This document discusses COVID-19 and potential novel drug delivery systems to treat it. It begins by providing background on COVID-19, describing it as a new respiratory disease caused by coronavirus. It then discusses SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and outlines the COVID-19 pandemic. Potential treatments discussed include hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir–ritonavir, and vaccines. The development of new drug delivery systems and drugs to treat COVID-19 is also mentioned.
clinical and preclinical approaches to drug discovery.Here we mainly deals with preclinical approaches, ie. Pharmacological approach and toxicological approach
clinical and preclinical approaches to drug discovery.Here we mainly deals with preclinical approaches, ie. Pharmacological approach and toxicological approach
Thalidomide was first developed by CIBA, a Swiss pharmaceutical company in the early 1950s, and subsequently introduced as Contergan by Chemi Grunenthal.
The drug was initially advertised as a sedative which would allow users to undergo a deep sleep in the absence of a hangover and with a reduced risk of developing drug dependency. At the time, basic testing was done on the drug, and it was considered not to have any toxic effects on humans.
However, unlike today’s level of rigorous testing, the drug was not analyzed for any potentially dangerous teratogenic effects.
In the 1950s, scientists did not know that the effects of a drug could be passed through the placental barrier and harm a foetus in the womb, so the use of medications during pregnancy was not strictly controlled. And in the case of thalidomide, no tests were done involving pregnant women.
As the drug was traded under so many different names in 49 countries, it took five years for the connection between thalidomide taken by pregnant women and the impact on their children to be made. A UK Government warning was not issued until May 1962.
One reason why researchers and doctors were slow to make this connection was due to the wide range of changes to foetal development. Limbs, internal organs including the brain, eyesight and hearing could all be affected.The first time the link between thalidomide and its impact on development was made public in a letter published in The Lancet from an Australian doctor William McBride, in 1961.
The drug was formally withdrawn by Chemie Grünenthal on 26 November 1961 and a few days later, on 2 December 1961, the UK distributors followed suit. However, it remained in many medicine cabinets under many different names.
In the few short years that thalidomide was available, it's estimated that over 10,000 babies were affected by the drug worldwide. Around half died within months of being born. The thalidomide babies who survived and their families live with the effects of the drug.
The Thalidomide Society was formed in 1962 by the parents of children affected by the drug thalidomide. The original aim of the Society was to provide mutual support and a social network as well as to seek compensation.
In 1972, a highly publicised campaign led by the Sunday Times newspaper helped to secure a further settlement for children affected by thalidomide in the UK.
Thalidomide forced governments and medical authorities to review their pharmaceutical licencing policies. As a result, changes were made to the way drugs were marketed, tested and approved both in the UK and across the world.
One key change was that drugs intended for human use could no longer be approved purely on the basis of animal testing. And drug trials for substances marketed to pregnant women also had to provide evidence that they were safe for use in pregnancy.
The term sulfonamides also known as (sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) are used for are a group of drugs ranging in clinical use from antibacterial to diuretic activity that share the sulfonamide functional group.
Chemically, the sulfonamide functional group is -S (=O)2-NH2 , i.e. a sulfonyl group connected to an amine group.
The original sulfonamides were synthetic antimicrobial agents but now newer groups have been developed from them .
.The journey of these drugs is a remarkable one and their discovery represents one of the important breakthroughs of medicine of the 20th century
Drug Safety & Pharmacovigilance - Introduction - Katalyst HLSKatalyst HLS
Introduction to Drug Safety & Pharmacovigilance in Pharmaceuticals, Bio-Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices, Cosmeceuticals and Foods.
Contact:
"Katalyst Healthcares & Life Sciences"
South Plainfield, NJ, USA
info@KatalystHLS.com
DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, it's a detail description about how drug is made available in market it's development and discovery of drug The Hole Study is given in This Topic.
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
Thalidomide was first developed by CIBA, a Swiss pharmaceutical company in the early 1950s, and subsequently introduced as Contergan by Chemi Grunenthal.
The drug was initially advertised as a sedative which would allow users to undergo a deep sleep in the absence of a hangover and with a reduced risk of developing drug dependency. At the time, basic testing was done on the drug, and it was considered not to have any toxic effects on humans.
