogenous wastes in animals;
• enumerate and describe excretory systems in invertebrate; and
• characterize the mammalian urinary system and the role of nephron.

3
What I Know
Let us check your prior knowledge about the Nutrition and gas exchange of
plants and animals.
Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Water vapor exits a plant leaf by
A. the stomata
B. the epidermis
C. the palisade cells
D. the spongy mesophyll
2. Transpiration is
A. the movement of water through a plant from the roots up the
stem
B. the loss of water from the leaves of a plant by the process of
evaporation
C. the flow of water into plant roots by osmosis from the soil
D. the process of minerals and sugars moving through plant veins
3. Where is xylem found in the plant?
A. leave -> roots -> stem
B. roots -> stem -> leaves
C. root hairs -> leaves -> veins
D. stem -> roots
4. What does phloem transport?
A. water
B. minerals
C. fruit
D. sugar
5. The plant tissue that carries food materials DOWNWARD from
the leaves to the rest of the plant is the ______.
A. Phloem
B. Stomata
C. Chlorophyll
D. Xylem
6. The small intestine uses ________ to absorb nutrients
A. villi

4
B. rugae
C. papillae
D. none of the above
7. Bile is produced in the ________ and stored in the __________
A. stomach, liver
B. intestine, stomach
C. liver, gall bladder
D. gall bladder, colon
8. After a period of exercise, which blood vessel will contain the
highest concentration of carbon dioxide?
A. aorta
B. vena cava
C. hepatic artery
D. pulmonary vein
9. A tiny blood vessel that allows for exchange between blood and
cells in the tissues in the body is
A. capillary
B. blood vessel
C. aorta
D. vena cava
10.When the right ventricle contracts, to which of the following
structures does the blood flow next?
A. aorta
B. left atrium
C. pulmonary artery
D. left ventricle

5
What’s In
Pre-Activity
Directions: Define the following terms. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Excretion
2. Excretory system
3. Osmoregulation
4. Ammonia
5. Urea
6. Uric acid
7. Nephron
8. Osmotic pressure
9. Osmoconformers
10. Osmotic regulators
What’s New
Homeostasis must be achieved both in plants and animals. In order to
do this, metabolic wastes must be excreted so that they do not accumulate
and reach concentrations that may be harmful for the organisms. In animals,
the principal metabolic wastes are water, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous
wastes. Excess water is lost from respiratory surfaces in terrestrial animals.
Excretory organs such as kidneys, remove and excrete most of the water and
nitrogenous wastes.
There are two processes for maintaining homeostasis of fluids:
osmoregulation and excretion of metabolic wastes. Osmoregulation is the
process by which an animal regulates the osmotic pressure of its body fluids,
so that they do not become too dilute or too concentrated. Excretion on the

6
other hand is the process of ridding the body excess water, salts, metabolic
wastes, and harmful substances.
Animals have evolved efficient excretory systems to handle
osmoregulation and the disposal of metabolic wastes. Excretory systems
maintain homeostasis by selectively adjusting the concentration of salts and
other substances in blood and other body fluids. Typically, an excretory
system collects fluid, generally from the blood or interstitial fluid. It then
adjusts the composition of this fluid by selectively returning needed
substances to the body fluid. Finally, the adjusted excretory product like urine
which contains excess or potentially toxic substances, is released from the
body.
Nitrogenous wastes include ammonia, uric acid, and urea. Ammonia is
produced through the breakdown of amino acids, wherein the nitrogen-
containing amino group is being removed. Ammonia is highly toxic in some
aquatic animals that is why it must be excreted into their surrounding water
before it can build up into toxic concentrations in their tissues. Uric acid on
the other hand is the product of ammonia and the breakdown of nucleotides
from nucleic acids. Uric acid forms crystals and can be excreted as a
crystalline paste with little fluid loss. This adaptation for conserving water is
important to may terrestrial animals including insects, certain reptiles, and
birds. The absence of a urinary bladder in birds and their frequent excretion
of uric acid as part of the feces contribute to their light body weight essential
for flight. Urea is the principal nitrogenous waste product of amphibians and
mammals, produced in the liver from ammonia. It is less toxic than ammonia
and can accumulate in higher concentrations without damaging tissues, thus
can be excreted in concentrated form.
The body fluids of most marine invertebrates are in osmotic equilibrium
with the surrounding seawater. These animals are known as osmotic
conformers because the concentration of their body fluids varies along with
the changes in the seawater. Good thing is the sea is a stable environment
and salt concentration does not vary much.
Marine sponges and cnidarians do not need a specialized excretory
structure because their wastes pass by diffusion from their cells to the
external environment and are washed away by water currents. When water
becomes stagnant and currents do not wash away wastes, aquatic
environments such as coral reefs, are damaged from their accumulation.
Coastal habitats, such as estuaries that contain brackish water are
much less stable environments than in the open sea. Salt concentrations
change frequently with shifting tides. Animals that dwell in these habitats are
osmotic regulators. In a coastal environment where fresh water enters the
sea, the water has a lower salt concentration than the body fluids of the
animal. Water osmotically moves into the body, and salt diffuses out. Animals
adapted to this environment has excretory structure that actively remove

