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The document outlines the major events in the history of life on Earth, from early single-celled organisms to complex multicellular life. It discusses how fossils provide evidence of early life, how oxygen levels allowed new organisms to emerge, and how sexual reproduction accelerated evolution. It then covers the rise of marine and land animals, the era of dinosaurs and flowering plants, the age of mammals, mass extinctions that opened habitats for new species, and how life has changed from simple to complex forms over time through evolution and coevolution.
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The document summarizes key topics in the history of life on Earth:
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This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
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The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body. The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a double circulatory pathway. Blood is composed of red blood cells, which carry oxygen, and white blood cells, which help fight infection. The respiratory system includes the nose, throat, lungs, and diaphragm. It takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide through breathing. Disorders of these systems can impair circulation or respiration and cause issues like heart disease or stroke.
4chapter18
This document discusses scientific classification systems from Linnaeus' early system to modern evolutionary classification using DNA evidence. It outlines the kingdoms of life as bacteria, archea, and eukarya according to the three-domain system of classification and notes that scientific understanding of the tree of life continues to evolve over time.
3chapter12
The document discusses several key topics in genetics:
- Griffith's experiment showed that living bacteria could transform non-pathogenic bacteria into pathogenic ones.
- Hershey and Chase studied viruses and proved that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.
- DNA replication duplicates DNA before cell division using DNA polymerase.
- There are three main types of RNA (messenger, ribosomal, and transfer) that help express genes by translating DNA into proteins.
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
6chapter40
The document discusses the immune system and diseases, including infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi that are spread through various means. It describes the immune system's nonspecific defenses like the skin and inflammatory response, as well as its specific defenses through antibodies. The document also covers allergies as an overreaction of the immune system, autoimmune disorders where the immune system attacks the body's own cells, and cancer which occurs when cell growth controls fail. It lists chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery as common cancer treatment methods.
3 Chapter18
The document discusses classification of organisms. It describes levels of classification from kingdom to species and explains binomial nomenclature. It notes classification was traditionally based on traits but is now done through evolutionary relationships and molecular clocks. Life is classified into three domains - Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea - which are further divided into five kingdoms.
6chapter12
DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure with two strands wound around each other. DNA replication and transcription produce new DNA and RNA molecules, while translation uses RNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that affect the genetic information.
4chapter38
The document summarizes the digestive and excretory systems. It describes the stages of digestion starting in the mouth and continuing through the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small and large intestines. It then discusses the key roles and structures of the kidneys in the excretory system, including filtration and reabsorption of waste, and how the kidneys help regulate water content in the blood and maintain homeostasis.
4chapter37
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The main organs of the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs which facilitate gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Breathing is controlled by the brain and carbon dioxide levels, while disorders of the circulatory system include high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.
4chapter13
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, inbreeding, hybridization, and molecular biology tools to extract, cut, separate and read DNA sequences in order to transform bacteria, plant and animal cells to create transgenic microorganisms, animals and plants as well as using cloning.
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The document discusses the historical development of the concept of life on Earth from its origins over 3.5 billion years ago to the evolution of modern humans. It describes how life began as simple single-celled organisms and gradually became more complex over billions of years, evolving to include the first multicellular organisms, plants, animals, dinosaurs, and eventually modern humans. The document also provides a timeline of key events in the evolution of life and lists fossil and DNA evidence that has been discovered that supports the theory of evolution.
Origin of Life eon era periods explained.pptx
The document provides an overview of the geological time scale and describes several key periods in Earth's history. It discusses:
1. The Hadean Eon, when conditions were extremely harsh and the early atmosphere was hostile to life. Despite this, oceans first formed and provided building blocks for life.
2. The Archean Eon, when the first single-celled life forms evolved and primitive ecosystems were established.
3. Significant events in subsequent periods including the evolution of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, multicellular life, plants and animals, dinosaurs, mammals, and modern humans.