However, unlike today’s level of rigorous testing, the drug was not analyzed for any potentially dangerous teratogenic effects.
In the 1950s, scientists did not know that the effects of a drug could be passed through the placental barrier and harm a foetus in the womb, so the use of medications during pregnancy was not strictly controlled. And in the case of thalidomide, no tests were done involving pregnant women.
As the drug was traded under so many different names in 49 countries, it took five years for the connection between thalidomide taken by pregnant women and the impact on their children to be made. A UK Government warning was not issued until May 1962.
One reason why researchers and doctors were slow to make this connection was due to the wide range of changes to foetal development. Limbs, internal organs including the brain, eyesight and hearing could all be affected.The first time the link between thalidomide and its impact on development was made public in a letter published in The Lancet from an Australian doctor William McBride, in 1961.
The drug was formally withdrawn by Chemie Grünenthal on 26 November 1961 and a few days later, on 2 December 1961, the UK distributors followed suit. However, it remained in many medicine cabinets under many different names.
In the few short years that thalidomide was available, it's estimated that over 10,000 babies were affected by the drug worldwide. Around half died within months of being born. The thalidomide babies who survived and their families live with the effects of the drug.
The Thalidomide Society was formed in 1962 by the parents of children affected by the drug thalidomide. The original aim of the Society was to provide mutual support and a social network as well as to seek compensation.
In 1972, a highly publicised campaign led by the Sunday Times newspaper helped to secure a further settlement for children affected by thalidomide in the UK.
Thalidomide forced governments and medical authorities to review their pharmaceutical licencing policies. As a result, changes were made to the way drugs were marketed, tested and approved both in the UK and across the world.
One key change was that drugs intended for human use could no longer be approved purely on the basis of animal testing. And drug trials for substances marketed to pregnant women also had to provide evidence that they were safe for use in pregnancy.
The term sulfonamides also known as (sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) are used for are a group of drugs ranging in clinical use from antibacterial to diuretic activity that share the sulfonamide functional group.
Chemically, the sulfonamide functional group is -S (=O)2-NH2 , i.e. a sulfonyl group connected to an amine group.
The original sulfonamides were synthetic antimicrobial agents but now newer groups have been developed from them .
.The journey of these drugs is a remarkable one and their discovery represents one of the important breakthroughs of medicine of the 20th century
Drug Safety & Pharmacovigilance - Introduction - Katalyst HLSKatalyst HLS
Introduction to Drug Safety & Pharmacovigilance in Pharmaceuticals, Bio-Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices, Cosmeceuticals and Foods.
Contact:
"Katalyst Healthcares & Life Sciences"
South Plainfield, NJ, USA
info@KatalystHLS.com
DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, it's a detail description about how drug is made available in market it's development and discovery of drug The Hole Study is given in This Topic.
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
65.Izna, Sasank Kuntamukkula VK, Khanna SS, Salokhe O, Chandra Tiwari RV, Tiwari H. Knowledge and Apprehension of Dental Health Professionals Pertaining to COVID in Southern India: A Questionnaire Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S448-S451. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_551_20. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PubMed PMID: 34447131; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8375944.
Corona-19 (Corona treatment in Kukatpally ) are types of viruses that commonly affect the respiratory tract of birds and mammals, including humans. Doctors associate them with colds, bronchitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and that they can also affect the gut.
https://padmajahospital.in/
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Perak (Hospital Ipoh, Hospital Taiping, Hospital Seri Manjung) has just released their new Network Bulletin. This edition focused on COVID-19 Vaccine Trial and COVID-19 Research Priorities.
COVID-19 will vastly affect pediatric dental practice in the new normal. It is important for Pedodontists to know the standardized guidelines that have been rolling out and being modified each passing day. This is a journal club on the same.
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
11th International Conference on Healthcare, Nursing and Disease Management (HNDM), 21-22 Sept, 2016, London
Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus | London SW7 2AZd
Email: info@iaphlsr.com
http://www.iaphlsr.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. COVID-19
AND
NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Prof. Dr. Basavaraj Nanjwade M. Pharm., PhD
Assistant Vice President & Plant Head
KJD Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., INDIA
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
2. About COVID-19
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Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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3. What is COVID-19?
• COVID-19 is the new respiratory disease
spreading around the world and it is caused by
a coronavirus.
