OTC drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription. They include analgesics, cough/cold medicines, antacids, and other low-risk medications. OTC drugs account for 55% of drugs used in India and provide cheaper, more convenient treatment options compared to prescription drugs. However, they still carry risks if not used properly, such as drug interactions. Pharmacists play an important role in counseling patients on the safe use of OTC medications.
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
In this slides included clinical pharmacy introduction and pharmaceutical care, also explanation about the goals and objectives of the clinical pharmacy requirements
A Ward round is a visit made by a medical practitioner, alone or with a team of health care professionals and medical students to hospital in-patients at their bedside to review and follow-up the progress in their health.
Usually at least one ward round is conducted
everyday to review the progress of each
patient outcome.
Pharmacist’s participating in medical ward
rounds promotes health care
Participation of the Pharmacists in ward
rounds in various practice settings helps to
provide rational drug use.
THIS IS ABOUT SCHEDULES AND RULES IMPLEMENTED FOR MANUFACTURING, IMPORT, EXPORT, PRESCRIPTION, STORAGE OF ALLOPATHY, AYURVEDIC AND UNANI DRUGS.THERE IS DIFFERENT SCHEDULE FOR DIFFERENT KIND OF DRUGS LIKE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, NARCOTIC DRUGS ETC.
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
In this slides included clinical pharmacy introduction and pharmaceutical care, also explanation about the goals and objectives of the clinical pharmacy requirements
A Ward round is a visit made by a medical practitioner, alone or with a team of health care professionals and medical students to hospital in-patients at their bedside to review and follow-up the progress in their health.
Usually at least one ward round is conducted
everyday to review the progress of each
patient outcome.
Pharmacist’s participating in medical ward
rounds promotes health care
Participation of the Pharmacists in ward
rounds in various practice settings helps to
provide rational drug use.
THIS IS ABOUT SCHEDULES AND RULES IMPLEMENTED FOR MANUFACTURING, IMPORT, EXPORT, PRESCRIPTION, STORAGE OF ALLOPATHY, AYURVEDIC AND UNANI DRUGS.THERE IS DIFFERENT SCHEDULE FOR DIFFERENT KIND OF DRUGS LIKE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, NARCOTIC DRUGS ETC.
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
Eye irritation has been defined as “the magnitude of any stinging, scratching, burning, or other irritating sensation from the eye”.It is a common problem experienced by people of all ages. Related eye symptoms and signs of irritation are e.g. discomfort, dryness, excess tearing, itching, grating, sandy sensation, smarting, ocular fatigue, pain, scratchiness, soreness, redness, swollen eyelids, and tiredness, etc. These eye symptoms are reported with intensities from severe to less severe. It has been suggested that these eye symptoms are related to different causal mechanisms.
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
As more people combine prescription medications with over-the-counter vitamins and supplements, the likelihood of adverse reactions increases. Learn the importance of taking medications properly to protect your health and get the most from your medications!
Rational use of common over the counter medications.
What do you mean by Rational use of drugs ?
Criteria for Rationale use of cIrrational use of OTC medicine results in :
Treatment failure
Rapid development of drug resistance
Increased risk of toxicity
Risk of drug abuse, addiction and misuse
Wastage of money
Misdiagnosis
To protect the society from the effect of irrational use of OTC dugs ,we need to know about that Rational use of common over the counter medications.
common OTC medication
Examples of OTC drug category
Paracetamol :-
Taking a higher dose than recommended will not provide more relief and can be dangerous.
Too much can lead to Liver damage and death.
Do not take alcohol while using Paracetamol containing medicine .
Be cautious when giving Paracetamol to children
Read and follow the directions on the label every time you use a medicine .
Other OTC NSAIDs (Aspirin , Ibuprofen, Naproxen)
Too much can cause stomach bleeding.This risk increases in people who are over 60 years of age ,are taking prescription blood thinners, taking steroids, have a history of stomach bleeding or ulcer, or have other bleeding problems.