7
excess water. Many have cells in their gills that remove salts from the
surrounding water and transport them into the body fluids.
Terrestrial animals have a higher fluid concentration than that found in
the surrounding air. They tend to lose water by evaporation from the body
surface and from respiratory surfaces. They may also lose water as wastes
through excretion
In most invertebrates an organ consists of simple or branching tubes
called nephridial organs are usually open to the outside of the body through
pores. The protonephridia of flatworms are specialized for osmoregulation.
Annelids and Mollusks have nephridial organs called metanephridia. Fluid
from the coelom passes into the tubule, bringing with it whatever it contains
- glucose, salts, and wastes. As the fluid moves through the tubule, needed
materials, such as water or glucose, are reabsorbed by the capillaries, leaving
the wastes behind. In this way, urine is produced containing concentrated
wastes.
The excretory system of insects and spiders consists of Malpighian
Tubules which consists of two to several hundred tubules depending on the
species. Malpighian tubules have blind ends that lie in the body cavity
(hemocoel where they are bathed in blood. The tubules collect wastes and
empty them into the intestine. Water and some salts are reabsorbed into the
blood by specialized rectal glands. Uric acid, the major waste product, is
excreted as a semidry paste with a minimum of water.
Freshwater fishes are covered by scales and a mucous secretion that
retards the passage of water into the body. However, water enters through the
gills. The kidneys of these fishes have become adapted to filter out excess
water, and they excrete a large amount of dilute urine.
Most amphibians are at least semiaquatic, and their mechanisms of
osmoregulation are similar to freshwater fishes. They produce a large amount
of dilute urine. For example, through its urine and skin, a frog can lose an
amount of water equivalent to one third of its body weight in one day. Active
transport of salt inward by special cells in the skin compensates for salt loss
through skin and urine.
The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in vertebrates is the
kidney. In most vertebrates, the skin, the lungs, or gills and digestive system
also help maintain fluid balance and dispose of metabolic wastes. Some
reptiles and birds have salt glands in the head that excrete salt that enters
the body with the seawater they drink.
In mammals, the kidneys are the principal excretory organs and are
responsible for the excretion of most nitrogenous waste and for helping to
maintain fluid balance by adjusting the salt and water content of the urine.
As in other terrestrial vertebrates, the lungs. Skin and digestive system are
also important in mammalian osmoregulation and waste disposal. Most

8
carbon dioxide and a great deal of water are excreted by the lungs. Most of
the bile pigments, produced by the breakdown of red blood cells are normally
excreted by the liver into the intestine. From the intestine they then pass out
of the body with the feces. The liver also produces both urea and uric acid.
The urinary system (figure 3) of mammals consists of the kidneys (figure
2), the urinary bladder and associated ducts. The overall portion is called
the renal medulla. As urine is produces, it flows into the renal pelvis, a
funnel shaped chamber. From the renal pelvis, urine flows into one of the
paired ureters, which are ducts that connect the kidney with the urinary
bladder. The urinary bladder can hold up to 800 ml of urine. During
urination, urine flows through the urethra from the bladder, a duct leading
to the outside of the body. The urethra in male is lengthy and passes through
the penis and the semen, as well as urine, is transported through the urethra.
In the female, the urethra is short and transport only urine and its opening
to the outside is just above the opening of the vagina. The length of the male
urethra discourages bacterial invasions of the bladder. This length difference
helps explain why bladder infections are more common in females than in
males.
Nephron: The Functional unit of Kidney
Each kidney consists of more than one million functional units, called
nephrons (figure 1). It consists of a cuplike Bowman’s capsule connected to
long, partially coiled renal tubule. Positioned within the cup shaped
Bowman’s capsule is a cluster of capillaries known as glomerulus. Three main
regions of the renal tubule are the proximal convoluted tubule, which
conducts the filtrate from the Bowman’s capsule; the loop of Henle, an
elongated hairpin-shaped portion; and the distal convoluted tubule, which
conducts the filtrate to a collecting duct.