• COVID-19 is short for “coronavirus disease
2019.”
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
3
4. Location of Hubei province in China
(The disease was first identified in Wuhan)
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
4
5. COVID-19 pandemic (disease)
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and
has since spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic.
• However, the first case may be traced back to 17 November,
2019.
• As of 30 May 2020, more than 5.91 million cases have been
reported across 188 countries and territories, resulting in more
than 364,000 deaths.
• More than 2.49 million people have recovered.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
5
6. Other names
• Coronavirus
• Corona
• COVID
• 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease
• Novel coronavirus pneumonia
• Severe pneumonia with novel pathogens
14/12/2022
Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND 6
7. SARS-CoV-2 Virus
(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus)
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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8. SARS-CoV-2 Virus
(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) is the strain of coronavirus that causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness.
• Colloquially known as the coronavirus, it was previously
referred to by its provisional name, 2019 novel
coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
• As described by the National Institutes of Health, it is the
successor to SARS-CoV-1.
• SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus.
• It is contagious in humans, and the World Health Organization
(WHO) has designated the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19
a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
14/12/2022
Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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9. Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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10. The SARS-CoV-2 Virion and
its Proteins
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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11. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants
• Omicron Variant B.1.1.529
• IHU Variant B.1.640.2
• Delta Variant B.1.617.2 (India)
• Alpha Variant B.1.1.7 (UK)
• Beta Variant B.1.351 (South Africa)
• Gamma Variant P.1 (Brazil)
• Kappa Variant B.1.617.1 (India)
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12. Quarantinable Diseases
• COVID19 pandemic
• Cholera
• Diphtheria
• Infectious tuberculosis
• Plague
• Smallpox
• Yellow fever
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
• Severe acute respiratory syndromes
• Influenza that can cause a pandemic
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Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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14. COVID-19 Testing
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Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
14
15. Diagnosis
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Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic
Panel/Nasapharyngeal swab
16. What You Can Do
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
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17. Washing Your Hands
• Washing your hands is the best way to help you stay
healthy.
• Wet your hands with clean, running water.
• Turn off the tap and apply soap.
• Lather your hands by rubbing them together.
• Get the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and
under your nails.
• Scrub your hands for 20 seconds.
• Rinse your hands under clean, running water.
• Air dry or use a clean towel.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
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17
18. Physical Distancing
• The virus spreads from person to person.
• Physical distancing means putting space between
yourself and people outside your home to prevent the
transmission of the disease.
• Avoid physical contact with other people.
• Stay at least 6 feet away from people when outside
your house.
• This includes friends or loved ones.
• Same goes for other people’s pets.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
18
20. Quarantining
• If you think you might have been exposed to
COVID-19, quarantine yourself.
• The purpose of this practice is to separate yourself
from others and restrict your movement while waiting
to see if you become sick.
• Stay home for 14 days after your suspected exposure.
• Monitor your symptoms.
• Contact your doctor immediately if symptoms
develop.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
20
22. Isolating
• If you are sick with COVID-19 or have symptoms,
isolate yourself.
• The purpose of isolation is to prevent spreading the
infection to others by keeping sick people separated
from healthy people.
• If they get significantly worse, contact your doctor
immediately.
• Ideally, designate a room and bathroom for your use
only.
14/12/2022
Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
22
23. Covid-19 and Immunity
• Covid-19 is highly transmissible, causes
relatively high mortality, particularly in aging
popula- tions, and has emerged globally in our
highly interconnected world.
• Short-term efforts to quickly develop
lifesaving vaccines and therapeutics are of the
utmost importance.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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24. Cleaning and Disinfecting Surfaces
• Commonly used surfaces should be regularly cleaned
and disinfected.
• First, clean dirty surfaces with soap and water.
• Cleaning will remove dirt and lower the number of
germs—but it will not kill germs.
• Next, disinfect surfaces to kill germs
• Disinfecting after cleaning can further lower the risk
of spreading an infection.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
24
25. Wearing a Cloth Face Covering
• Using a cloth mask can protect yourself and others
from germs and help slow the spread.
• Buy a cloth face mask.
• Wear your mask over your mouth and nose.
• Make sure it fits snugly but comfortably against the
side of your face.