Use of NSAIDs can also cause kidney damage.This risk may increase in people who are over 60 years of age, are taking a diuretic, have high blood pressure, heart disease, or pre-existing kidney disease.
pharmacy practice
#pharmacypractice
Table of Content:
Introduction
Why are Prescription Drugs Abused
Prescription Drug Addiction
Factors Encouraging Prescription Drug Addiction
How to Avoid Slipping Into a Prescription Drug Addiction
How to Beat a Prescription Drug Addiction
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. DEFINITION :
OTC drugs are those drugs which are safe and effective for use by the
general public without a doctor’s prescription.
• It is also called prescription de controlled drugs.
• These drugs are the non prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
• These have little significant pharmacological activity and therefore
the physician need not to be very much concerned about their use
by the patients themselves.
• It is used primarily for symptomatic relief and not as substitutes
for prescription drugs.
SIGNIFACANCE
• Comparatively cheaper
• An increased trend for self-care and increased tendency of
patients to maintain their own health
• Chemist himself may prescribe OTC
• OTC considered as time saving medications. Some patients do not
want to spend much time at physicians clinic.
• Lesser number of side effect compared to prescription
medications.
5. Topical Antibiotic
Topical Antibiotics are medicines applied to the skin to kill bacteria. They are
used to treat or prevent infections that occur on minor cuts, scrapes, and bums
due to presence of bacteria.
Cough Suppressants
Cough Suppressants are medicines that prevent or stop coughing. A cough
suppressant is used for treating dry coughs (antitussives). It helps to suppress
the body's urge to cough. Cough suppressants are different from cough
expectorants. Cough expectorants help in treating productive coughs (coughs
that produce phlegm).
Anti Acne Drugs
Anti-acne drugs are medicines are used in the treatment of various acne
problems like pimples, whiteheads, blackheads, and other serious forms of
acne.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs or NAIDs) are medicines that are
used to treat inflammation, mild to moderate pain, and fever. They are
basically drugs with analgesic and antipyretic effects and with higher doses,
they have anti-inflammatory effects
6. Antiseptics Medicine
Antiseptics in the form of lotions, creams, ointment are medicines that slow or
stop the growth of germs and help prevent infections in cuts, scrapes, and
burns.
Analgesics Drugs
Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain.
Decongestant
Decongestants are the drugs or medicines used to relieve nasal congestion,
which in common terms, refer to stuffy nose.
Antacids
Antacids are the medicines or drugs that neutralizes the stomach acids.
Antihistamines
Anti-Histamines are medicines that relieve or prevent the symptoms of allergy
like Hay Fever, itchy eyes, sneezing, runny nose and other kinds of allergy .
7. Anti Fungal Drug
Anti-Fungal Drugs are used to treat infections caused by a
fungus.
Smoking Cessation Drug
Smoking-cessation Drugs are medicines that are used to help
people stop smoking cigarettes or using other forms of
tobacco .
8. Pain Relievers
Three types of pain relievers are used in OTC products
salicylates (of which aspirin is the most widely
used)
propionic acid derivatives (ibuprofen [Advil,
Menadol, Motrin], naproxen sodium [Aleve],
ketoprofen [Orudis KT]), and aminophenols (of
which only acetaminophen [Panadol, Tempra,
Tylenol] is widely used as a pain reliever)? Table 2
gives dosages for these OTC pain relievers.
NSAIDS
The therapeutic effects of aspirin and the propionic
acid derivatives, also known as the nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
result from the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Prostaglandins, which regulate many homeostatic
processes, are produced locally at sites of
tissue injury, where they sensitize nerve endings to
painful stimuli and also produce inflammation.
9. ANTIHISTAMINES
Histamine is an inflammatory mediator that is associated with fatigue ,
itching, irritation of the nasal passages, sneezing and the production of
nasal mucous. They acts by binding to and stimulating histamine H1
receptors found on nerve endings.
Antihistamines blocks the H1 receptors and preventing them from
stimulating histamines, first generation antihistamines exert anticholinergic
or serotonin effects as well as local anesthetic and sedative effects.
Commonly used OTC antihistamines include
• Diphenhydramine
• Bromophenaramine
• Chlorphenaramine
10. DECONGESTANTS
There is only one FDA approved QTC decongestent – pseudoephedrine.