4. Climate changes, mass extinctions like the Permian-Triassic event, shifts in dominant
A brief history of life.pdf.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of life on Earth from its earliest beginnings billions of years ago to the emergence of modern humans. It describes how simple organic compounds formed in the atmosphere and oceans of early Earth and eventually combined to form the first primitive cell. These single-celled organisms were the earliest life forms and evolved into more complex multicellular organisms over billions of years. Major evolutionary transitions included the emergence of photosynthesis, eukaryotic cells, sexual reproduction, and eventually the first vertebrates, land plants, dinosaurs, mammals, and the human species. Fossils provide evidence of how life has changed and diversified over the long history of the planet.
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- Evolution is defined as the gradual development of simple matters into more complex forms over time. Darwin was the first to put together evidence to explain evolution through his theory of natural selection.
- Primary claims of evolution include that the Earth is over 4 billion years old, life emerged around 3.8 billion years ago, extinction is a major feature of biological evolution, and humans evolved from pre-existing species.
- Major claims of evolutionary theory include that natural selection is the main mechanism of evolution, whereby individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits; all living organisms share a common ancestry; and DNA evidence provides powerful support for the interrelatedness of all life.
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Modern humans first appeared in Africa at least 315,000 years ago based on fossil evidence from Morocco. DNA evidence suggests humans may have emerged over 500,000 years ago. Anatomically modern humans spread from East Africa around 70,000 years ago, migrating along coastal regions to Australia, Europe, Asia, and the Americas. The evolution of humans and ancestral species over millions of years in Africa is characterized by increasingly larger and complex brains. Biochemical and genetic evidence from similarities in molecules like insulin and cytochrome c proteins across species supports the theory that all living organisms descended from a common ancestor through shared DNA and metabolic processes.
5938665(1).ppt
The document discusses the origins and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how life first emerged around 3.85 billion years ago, and has since diversified and progressed to more complex forms through natural selection and evolution. The basic requirements for life - sources of energy and nutrients, liquid water - are examined in the context of the potential for life elsewhere in the solar system and beyond. Mars and some Jovian moons like Europa are highlighted as the most promising candidates for extraterrestrial life within our solar system.
Evolving Concept of Life Based on Emerging Pieces of Evidence.pptx
1) The origin of life on Earth remains one of science's greatest mysteries. Various hypotheses have been proposed but none have been verified.
2) Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago and may have developed life-supporting conditions by 4.3 billion years ago, although the oldest fossils are only 3.7 billion years old, leaving a gap.
3) Emerging evidence has led scientists to believe that life began through gradual chemical evolution from simple organic molecules to more complex polymers, RNA, and eventually the first prokaryotic cells within the hypothesized conditions of the early Earth.
GEOLOGIC-TIME-SCALE.pptx
The document provides an overview of the geologic time scale by describing the major eons, eras, periods, and epochs that have occurred throughout Earth's history from 4.6 billion years ago to present day. It notes key events such as the formation of the early Earth and oceans during the Hadean and Archean eons, the emergence of early life forms in the Precambrian eon, the explosion of animal diversity in the Cambrian period, the rise of reptiles and dinosaurs in the Mesozoic era, and the extinction of dinosaurs paving the way for mammals in the Cenozoic era. The summary covers Earth's geologic and biological progression from its formation to the current era.
Evidence of Evolution
This document provides an overview of the evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It discusses multiple lines of evidence from various scientific disciplines, including fossils and the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and geology. The development of evolutionary theory from early naturalists like Darwin to modern understanding is also summarized. Key events that shaped understanding, such as Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and subsequent publication of On the Origin of Species, are also briefly outlined.
Geologic time scale_1
The geologic time scale is a system used to describe Earth's history by dividing it into units of time based on changes in lifeforms and rock layers. It begins over 4.6 billion years ago with the formation of Earth and extends to the present. Major divisions include eons like the Precambrian and Phanerozoic, eras like the Paleozoic and Cenozoic, and periods like the Jurassic and Quaternary. Life began as single-celled organisms and evolved over billions of years to include complex plants and animals, with major extinction events periodically wiping out many species. The current geologic period is the Quaternary, which began over 2 million years ago and includes the evolution
Bio17 The History of Life
The document summarizes key events in early Earth history based on evidence from the fossil record:
- Early Earth had a toxic atmosphere but cooled enough for liquid water oceans to form around 3.8 billion years ago. Early organic molecules formed in simulations of Earth's atmosphere.
