The document discusses genetic variation and evolution. It defines key terms like gene pool, relative frequency, and sources of genetic variation such as mutation and gene shuffling. It also describes how natural selection can affect single-gene and polygenic traits through changing allele frequencies or affecting phenotype distributions in directional, stabilizing, or disruptive ways. Other topics covered include types of selection, diagrams of selection, genetic drift, founder effects, the process of speciation, and an example of speciation in Darwin's finches.

1. Gene pool The combination of genetic information of all the members of a particular population. It contains two or more then tow alleles. Tenzin Chopa

2. What is relative frequency? It’s a comparison between the alleles that how many times they occur in gene pool and in other alleles. Kunchok

3. Sources of genetic variation are: > Mutation > Gene shuffling Tenzin Chopa

4. The number of variation depends on how many genes control the trait. - Single-gene trait - Polygenic traits Kunchok

5. How natural selection can effect single-gene and polygenic traits? It effects single gene traits by changing in allele frequency and thus to evolution. It can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways: directional, stabilizing and disruptive.

6. Types of Selection: Directional: It’s when the fitness is highest at the one end of the curve than the other end or the middle. Stabilizing: It’s when the fitness is higher around the middle of the curve then the either two ends. Disruptive: Its when the higher fitness at the upper and lower ends than the middle. Tenzin Chopa

7. Diagrams of different selection: Kunchok

8. Other source of evolutionary change Genetic Drift: Random change in allele. Founder effect: Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population. Tenzinc Chopa

9. The Process of Speciation As new species evolve, populations become reproductively isolated from each other. Behavioral Isolation Geographic Isolation Temporal isolation Kunchok

10. Speciation in Darwin’s Finches Founders Arrive Separation of Populations Changes in the Gene Pool Reproductive Isolation Ecological competition Continued Evolution Kunchok