9
Figure 1: The Nephron
Figure 2: Anatomy of Human Kidney

10
Figure 3: Human Urinary System

11
What is It
Fill in the blanks. Choose the right answer in the given words below. Write
you answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_______________ help regulate the concentration of body fluids by
_________________ and excretion of metabolic wastes. The principal waste
products of animal metabolism are water, ______________ and _____________
such as __________, __________ and uric acid. Invertebrate mechanisms of
osmoregulation and waste disposal include the______________ of flatworms,
_______________ of annelids, and _____________________ of insects. The
vertebrate ___________ maintains homeostasis of body fluids and excretes
metabolic wastes. In Mammals, the kidneys produce _________, which passes
through the ureters to the urinary bladders for storage. During urination, the
urine is released through the ___________ to the outside of the body. Each
Nephron consists of ___________________ surrounding a cluster of capillaries,
called a ______________ and a long coiled _________________.
renal tubule excretory systems Bowman’s capsule
osmoregulation glomerulus urethra
carbon dioxide nitrogenous wastes nephridial organs
ammonia metanephridia urea
malpighian tubules kidney urine

12
What’s More
Direction: Answer the following questions and give your explanation.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Compare Osmoregulation in flatworms and insects.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
2. What are the principal types of nitrogenous wastes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
3. Explain how freshwater fishes maintain fluid balance in their body.
4. How do mammals maintain homeostasis of body fluids in their body?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
5. Discuss the function of human kidney. Differentiate between male and
female function.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

13
What I Have Learned
Direction: Complete the following words by giving their definition or
description. Write you answer on a sheet of paper.
1. The process of removing metabolic wastes from the body is called
__________________.
2. The process by which an animal regulates its fluid content is
_________________.
3. The principal nitrogenous waste product of insects and birds is
_______________.
4. The principal nitrogenous waste product of amphibians and mammals
is ____________.
5. Flatworms have excretory structures called _______________.
6. Earthworms have excretory structures know as _____________.
7. The excretory structures of insects are _________________.
8. The vertebrate kidney consists of functional units called _____________.
9. The glomerulus consists of a cluster of _____________ which is
surrounded by 10. ___________

14
What I Can Do
Draw a diagram of a human kidney and label its parts.
Draw a diagram of an Excretory System in human and label its parts.

15
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer in a sheet of paper.
1. Which organ of the excretory system stores urine until the body is ready
to eliminate it?
A. ureters
B. urethra
C. urea
D. Urinary bladder
2. What is the main function of the excretory system?
A. to collect and remove wastes from the body
B. to strengthen skeletal muscles
C. to protect the nervous system
D. to bring oxygen to body cells
3. Under normal conditions, which of the following substances is found in
urine?
A. blood cells
B. protein
C. glucose
D. urea
4. Which of the following parts is not found in the urinary system?
A. Ureters
B. Urethra
C. Bladder
D. Rectum
5. Which one is correct about the Urinary System?
A. The Urine passes from the intestine through the ureter into the
urinary bladder, where it is stored.
B. The Urine passes from the lungs through the ureter into the
C. The Urine passes from the kidneys through the ureter into the
D. The Urine passes from the spleen through the ureter into the

16
6. What are the filtering units of the kidneys?
A. nephrons
B. ureters
C. neurons
D. alveoli
7. Osmoregulation and waste disposal of flatworms.
A. kidney
B. metanephridia
C. protonephridia
D. Malpighian tubules
8. The excretory structures of insects.
A. kidney
B. metanephridia
C. Nephridial organs
9. The excretory structures of earthworms.
A. kidney
B. metanephridia
10. The excretory structures of mammals.
A. kidney
B. metanephridia

17
Additional Activities
Thinking Critically
1. The kangaroo rat’s diet consists of dry seeds and does not drink water.
Speculate about the adaptations this animal would need to have to survive.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
2. Why is glucose normally not present in urine? Why is it present in
diabetes mellitus? Why do you suppose diabetics experience an increased
output of urine?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________.
For additional knowledge and information watch the following link in you
tube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsSdAXv5BEM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NtPjzm1-74

