This document discusses the preparation of various pharmaceutical dosage forms in hospital pharmacies, including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders, capsules, tablets, ointments, suppositories, and parenteral products. It provides definitions and outlines the requirements, equipment, and steps involved in compounding each type of dosage form. Special considerations are discussed for sterile preparations like parenteral products. The document emphasizes that extemporaneous compounding requires adherence to good manufacturing practices and knowledge of each drug's properties, stability, and compatibility.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
RESEARCH IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY and PHARMACY EDUCATIONAsra Hameed
RESEARCH IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY:
Advancement of pharmacy practice and healthcare
Pharmacists play a vital role in the health care system through the medicine and information they provide. Pharmacy education is the broad term which mainly involves the
Pharmacist educational requirements and carrier
Patient education
It includes the detail information about the different dosage form along with its example and the factors affecting the choice of different dosage form.
Semisolid Dosage Form: Ointment, creams & Gel.
Learn more with me Asst. Prof. Mr. Manohar D. Kengar, Nootan College of Pharmacy, Kavathemahankal.
Suppository Dosage Form: Type of Suppository, Preparation method, Evaluation
https://youtu.be/NUgFoLuT3cs
A brief description of pharmaceutical dosage forms and their route of administration and typical process flow and manufacturing details. It may help new aspirants who wnts to knoiw aboute dosageforms and their administration routes.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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This document describes the acute management of AV block.
1. Preparation in Pharmacy of Hospital
Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D
Department of Pharmaceutics
Faculty of Pharmacy
Omer Al-Mukhtar University
Tobruk, Libya.
E-Mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
2. CONTENTS
• Definitions
• Regulation
• Requirements for compounding
• Compounding of solutions
• Compounding of suspension
• Emulsion
• Powdered dosage forms
• Capsuleslets (Tablet triturates)
• Molded tab
• Ointments, Creams, Pastes and Gels
• Suppositories
• Parenteral products
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
3. Definitions
1. Extemporaneous compounding: Extemporaneous
compounding is the preparation, mixing,
assembling, packing and labeling of a drug product
based on a prescription order from a licensed
practitioner for the individual patient
2. Manufacturing: Manufacturing is the mass
production of compounded prescription products for
resale to pharmacies and is regulated by the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA)
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
4. Regulation
1. Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP): cGMP are standards
of practice used in the pharmaceutical industry and are regulated by the
FDA. Community pharmacists must comply with cGMP but must also
assure a quality product, which includes using proper materials, weighing
equipment, a documented technique and dispensing and storage
instruction.
2. Legal considerations:
a. Extemporaneous compounding by the pharmacist of a prescription order
from a licensed practitioner as with the dispensing of any other
prescription is controlled by the state board of registration in pharmacy.
b. The legal risk (liability) of compounding is no greater than filling a
prescription for a manufactured product as the pharmacist must assure
that the correct drug, dose and directions are provided. The pharmacist is
also responsible for preparing a quality pharmaceutical product,
providing proper instructions regarding its storage and advising the
patient of any adverse effects.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
5. Requirements for Compounding
1. Sources for chemicals and drugs: Pharmacists must obtain small quantities
of the appropriate chemicals or drugs from wholesalers. These wholesalers
then act as consultants to the pharmacist by assuring them of their product’s
purity and quality.
2. Equipment: The correct equipment is also important when compounding.
Many state boards of pharmacy have a required minimum list of equipment
for compounding prescriptions. Suggested equipment, which varies according
to the amount of material needed and the type of compounded prescription
(e.g., parenteral)
3. Location of compounding area: Many pharmacies actively involved in
compounding have dedicated a separate area in the pharmacy to this process.
The ideal location is away from heavy foot traffic and is near a sink where
there is enough space to work and store all chemicals and equipment.
4. Source of information: Library at a college of pharmacy, textbooks,
Journals, manufacturer's drug product information inserts.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
6. Compounding of Solutions
• Definition: A solution as a liquid preparation that contains
one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable
solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. Although
the uniformity of the dosage in a solution can be assumed, the
stability, pH, solubility of the drug or chemicals, taste (for oral
solutions) and packaging need to be considered.
