Chapter 25: Excretion [compatibility mode]

1. Chapter 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

2. Homeostasis Introduction: Chilling Out –Maintenance of steady internal conditions despite fluctuations in the external environment Examples of homeostasis –Thermoregulation—the maintenance of internal temperature within narrow limits –Osmoregulation—the control of the gain and loss of water and solutes –Excretion—the disposal of nitrogen-containing wastes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. 25.1 An animal’s regulation of body temperature helps maintain Thermoregulation homeostasis – The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range Ectothermic animals – Absorb heat from their surroundings – Many fish, most amphibians, lizards, most invertebrates Endothermic animals – Derive body heat mainly from their metabolism – Birds, mammals, a few reptiles and fish, many insects Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 25.2 Heat is gained or lost in four ways Heat exchange with the environment may occur by – Conduction – Convection – Radiation – Evaporation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Convection Conduction Evaporation Radiation Mechanisms of heat exchange

6. 25.3 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss Five general categories of adaptations promote thermoregulation 1-Increased metabolic heat production – Hormonal changes boost metabolic rate in birds and mammals – Shivering – Increased physical activity – Honeybees cluster and shiver Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 25.3 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat 2- Insulation – Hair – Feathers – Fat layers gain and loss 3- Circulatory adaptations – Increased or decreased blood flow to skin – Large ears in elephants – Countercurrent heat exchange Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 25.3 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss 4- Evaporative cooling – Sweating – Panting 5- Behavioral responses – Used by endotherms and ectotherms – Examples – Moving to the sun or shade – Migrating – Bathing B1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Slide 8 B1 Baeshen, 10/5/2008

11. 25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation Osmoconformers – Have the same internal solute concentration as seawater – Many marine invertebrates are osmoconformers Osmoregulators control their solute ccoonncceennttrraattiioonnss FFrreesshhwwaatteerr ffiisshheess – Gain water by osmosis – Excrete excess water – Pump salt across their gills Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface Uptake of some ions in food Uptake of salt by gills Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys Osmoregulation in a perch, a freshwater fish

13. 25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes Saltwater fish through osmoregulation – Lose water by osmosis – Drink seawater – Pump out excess salt Land animals – Gain water by drinking and eating – Lose water by evaporation and waste disposal – Conserve water using – Kidneys – Behavior adaptations – Waterproof skin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface Gain of water and salt from food and by drinking seawater Excretion of Salt from gills Excretion of excess ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys Osmoregulation in a cod, a saltwater fish

15. 25.5 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A variety of ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals Nitrogenous wastes are toxic breakdown products of protein Animals dispose of nitrogenous wastes such as 1-Ammonia (NH3) Poisonous Soluble in water Easily disposed of by aquatic animals 22-- UUrreeaa Less toxic Easier to store 3- Some land animals save water by excreting uric acid relatively non toxic insoluble in water (dry waste excreated as semisolid) Urea and uric acid take energy to produce Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Proteins Amino acids Nitrogenous bases Nucleic acids —NH2 Amino groups ن ا و Nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products Birds and many other reptiles, insects, land snails Uric acid Mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Most aquatic animals, including most fishes Ammonia Urea

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19. 25.6 The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis The excretory system – Expels wastes – Regulates water balance – Regulates ion balance Nephrons – Functional units ooff tthhee kkiiddnneeyyss – Extract a filtrate from the blood – Refine the filtrate to produce urine Urine – Ureters drain the kidneys – Stored in the urinary bladder – Expelled through the urethra Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Aorta Inferior vena cava Anatomy of the human excretory system Renal artery and vein Kidney Urinary bladder Ureter Urethra

21. Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Ureter Anatomy of the human excretory system (L.Sec. Kidney)

22. Renal cortex Bowman’s Capsule Collecting Duct Renal artery Renal vein Tubule To renal Pelvis Renal medulla Anatomy of the human excretory system C.Sec. Kidney

23. Bowman’s capsule Arteriole from renal artery Arteriole from glomerulus Glomerulus Proximal tubule Distal Tubule Branch of renal vein Capillaries From another 3 1 Nephron Loop of Henle with capillary network Collecting 2 Duct Anatomy of the human excretory system (Diagram of a Nephron)

24. 25.7 Overview: The key processes of the urinary system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion Filtration – Blood pressure forces water and many small solutes into the nephron tubules Reabsorption: in the proximal and distal tubules – Valuable solutes are return to the blood from the filtrate(e.g glucose ,salts ,amino acids and ions) Secretion – Excess H+ and toxins are added from the blood to the filtrate Excretion – The final product, urine, is excreted via ureters, urinary bladder , and urethera Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Filtration Nephron tubule H2O, other small molecules Reabsorption Secretion Excretion Urine Capillary Interstitial fluid Major processes of the urinary system

26. 25.8 Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and pH is regulated by – Reabsorption of HCO3 – – Secretion of H+ secretion Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys It regulate water balance in the body by increase water reabsorption from the kidney. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. 25.9 CONNECTION: Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver Compensating for kidney failure A dialysis machine – Removes wastes from the blood – Maintains its solute concentration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Line from artery to apparatus Pump Tubing made of a selectively permeable membrane Dialyzing Line from solution apparatus to vein Fresh dialyzing solution Used dialyzing solution (with urea and Kidney dialysis. excess ions)

29. You should now be able to 1- Explain how bear physiology adjusts during dormancy 2- Describe four ways that heat is gained or lost by an animal 3-Describe five categories of adaptations that help animals thermoregulate 4- Compare the osmoregulatory problems of freshwater fish, saltwater fish, and terrestrial animals 5- Compare the three ways that animals eliminate nitrogenous wastes 6- Describe the structure of the human kidney 7- Explain how the kidney promotes homeostasis 8 - Describe four major processes that produce urine 9- Describe the key events in the conversion of filtrate into urine Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

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79. Filtration

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108. ا b+ ا Terrestrial Plants 6 رc ت ا +. ا Deamination 2c ع ا B D Aquatic Plants L ت ا +. ا Converted ; Salt Glands د ا )YD Halophytes د)S

Chapter 25: Excretion [compatibility mode]

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Chapter 25: Excretion [compatibility mode]