Bioavailability and bioequivalence – problems and pitfallsinemet
PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
Pharmaceutical formulation is the means whereby a drug is converted into a medicine, i.e., to a suitable form for administration to a patient by a particular route.
The conversion of a drug into a medicine often involves the addition of pharmaceutical adjuvants (excipients) such as binding agents, disintegrating agents, antioxidants, antimicrobial preservative and emulsifying agents etc.
The stability of a medicine relates to the various changes that may occur in the medicine during preparation and storage and to the impact of those changes on its fitness for use.
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence – problems and pitfallsinemet
PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
Pharmaceutical formulation is the means whereby a drug is converted into a medicine, i.e., to a suitable form for administration to a patient by a particular route.
The conversion of a drug into a medicine often involves the addition of pharmaceutical adjuvants (excipients) such as binding agents, disintegrating agents, antioxidants, antimicrobial preservative and emulsifying agents etc.
The stability of a medicine relates to the various changes that may occur in the medicine during preparation and storage and to the impact of those changes on its fitness for use.
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), veterinary products, and cosmetics.
The FDA also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and associated regulations, many of which are not directly related to food or drugs.
These include sanitation requirements on interstate travel and control of disease on products ranging from certain household pets to sperm donation for assisted reproduction.
ABBREVIATED NEW DRUG APPLICATION (ANDA),INVESTICATION OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS D...GOKULAKRISHNAN S
Introduction to ANDA
Regulations applied to ANDA process
Format and content of ANDA
ANDA approval process
Exclusivity
Hatch-Waxman amendments & 180 days exclusivity
Introduction to IMPD
Contents of IMPD
Introduction to IB
Contents of IB
Regulatory affairs in Pharmaceutical IndustryRama Shukla
Regulatory affairs is a profession developed from the desire of governments to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of products in areas including pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, medical devices, pesticides, agrochemicals, cosmetics and complementary medicines.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), veterinary products, and cosmetics.
The FDA also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and associated regulations, many of which are not directly related to food or drugs.
These include sanitation requirements on interstate travel and control of disease on products ranging from certain household pets to sperm donation for assisted reproduction.
ABBREVIATED NEW DRUG APPLICATION (ANDA),INVESTICATION OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS D...GOKULAKRISHNAN S
Introduction to ANDA
Regulations applied to ANDA process
Format and content of ANDA
ANDA approval process
Exclusivity
Hatch-Waxman amendments & 180 days exclusivity
Introduction to IMPD
Contents of IMPD
Introduction to IB
Contents of IB
Regulatory affairs in Pharmaceutical IndustryRama Shukla
Regulatory affairs is a profession developed from the desire of governments to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of products in areas including pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, medical devices, pesticides, agrochemicals, cosmetics and complementary medicines.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
Clinical trials are divided into several phases to ensure the safety and effectiveness of new medical interventions, such as drugs, treatments, or medical devices, before they are approved for widespread use. Here are the typical phases of clinical trials:
Phase 0: Exploratory Study
Phase 0 trials are relatively new and not always a part of the clinical trial process. They involve a small number of participants and aim to gather initial data on how the drug or treatment behaves in the human body. These trials help researchers decide whether to move forward with larger Phase 1 trials.
Phase 1: Safety and Dosage Study
Phase 1 trials involve a small number of healthy volunteers or patients and focus on assessing the safety of the intervention and determining the appropriate dosage range. Researchers closely monitor participants for any adverse effects, evaluate how the intervention is metabolized, and gather initial data on its efficacy.
Phase 2: Expanded Safety and Efficacy Study
Phase 2 trials involve a larger number of patients who have the condition the intervention is intended to treat. These trials continue to assess safety, evaluate dosage regimens, and gather more data on the intervention's efficacy. Researchers may also explore different patient populations, dosages, or combinations with other treatments.
Phase 3: Confirmatory Study
Phase 3 trials are large-scale studies involving a significant number of patients to confirm the intervention's safety, effectiveness, and monitor any side effects. These trials often include a randomized and controlled design, comparing the new intervention against existing standard treatments or placebos. Phase 3 trials provide critical data for regulatory agencies to evaluate whether the intervention should be approved for widespread use.