• Types of solutions
1. Sterile parenteral and ophthalmic solutions: These
solutions require special consideration for their preparations.
2. Nonsterile solutions: Include oral, topical and otic solutions
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
7. • Preparations of Solutions:
1. Each drug chemical is dissolved in the solvent in which it is most soluble.
Thus, the solubility characteristics of each drug or chemical must be
known.
2. If an alcoholic solution is used, the aqueous solution is added to the
alcoholic solution.
3. The salt form of the drug and not the free-acid or base form, which both
have poor solubility, is used.
4. Flavoring or sweetening agents are prepared ahead of time.
5. If the required chemical or drug is in bulk or powder from, then the particle
size is reduced first, using a mortar and pestle, a sieve or other suitable
means.
6. The proper vehicle (e.g. syrup, elixir aromatic water, purified water) must
be selected.
Compounding of Solutions
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
8. Compounding of Suspension
• Definition: Suspensions are defined by the USP as liquid
preparations that consist of solid particles dispersed
throughout a liquid phase in which the particles are not
soluble.
• Preparation of suspensions
1. The insoluble powders are triturated to a fine powder,
using a Wedgwood mortar.
2. A small portion of liquid is used as levigating agent and
the powders are triturated until a smooth paste is formed.
The levigating agent is added slowly and mixed
deliberately..
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
9. 3. The vehicle containing the suspending agent is added in
divided portions. A high-speed mixer greatly increases the
dispersion.
4. The product is brought to the required volume using the
vehicle.
5. The final mixture is transferred to a “tight” bottle for
dispensing to the patient.
6. All suspension are dispensed with a “shake well” label.
7. Suspensions are never filtered.
8. The water-soluble ingredients are mixed, including flavoring
agents, in the vehicle before mixing with the insoluble
ingredients.
Compounding of Suspension
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
10. Emulsions
• Definition: Emulsions are produced by a two-phase
system in which one liquid is dispersed throughout
another liquid in the form of small droplets.
• Preparation of emulsion:
1. A mortar and pestle are frequently all the equipment
that is needed.
2. Electric mixers and hand homogenizers are useful for
producing emulsions after the coarse emulsion is
formed in the mortar
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
11. 3. The order of mixing of ingredients in an emulsion depends on the type of
emulsion being prepared (i.e., O/W or W/O) as well as the emulsifying
agent chosen. Methods used for compounding include the following.
a. Dry gum (continental) method
b. Wet gum (English) method
c. Bottle method
d. Beaker method
4. Preservatives: If the emulsion is kept for an extended period of time,
refrigeration is usually sufficient. The product should not be frozen. If a
preservative is used, it must be soluble in the water phase to have any
effect.
5. Flavoring agents: If the addition of a flavor is needed to mask the taste of
the oil phase, the flavor should be added to the oil before emulsification.
Emulsions
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
12. Powdered Dosage Forms
• Definition: Powders are dry mixtures of drugs or chemicals
intended for internal or external use. The two major types are
powder papers and bulk powders.
• Preparation of powder dosage forms
1. Bulk powders, which may be used internally or topically, include
dusting powders, douche powders, laxatives, antacids and
insufflations powders.
2. After a bulk powder has been pulverized and blended, it should be
dispensed in an appropriate container
3. Eutectic mixtures of powders can cause problems since they liquify.
One remedy is to add an inert powder, such as magnesium oxide, to
separate the eutectic materials.
4. Powder papers are also called divided powders.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
13. Capsules
• Definition: Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drugs is enclosed
within a hard or soft soluble container or shell made form suitable gelatin.
Hard gelatin capsules may be manually filled for extemporaneous
compounding.
• Preparation of hard and soft capsules
1. As with the bulk powders, all ingredients are triturated and blended, using
geometric dilution.
2. The correct size capsules must be determined by trying different capsule
sizes, weighing them and choosing the appropriate size.
3. Prior to filling capsules with the medication, the body and cap of the
capsule are separated. Filling is accomplished by using the “punch”
method.
