Heuristics are simple rules or mental shortcuts that allow humans to make decisions quickly and with limited information. The document discusses several types of heuristics including: the gaze heuristic, recognition heuristic, social heuristics like "do what the majority do", and heuristics based on reasons like take the best and tallying. It also covers cognitive biases like hindsight bias. Overall, the document examines how heuristics demonstrate bounded rationality and how humans use fast and frugal mental shortcuts to make decisions in an efficient manner.

1. CONTENT
 Introduction
 Heuristic Types
Gaze heuristic
Recognition heuristic
Social heuristic
Heuristics Based on Reasons
Take the best heuristic
Tallying heuristic
Hindsight bias
Conclusion

2. Introduction

3. WHAT to DO ?

4. Heuristics Versus Rules
Heuristic is a rule:
A rule is not necessarily a
heuristic, unless it embodies
3 qualities

5. 1-Heuristics exploit evolved
capacities
2-Heuristics exploit structures of
3- heuristics are distinct from “as
optimization models

6. What is Unbounded Rationality ?
all relevant
infoInrm matoidonels of Bounded
Unbounded
Rationality
Rationality
(Simon’s term ):
how do humans who have
little time & knowledge
infinite
amount of
time
behave?

7. 3 Programs associated with bounded rationality
1
• The study of optimization under
constraints.
2
• The study of cognitive illusion.
3
•The study of fast & frugal heuristic.

8. Simon’s vision of bounded rationality
 Simon: Human rational behavior is
capabilities
of the actor
structure of
task
environment

9. Heuristic Types
Gaze Heuristic

10. Gaze heuristic
PRABOBOLA
Initial Distance
Initial Velocity
Projection Angle
Projection Speed
Direction of The Wind
No such robots exist yet!

11. Gaze heuristic
RUNNING SPEED
ANGLE OF GAZE REMAINS CONSTANT
NOT COMPUTE THE POINT AT WHICH THE BALL WILL LAND,
BUT HE WILL BE THERE
FAST and FRUGAL

12. Gaze heuristic

13. Gaze heuristic

14. Gaze heuristic

15. Gaze heuristic

16. Heuristic Type
Recognition Heuristics

17. TWO CITIES IN
UNITED STATES
San Antonio San Diego

18. Recognition heuristic
GERMAN
Which city has
more inhabitant?
SAN DIEGO 66 %
100 %
33 %
SAN ANTONIO
0 %
AMERICAN

19. WHAT
HAPPENED …!?
Less Knowledge
More Correct Inference

20. Ecological Rationality:
 Correlation between recognition & criteria
 Recognition validity:
α = R / ( R + W )

21. recognition
information
further
knowledge
less-is-more effect
Less-is-more in groups

22. The less-is-more effect
n n
( 1)
1
N n N n
( )( 1)

  
 
( 1)
2
( 1)
n N n
2 ( 
)
( 1)






N N
N N
N N
c
N: number of objects
n: number of recognized objects
α: recognition validity
β: knowledge validity

23. The recognition heuristic will yield a
less-is-more effect if α > β

24. Heuristic Type
Social Heuristics

25. “Do what the majority
do” heuristic
Darwin
Decision
to marry
Single
or
married

26.  Ecological Rationality of
do-what-the-majority do Heuristics
Similar
environments
Stable
environments
Noisy
environments

27. Heuristic Type
Take the Best &Tallying

28. Take The Best heuristic (TTB)
Validities Cues School A School B
0.9 reputation + -
0.6 distance - +
0.8 students - +
ONE-REASONSE DAERCCIHSI OBNY VMAALKIDINITGY
ONE-REASON STOPPING RULE

29. Validities Cues School A School B
0.9 reputation + -
0.6 distance - +
0.8 students - +
Random
search
Stop after
searching m
cues
Tallying rull
Tallying heuristic

30. Ecological Rationality of Take The Best and Tallying
Take The Best
Noncompensatory
Tallying
Compensatory

31. Hindsight Bias

32. Hindsight Bias
Which has more cholesterol , cake or pie?
Cues Original Feedback Recall
Saturated fat (80%) cake? Pie "cake" cake> pie
Calories (70%) cake> pie
Protein (60%)
Choice cake cake
Confidence 70% 80%

33. Which heuristic to use?

34.  Using heuristic unconsciously
 adapt heuristics to changing environment with
feedback.

35. Evaluating creditworthy
How people adapt their heuristics to
the structure of environment

36. Robustness
• the ability to make predictions
about the future or new events
fitness
• the ability to fit the past or
already known data

37. Simplicity can lead to higher predictive
accuracy

38. The building Blocks of Heuristics

39. Heuristics In Hospital

40. CONCLUSION

41. CONCLUSION