• Wear your mask in public, especially in places where
it’s hard to practice physical distancing, like grocery
stores or pharmacies.
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27. Care For Your Body
• Eat well-balanced meals.
• Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
protein.
• Try to limit the amount of sugar and salt.
• Stay hydrated.
• Drink water with every meal, in between each meal,
and when you work out.
• Exercise for at least 30 minutes a day.
• Walking counts.
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28. Shop Wisely
• Limit your trips to the grocery store or pharmacy as
much as possible.
• When you go, try to only buy what you need to be
sure there’s enough for everyone else.
• People who are at higher risk of severe illness, such
as those aged 65 or older or individuals with an
underlying medical condition, should try to get food
and medications delivered.
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29. What To Do If You Get COVID-19
• Stay home and monitor your symptoms.
• If you get worse, contact your doctor immediately.
• Leave your house only to receive medical care.
• Do your best to stay away from your other household
members, including pets.
• If possible, designate a room for your use only.
• Ideally use your own bathroom, too.
• Wash your hands frequently.
• If you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose.
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30. Drug Evaluation during the
Covid-19 Pandemic
• The global pandemic has put pressure on clinicians
and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to act
swiftly to make medications available to patients.
• When very limited observational and anecdotal
evidence raised the possibility that the antimalarial
drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may have
activity against SARS-CoV-2
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31. Hydroxychloroquine with Covid-19
• In this observational study involving patients with
Covid-19 who had been admitted to the hospital,
hydroxychloroquine administration was not
associated with either a greatly lowered or an
increased risk of the composite end point of
intubation or death.
• Randomized, controlled trials of hydroxychloroquine
in patients with Covid-19 are needed.
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32. Remdesivir for Covid-19
• Remdesivir was superior to placebo in
shortening the time to recovery in adults
hospitalized with Covid-19 and evidence of
lower respiratory tract infection.
• Measurement of efficacy will require ongoing
randomized, placebocontrolled trials of
remdesivir therapy. (Funded by Gilead
Sciences.)
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33. Lopinavir–Ritonavir with Covid-19
• In hospitalized adult patients with severe Covid-19,
no benefit was observed with lopinavir–ritonavir
treatment beyond standard care.
• Future trials in patients with severe illness may help
to confirm or exclude the possibility of a treatment
benefit.
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34. Vaccines
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that
provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing microorganism
and is often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its
surface proteins.
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Vaccines
36. Types of Vaccines
• Live-attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and
polysaccharide vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines
• mRNA vaccines
• Viral vector vaccines
• DNA and recombinant vector vaccines
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38. Drug Discovery
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39. Computational High-Throughput
Ensemble Docking in Drug Discovery
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40. Drug Development
• Drug development is the process of bringing a
new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead
compound has been identified through the process of drug
discovery.
• It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and
animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via Food and
Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to
initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step
of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug
application to market the drug.
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41. By Mode of NDDS
• Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
• Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
• Modulated Drug Delivery Systems
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42. On the basis of carrier type, the novel drug
delivery system (NDDS) market is segmented into
• Nanoparticles
• Liposomes
• Microspheres
• Monoclonal antibodies
• others
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43. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
• Targeted drug delivery, sometimes called
smart drug delivery, is a method of delivering
medication to a patient in a manner that
increases the concentration of the medication
in some parts of the body relative to others.
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44. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
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Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
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Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
47. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
• It consists of a combination of an effective
active pharmaceutical ingredient and a
tailored controlled release (CR) rate.
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48. Modulated Drug Delivery Systems
• In modulated drug delivery systems drug release
controlled by physical, chemical or biochemical
process or facilitated by the energy supplied
externally.
• In this system drug delivery achieved by based
different physic chemical properties like
magnetically, osmotically, enzymatic and
activation of vapour pressure, nanoparticles etc.
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Modulated Drug Delivery Systems
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Modulated Drug Delivery Systems
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Modulated Drug Delivery Systems
52. Pulmonary Drug Delivery
• Pulmonary drug delivery is
the inhalation of drug formulation through
mouth and the further deposition of inhaled
pharmacological agent in lower airways is the
main purpose of this drug delivery route.
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Pulmonary Drug Delivery
54. Injectable/Parenteral Drug
Delivery Systems
• Parenteral drug delivery systems are the
preparations that are given other than oral
route. (Para-outside, enteric– intestine).