4. The capsule is wiped clean of any powder or oil and dispensed in a suitable
prescription vial.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
14. Molded Tablets
(Tablet Triturates)
• Definition: Tablet triturates are molded tablets made of powders
created by moistening the powder mixture with alcohol and water.
They are used for compounding potent drugs in small doses.
• Formulation and preparation of tablet triturates
1. Tablet triturates are made in special molds consisting of a pegboard
and a corresponding perforated plate.
2. In addition to the mold, a diluent, usually of lactose and sucrose
(80/20), and a moistening agent, usually a mixture of ethyl alcohol
and water (60/40) are required.
3. The diluent is triturated with the active ingredients.
4. A paste in then made, using the alcohol and water mixture.
5. This paste is spread into the mold, allowed to dry and then punched
out of the mold.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
15. Ointments, Creams,
Pates and Gels
• General characteristics: These dosage forms are
semisolid preparations generally applied externally.
• Semisolid dosage forms may contain active drugs
intended to:
1. Act solely on the surface of the skin to produce a
local effect (e.g. antifungal agent)
2. Release the medication, which, in turn, penetrates
into the skin (e.g., cortisol cream)
3. Release medication for systemic absorption through
the skin (e.g., nitroglycerin)
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
16. • Preparation of ointments, creams, pastes and gels
1. Mixing can be done in a mortar or on an ointment slab
2. Liquids are incorporated by gradually adding them to
an absorption-type base, using levigation
3. Insoluble powders are reduced to a fine powder and
then added to the base, using geometric dilution
4. Water-soluble substances are dissolved with water and
then incorporated into the base.
5. The final product should be smooth (impalpable) and
free of any abrasive particles.
Ointments, Creams,
Pates and Gels
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
17. Suppositories
• General characteristics:
1. Suppositories are molded solid dosage forms intended
for insertion into a body cavity. They are used to
deliver drugs for their local or systemic effects.
2. Suppositories differ in size and shape and include:
a. Rectal
b. Vaginal
c. Urethral
d. Nasal
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
18. • Methods of preparation and dispensing suppositories
1. Molded suppositories: are prepared by first melting the base and then
incorporating the medications uniformly into the base. This mixture is then
poured into the suppository mold (fusion method).
2. Hand-rolled suppositories: required a special technique. With proper
technique, it is possible to make a product equal to the molded
suppositories.
3. Containers: for the suppositories are determined by the method and base
in preparation. Hand-rolled and molded suppositories should be dispensed
in special boxes that prevent the suppositories from coming in contact with
each other.
4. Storage conditions: If appropriate, a “refrigerate” label appear on the
container. Regardless of the base or medication used in the formulation, the
patient should be instructed to store the suppositories in a cool dry place.
Suppositories
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
19. Parenteral products
• General requirements. The extemporaneous compounding of sterile
products is no longer confined only to the hospital environment; it now is
done by community pharmacists engaged in home care practice. Minimum
requirements include:
1. Proper equipment and supplies.
2. Proper facilities, including a laminar flow clean bench.
3. Proper documentation of all products made.
4. Quality control, including batch sterility testing.
5. Proper storage both at the facility and while the product is in transport to
the patients home.
6. Proper labeling of the prescription product.
7. Knowledge of products stability and incompatibilities.
8. Knowledge of all ancillary equipment involved in production or delivery of
the medications.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.
20. • Preparation of parenteral products
1. Preparation of sterile products requires special skills and training.
Attempts to prepare parenteral products or provide this service without
proper training should not be made.
2. These products must be prepared in a clean room, using aseptic
technique (i.e., working under controlled conditions to minimize
contamination).
3. Dry powders of parenteral drugs for reconstitution are used for drug
products that are unstable as solutions. It is important to know the
correct diluents that can be used to yield a solution.
4. Solutions of drugs for parenteral administration may also be further
diluted prior to administration. If further dilution is required, then the
pharmacist must know the stability and compatibility of the drug in the
diluent.
Parenteral products
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobrukl, Libya.