- The first life forms were unicellular bacteria that evolved around 3.5 billion years ago without oxygen. Photosynthetic bacteria introduced oxygen to the atmosphere around 2.2 billion years ago.
- Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes around 2 billion years ago, resulting in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Sexual reproduction and multicellularity further increased genetic variation.
geologic time scale_gen bio 2.pptx
The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by Earth scientists (including geologists, paleontologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and paleoclimatologists) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as lithologies, paleomagnetic properties, and fossils. The definition of standardized international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), a constituent body of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), whose primary objective[1] is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC)[2] that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.[2]
While some regional terms are still in use,[3] the table of geologic time presented in this article conforms to the nomenclature, ages, and color codes set forth by the ICS as this is the standard, reference global geologic time scale – the International Geological Time Scale.[1][
erath histroy.pptx
Earth has undergone substantial changes over its 4.6 billion year history that have influenced the evolution of life. Early single-celled prokaryotes evolved into more complex eukaryotic cells around 2 billion years ago. Approximately 541 million years ago, the Cambrian explosion occurred where many new animal phyla appeared in a geologically rapid period. Plants first colonized dry land around 500 million years ago, altering Earth's atmosphere and climate and allowing for further diversification of life.
Earth's History.ppt
The document provides an overview of Earth's history from the Precambrian period to present day. It describes the major geological periods and eras, including the Precambrian (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic), Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. During the Precambrian, the Earth was hot and volcanic as it cooled. The first multicellular life emerged in the Proterozoic. The Paleozoic saw the origin of animals with hard shells and the colonization of land. Dinosaurs dominated during the Mesozoic until an asteroid impact caused their extinction. Mammals became prominent in the Cenozoic along with flowering plants.
Geological Time Scale
The document summarizes the geological time scale which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil and radiometric evidence. The four eons are the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and current Phanerozoic eon which is divided into the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and current Cenozoic era. Key periods include the Cambrian which saw an explosion of life, the Devonian which was the age of fishes, and the Mesozoic era in which reptiles dominated until the rise of mammals in the Cenozoic. The geological time scale provides a framework for understanding how life and the planet have evolved over
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE.pdf
The document summarizes the Geologic Time Scale, which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on major geological events. The four eons are Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. Key events included the emergence of life, oxygenation of the atmosphere, formation of the supercontinent Pangaea, the five major extinction events, and the rise of mammals. The current epoch is the Holocene, within the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era.
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE.pptx
The document summarizes the Geologic Time Scale, which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on major geological events. It describes the four eons - Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic - and provides details about key periods within the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons, including major developments in life forms. It also outlines the basic structure and units of the Geologic Time Scale.
Intro to evolution
This document outlines major events in the evolution of life on Earth over the past 4.6 billion years, including the following key points:
- 3.5 billion years ago, unicellular life evolved and photosynthetic bacteria began releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.
- Around 500 million years ago, fish-like vertebrates evolved and invertebrates like trilobites were common in the oceans.
- By 360 million years ago, four-limbed vertebrates moved onto land and seed plants and large forests appeared.
- The mass extinction event around 248 million years ago led to the demise of over 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial life.
Earth Science 3.5 : Time Marches On
The document summarizes key aspects of geologic timescales including:
1) Rock layers at places like the Grand Canyon provide evidence of nearly 2 billion years of Earth's history. Fossils preserved in sedimentary rocks also provide information about geologic eras.
2) Geologists have divided Earth's history into a geologic timescale including eons, eras, periods, and epochs to better study the planet's natural history.
3) Mass extinction events have occurred where a large percentage of species suddenly die off, such as the extinction that ended the Paleozoic era killing nearly 90% of marine species. Climate changes are believed to be a cause of some extinctions.