18
Answer Key
What
I
know
1.
a
2.
b
3.
b
4.
d
5.
a
6.
a
7.
c
8.
b
9.
a
10.
c
What’s
In
1.
Excretion
is
the
process
of
removing
metabolic
wastes
from
the
body.
2.
Excretory
systems
maintains
homeostasis
by
selectively
adjusting
the
concentration
of
salts
and
other
substances
in
blood
and
other
body
fluids.
3.
Osmoregulation
is
the
process
by
which
an
animal
regulates
the
osmotic
pressure
of
its
body
fluids
so
that
it
will
not
be
too
dilute
or
too
concentrated.
4.
Ammonia
is
a
highly
toxic
substance
which
is
the
product
of
breaking
down
amino
acid
or
the
process
of
deamination
5.
Urea
is
the
principal
nitrogenous
waste
product
of
amphibians
and
mammals
produced
in
the
liver
from
ammonia.
6.
Uric
acid
is
the
principal
nitrogenous
excretory
product
of
insects,
birds,
and
reptiles.
7.
Nephron
is
the
functional,
microscopic
unit
of
the
vertebrate
kidney.
8
Osmotic
pressure
is
the
measure
of
solute
concentration
of
a
solution.
9.
Osmoconformers
are
marine
invertebrates
that
has
body
fluids
that
are
in
osmotic
equilibrium
with
the
surrounding
seawater.
10.
Osmotic
regulators
are
animals
that
dwell
well
in
a
habitat
that
salt
concentrations
change
frequently
due
to
shifting
tides.
What
is
It
(answers
from
left
to
right)
Excretory
Systems
ammonia
malpighian
tubules
Bowman’s
capsule
Osmoregulation
urea
kidney
glomerulus
Carbon
dioxide
nephridial
organs
urine
renal
tubule
Nitrogenous
waste
metanephridia
urethra
What’s
More

19
What
I
have
Learned
1.
Excretion
2.
Osmoregulation
3.
Uric
acid
4.
Urea
5.
Protonephridia
6.
Metanephridia
7.
Malpighian
tubules
8.
Nephron
9.
Capillaries
10.
Bowman’s
capsule
What
I
can
do
Work
may
vary
Additional
Activities
1.
Kangaroo
rat
obtains
most
of
its
water
from
its
own
metabolism,
and
its
kidneys
are
so
efficient
that
it
loses
little
fluid
as
urine.
2.
Diabetes
mellitus
is
a
disorder
wherein
glucose
accumulates
in
the
blood
instead
of
being
efficiently
absorbed
and
utilized
by
the
cells.
The
concentration
of
glucose
filtered
into
the
nephrons
exceeds
the
renal
threshold,
so
glucose
is
excreted
in
the
urine.
Assessment
1.
d
9.
b
2.
a
10.
a
3.
d
4.
d
5.
c
6.
a
7.
c
8.
d

20
References
Books
Solomon, Eldra Pearl Ph.D.; Berg Linda R. Ph.D.; The World of Biology 5th
Edition Saunders College Publishing,1995
Clark, Mary Ann; Choi Jung; Douglas Matthew., Biology 2e: Houston Texas;
Open Stax Rice University, 2018
College Biology Licensed under Creative Commons
Website
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsSdAXv5BEM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NtPjzm1-74
Wikimedia Commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary_System_(Male).png
Wikimedia Commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary_System_(Female).png
https://www.flickr.com/photos/kidneynotes/24825157

21
This material was contextualized and localized by the
Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SAN JOSE DEL MONTE
MERLINA P. CRUZ PhD, CESO VI
Officer-in-Charge
Office of the Schools Division Superintendent
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ROLANDO T. SOTELO DEM
Chief, Curriculum and Implementation Division
ANNALYN L. GERMAN EdD
Education Program Supervisor, LRMS
ESPERANZA D. ESPAÑOLA
Science, Education Program Supervisor
JEANNIFER B. RAMOS
City of San Jose Del Monte National Science High School
Writer
NAME
School
Illustrator
NAME
School
Layout Artist
Cover Art Designer
NAME
School
Content Editor
NAME
City of San Jose Del Monte National Science High School
MELINDA F. OJEDA
ROMELYN T. ASIS
Language Reviewer

1
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of San Jose Del Monte City –
Learning Resource Management and Development Section (LRMDS)
San Ignacio Street, Poblacion, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan
Email Address: lrmssdosjdmc@gmail.com

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