Pseudoephedrine is an alpha adrenergic agonist.It acts on adrenergic
receptors in the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa to produce
vasoconstriction, resulting in decreased blood flow and shrinkage of tissue
in nasal passages.
COUGH MEDICATIONS
These are classified as
• ANTITUSSIVES
• EXPECTORANTS
ANTITUSSIVES- it directly affects the CNS sites that regulate the cough
reflex.
Eg;-Dextromethorphan,Codein
EXPECTORANT- these thin bronchial secretions and makes coughing more
productive.
Eg;- Guaifenacin
11. Many patient groups may be particularly susceptible
to adverse events that are caused by OTC products.
They include:
Children
Women who are pregnant or breast feeding
Geriatric patients
People taking prescription drugs & people having health
problems
12. Recent Survey have reported that :
i. In one survey it has been found that only 16%
reads the entire product label.
ii. If they read them they do not follow the
directions on the label.
iii. Abuse is most common in adolescents aged
10-17 years.
iv. Adolescents are 18% times more likely to dies
from an OTC overdose than from a illicit drug
dose overdose.
13. Product type examples
Solvents methylated and
surgical spirit
Propellants pain relieving sprays
Chemicals citric acid
Opioids codeine, morphine
Laxatives senna
Overdosing has occurred with non prescription medicines, particularly
those that contain paracetamol. Adverse reactions can also occur but
rare. Pharmacist should therefore ensure that advice and information
are available on the safe and effective use of medicines.
14. As with all medications, there can be risks with use.
The risks of OTC use include:
Delay in seeking medical advice for a serious
illness.
Risk of drug-drug/herbal/dietary supplement
interactions.
Risk of adverse events.
Potential for dependence, misuse and abuse.
15. OTC drugs can change the effect of prescription
medications.
OTC drugs can mask symptoms of disease.
OTC drugs can lead to overdose.
If misused even common over-the-counter drugs,
such as aspirin, vitamins, or cold remedies can be
harmful.
16. Counseling patients about self-care and nonprescription drugs
is not the same and cannot follow the same procedure as for
prescription drugs. That is why OTC counseling requires much
more exploratory open or close- ended questions on the part of
the pharmacist which are especially useful to clarify information
gathered about the patient’s condition. It allows gathering the
most abundant amount of information.
These questions usually start with who, what, how, why or where.
For example:
“Which of the prescription medications do you take on regular
basis?”
“Which of the nonprescription and herbal medications do you
use?”
“What types of conditions do you routinely see your doctor for?”
Some other questions are also possible:
“Have you ever experienced any side effects after taking the
OTC medication?”
“Have you taken this OTC medication before?”
17. Step l
Every pharmacist should begin the OTC counseling session by
introducing himself/herself by name which identifies him/her as the
pharmacist. He/she should try to relax the patient by beginning the
session with a friendly smile and a handshake. The pharmacist should
also explain that he/she can provide assistance with OTC product
selection and explain how to use such medication.
Step 2
I In order to elicit key information the pharmacist should first and
foremost try to obtain relevant information about patient’s
demographic (e.g. sex, age, pregnant, nursing, weight, allergies, social
history etc), disease (e.g. history of present illness, current symptoms,
course of illness, past history, other underlying medical conditions)
and drug (e.g. current medication, medication taking history, OTC
history etc.) Moreover, by using suitable verbal and written
communication techniques, the pharmacist should inform, educate,
and counsel patients about the following:
18. Drug name (generic and/or brand name)
route, dosage form, dosage and administration schedule;
special directions for preparation and administration as well as
precautions to be taken during the process;
techniques for self-monitoring of drug therapy;
storage;
potential drug-drug or drug-food interactions or other therapeutic
contraindications ; and
accordingly other Information "peculiar to the specific patient or
drug etc.
In addition, it is of vital importance to demonstrate to patient’s-
how to use medications in various forms such as inhalers, patches,
drops, ointments, lozenges, gargles etc.
And
Ask them to demonstrate making sure that patients understand which
route of Administration should be used thus ensuring that patients
have all the necessary instructions in writing and that they understand
how to schedule their medications in accordance with meals and other
medications.