INGLES BACH MODULO para hacer diagramas sistemales
The document discusses the origins of the universe, Earth, and life. It states that the most accepted theory is that the universe began 14 billion years ago with a hot, dense particle that exploded. Earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago from dust and gases attracted by the sun's gravity. The earliest life forms were single-celled organisms that appeared over 4 billion years ago in water, eventually evolving into more complex multi-celled beings. Various periods in Earth's history are mentioned, such as the Cambrian period which saw the first shellfish and fish in oceans.
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4chapter36
The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, provides movement, and stores minerals. There are three types of joints: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue and muscles contract to allow movement. The integumentary system is made up of skin, which acts as a barrier, protects against injury, regulates temperature, removes waste, and protects against sun radiation.
6 Chapter16
This document summarizes key concepts around evolution of populations including genes and variation, evolution as genetic change, and the process of speciation. It discusses Darwin's ideas, genetic variation through mutations and gene shuffling, how natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies and evolution, and the roles of genetic drift, genetic equilibrium, reproductive isolation, and speciation through founders arriving, separation of populations, changes in gene pools, and reproductive isolation.
6chapter18
Binomial nomenclature provides a two-part naming system for species, with the first word being the genus and the second being the specific epithet. Linnaeus established a seven-level hierarchical system of classification including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Cladograms and molecular clocks use DNA comparisons to represent evolutionary relationships and time since divergence between organisms. The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with Bacteria and Archaea being prokaryotic and unicellular, and Eukarya containing multicellular eukaryotes including plants, animals, fungi, and most protists.
6chapter38
The document discusses the key components and functions of the digestive and excretory systems. It covers the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and homeostasis. The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion to extract nutrients, while the excretory system, including the kidneys and bladder, filters waste from the blood and removes it from the body.
6chapter39
The endocrine system is made up of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones affect target cells that have receptors for that hormone and can take minutes to days to have their full effect. There are two main types of glands: exocrine glands that release secretions through ducts and endocrine glands that release directly into the bloodstream. The pituitary gland controls the functions of other endocrine glands like the thyroid, which regulates metabolism, and the adrenals, which help the body deal with stress. Feedback mechanisms help regulate hormone levels to maintain homeostasis.
6chapter11
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 11 on genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's work with pea plants, the principles of dominance and segregation. It also explains probability and Punnett squares, Mendel's two-factor crosses, his principles of inheritance, meiosis, the differences between mitosis and meiosis, and gene mapping.
6chapter35
The document discusses the nervous system and its key components and functions. The nervous system coordinates the body's responses to environmental changes and consists of the central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of nerves. The brain contains five main parts and the spinal cord functions like a phone line. The senses detect changes in the environment via sensory receptors and relay this information to the brain. Drugs can impact the nervous system by acting as stimulants, depressants, or by other means of changing brain structure and function.
6 Chapter36
The document summarizes the skeletal, muscular, and integumentary systems of the human body. It describes that the skeletal system supports the body, provides movement, protects organs, and stores minerals. It identifies the main skeletal organs and types of joints. It then explains that skin is made of two layers and produces melanin. The muscular system section notes the three main muscle types. Finally, it outlines that the integumentary system acts as a barrier and regulates temperature, waste, and UV radiation protection.
6 Chapter14
This document summarizes key concepts about the human genome. It explains that humans have 46 chromosomes, including sex chromosomes that determine gender as XX for females and XY for males. It describes how traits are passed down from parents according to Mendel's laws of inheritance. Genes located on DNA code for proteins and determine traits, with some on the X and Y chromosomes being sex-linked. Chromosomal disorders can occur if homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division. Gene therapy involves replacing a non-working gene with a normal gene, with the first successful therapy occurring in 1999.
4 Chapter11
This document provides an overview of key concepts in genetics including:
1) Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to discover the laws of inheritance and established the concepts of genes, traits, dominance, and segregation.
2) Probability and Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible outcomes of genetic crosses and determine genotypes and phenotypes.