• The Parenteral administration route is the
most common and efficient for delivery of
active drug substances with poor bio-
availability and the drugs with a narrow
therapeutic index.
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55. Injectable Drug Delivery Systems
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56. Infusion Drug Delivery
• Pre-Filled Infusion Therapy: with this latest
technology, a unit dose can be metered to the
location from a pre-filled container.
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57. Ocular Drug Delivery
• Delivery of drugs to the targeted ocular tissues
is restricted by various precorneal, dynamic
and static ocular barriers.
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58. Nasal Drug Delivery
• Nasal administration is a route of administration in
which drugs are in sufflated through the nose.
• It can be a form of either topical administration or
systemic administration, as the drugs thus locally
delivered can go on to have either purely local or
systemic effects.
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Nasal Drug Delivery
60. Biosimilars
• A biosimilar is a biologic medical product
(also known as biologic) highly similar to
another already approved biological medicine
(the 'reference medicine').
• Biosimilars are approved according to the
same standards of pharmaceutical quality,
safety and efficacy that apply to all biological
medicines.
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Biosimilars
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Biosimilars
63. Nanoparticles
• Nanoparticle are particles between 1 and 100
nanometres in size with a surrounding
interfacial layer.
• The interfacial layer is an integral part of
nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all
of its properties.
• The interfacial layer typically consists of ions,
inorganic and organic molecules.
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Nanoparticles
65. Liposomes
• A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at
least one lipid bilayer.
• The liposome can be used as a vehicle for
administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical
drugs.
• Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting
biological membranes (such as by sonication).
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Liposomes
67. Microspheres
• Microspheres are small spherical particles,
with diameters in the micrometer range
(typically 1 μm to 1000 μm (1 mm)).
• Microspheres are sometimes referred to as
spherical microparticles.
• In general microspheres are solid or hollow
and do not have a fluid inside, as opposed to
microcapsules.
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Microspheres
69. Monoclonal antibodies
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb)
are antibodies that are made by identical
immune cells that are all clones of a unique
parent cell.
• Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent
affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope
(the part of an antigen that is recognized by
the antibody).
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Monoclonal antibodies
71. Pre-Formulation & Formulation Aspects
• Pre-Formulation & Formulation Aspects.
• Pharmaceutics is the study of relationships
between preformulation, pharmaceutical
formulation, delivery, disposition and clinical
response.
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72. Medical Devices for Drug Delivery
• Drug delivery devices are specialized tools
for the delivery of a drug or therapeutic agent
via a specific route of administration.
• Such devices are used as part of one or
more medical treatments.
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Medical Devices for Drug Delivery
74. 2D & 3D Printing in Drug Delivery
• This allows controlling the properties of the
printed substances.
• It opens up new avenues for tailoring
physicochemical properties of organic
substances.
• With the FDA approval of the first 3D printed
tablet, Spritam®, there is now precedence set
for the utilization of 3D printing for the
preparation of drug delivery systems.
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2D & 3D Printing in Drug Delivery
76. 2D & 3D Printing in Drug Delivery
• Fused deposition
• Modeling
• Inkjet powder bed printing
• Particle printing
• Personalized dosage forms
• Oro dispersible dosage forms
• Selective laser sintering
• Stereo lithography
• Computer-aided tissue engineering
• 3D plotting bio printing
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77. Injections
• Biodegradable Polymer Based
• Depot Injections
• Micropheres
• Implants
• Suspensions
• Emulsions
• Liposomes
• Nanoparticles
• Colloids etc.
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78. Ophthalmic/Otics
• Nanosuspension
• Emulsions
• Gels etc
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79. Proteins/Peptides
• Antibiotics
• Steroids
• Hormones based formulations
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80. Sterile Dosage Forms
• Liquid Injections in Vial
• Pre Filled Syringes (PFS)
• Cartridges
• Infusion Bags
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81. Key Players
• Bharat Biotech
• Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
• Abbott Laboratories
• AstraZeneca PLC
• Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals
• GlaxoSmithKline PLC
• Johnson & Johnson
• Merck & Co.
• Novartis AG
• Pfizer Inc.
• Roche
• Sanofi S.A.
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THANK YOU
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