3) Other Mendelian genetics concepts explored are independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits which result from the interaction of multiple genes.
4) Meiosis is the process where the number of chromosomes is halved through homologous chromosome separation in diploid cells.
5) Link
4chapter14
The human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one X chromosome in females and one X and one Y chromosome in males. Nondisjunction occurs when abnormal chromosome counts in gametes cause chromosome number disorders. The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence all human DNA to better understand genetics and enable advances like gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting, and treating genetic disorders.
4chapter15
Darwin went on a voyage aboard the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands where he observed that species on different islands had slight differences that helped them survive in their environments; after returning home, he published On the Origin of Species which introduced his theory of evolution by natural selection, wherein organisms better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits, while less suited organisms die off.
4chapter40
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and diseases, including how diseases are caused by germs and spread through vectors. It describes nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus and tears, as well as specific defenses involving antigens, antibodies, and antibiotics. The types of immunity including humoral, cell-mediated, permanent and active immunity are outlined. The document also discusses allergies, autoimmune diseases, AIDS/HIV, cancer and treatments for cancer.
3chapter36
The skeletal system helps support the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, and stores minerals. There are several types of joints including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Bone is surrounded by periosteum and connected by ligaments, and contains bone marrow and Haversian canals.
There are three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and control movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and control organs. Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart.
Muscles contract through the interaction of the myosin and actin filaments when calcium ions are released following the transmission of an impulse from a motor neuron. Tendons connect muscles to bones so that
3chapter16
The document discusses genetic variation and evolution. It defines key terms like gene pool, relative frequency, and sources of genetic variation such as mutation and gene shuffling. It also describes how natural selection can affect single-gene and polygenic traits through changing allele frequencies or affecting phenotype distributions in directional, stabilizing, or disruptive ways. Other topics covered include types of selection, diagrams of selection, genetic drift, founder effects, the process of speciation, and an example of speciation in Darwin's finches.
3chapter11
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied inheritance through experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s. He discovered that genes are passed from parents to offspring and that some genes are dominant and will show up in offspring while others are recessive and may not. He also found that alleles separate independently during gamete formation. His work helped establish the basic principles of genetics including phenotypes, genotypes, Punnett squares, incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic traits, meiosis, and linked genes.
3chapter14
The document summarizes key aspects of human genetics and the human genome. It discusses that humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent, including two sex chromosomes and 44 autosomes. It also notes that pedigrees show inherited traits in families and that traits can be polygenic or controlled by many genes. Additionally, it explains that the human genome contains tens of thousands of genes and that blood groups and alleles can be recessive or dominant. Sex-linked genes on the X and Y chromosomes determine sex. Nondisjunction can result in chromosomal disorders from an abnormal number of chromosomes. DNA testing through gel electrophoresis or fingerprinting can predict and check for genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project sequenced all human DNA and was completed in
3chapter37
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood through arteries and oxygen-poor blood returns through veins. Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The lymphatic system collects fluids from tissues and returns it to the blood. The respiratory system includes the nose, larynx, trachea, lungs, and bronchi. Gas exchange occurs through diffusion between alveoli and capillaries in the lungs. Breathing is driven by the diaphragm contracting during inhalation and relaxing during exhalation.
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The document summarizes the process of digestion and the excretory system. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth as teeth break down food. The esophagus then transports the food bolus to the stomach using peristalsis, not gravity. The kidneys and liver are key organs in the excretory system, as the kidneys filter waste and the liver produces bile to break down fat.
2chapter12
The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts about DNA and RNA. It discusses that Avery discovered DNA is genetic material. Hershey and Chase found viruses transfer DNA into cells. Watson and Crick modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand producing a new partner strand. There are three types of RNA: mRNA transfers messages to cells, rRNA aids in protein synthesis, and tRNA helps construct proteins. Transcription and translation are the processes by which DNA's genetic code is read and utilized to produce proteins. Mutations can occur through changes to genes or chromosomes.
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