Phase 4: Post-Marketing Surveillance Study
Phase 4 trials take place after the intervention has received regulatory approval and is available to the general public. They aim to monitor the intervention's long-term safety, effectiveness, and identify any rare or long-term side effects. Phase 4 trials may involve a larger and more diverse population than earlier phases.
Under Pressure : Kenneth Kruk's StrategyKenneth Kruk
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DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
Cold Sores: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Cold Sores, medically known as herpes labialis, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores, although HSV-2 can also contribute in some cases.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
ALKAMAGIC PLAN 1350.pdf plan based of door to door delivery of alkaline water...rowala30
Alka magic plan 1350 -we deliver alkaline water at your door step and you can make handsome money by referral programme
we also help and provide systematic guideline to setup 1000 lph alkaline water plant
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This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
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In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docx
Development of Clinical Formulation
1. 1Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade
Principal Scientist
Trroy Life Sciences Pvt Ltd
C-14, New Town Yelhanka
Bangalore-560064, Karnataka, India
DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL
DRUG PRODUCT
2. CONTENT
• All dosage forms
• Clinical Pharmacology
• Clinical Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical dose range,
• Clinical Trials
• Clinical Packaging (Primary)
• Clinical Packaging (Secondary)
• Clinical Storage & Distribution
• Quality by Design (QbD)
• Clinical Design Space
2Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
3. All dosage forms
• Immediate and modified release capsules
• Immediate and modified release tablets
• Fixed dose combination products
• Powder/granule filled sachets
• Multi-particulates (bead/pellets into capsules)
• Minitablets
• MUPS (Multiple Unit Pellet System)
3Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
4. Clinical Pharmacology
• Clinical Pharmacology promotes the rational use of
medications in humans by studying their restorative
effect to amplify the drugs effect and reduce the side
effects.
• Clinical Pharmacology educates healthcare
professionals on a range of topics that involve the
interaction between drugs and humans.
4Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
6. Pharmacokinetics
• Drug design, development and formulation strategies
used to optimise binding site interactions of modified
lead compounds were described earlier.
• A compound with optimised binding site interactions
may be susceptible to enzymatic degradation.
• Methods used to improve drug absorption, distribution,
site-specificity, and metabolic stability must be used
alongside strategies used to improve binding site
interactions.
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 629/11/2018
9. Drug Formulation for Oral Route
• Log P is less than +5
• Molecular mass is less than 500 Da
• Hydrogen bond acceptors must not be greater than
10
• Hydrogen bond donors must not be greater than 5
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 929/11/2018
11. Clinical Pharmacodynamics
• The drug with tissue receptors located either in cell
membranes or in the intracellular fluid.
• Some drugs acting at the same receptor (or tissue)
differ in the magnitude of the biological responses
that they can achieve (i.e. their 'efficacy') and the
amount of the drug required to achieve a response
(i.e. their 'potency').
11Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
13. Clinical dose range
• A typical dose-ranging study may include four
groups: a placebo group, low-dose group, medium-
dose group and a high-dose group.
• The maximum tolerable dose (MTD) information is
necessary to be able to design such groups and
therefore dose-ranging studies are usually designed
after the availability of MTD information.
13Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
15. Clinical Trials
• Clinical trials are research studies performed in
people that are aimed at evaluating a medical,
surgical, or behavioral intervention.
• They are the primary way that researchers find out if
a new treatment, like a new drug or diet or medical
device (for example, a pacemaker) is safe and
effective in people.
15Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
16. Phases of Clinical Trials
• Clinical trials advance through four phases to test a
treatment, find the appropriate dosage, and look for
side effects.
• Clinical trials of drugs are usually described based on
their phase.
• The FDA typically requires Phase I, II, and III trials
to be conducted to determine if the drug can be
approved for use.
16Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
18. Phase I Clinical Trial
(INITIAL SAFETY TESTING IN A SMALL GROUP OF HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS )
• In Phase I trials the candidate drug is tested in people for the first
time.
• These studies are usually conducted with a small number of healthy
volunteers, generally 100 or less.
• The main goal of a Phase I trial is to assess the safety of the
medicine when used in humans.
• Researchers look at the pharmacokinetics of a drug: How is it
absorbed?
• How is it metabolized and eliminated from the body?
• They also study the drug’s pharmacodynamics: Does it cause side
effects?
• These closely monitored trials are designed to help researchers
determine what the safe dosing range is and if the candidate
medicine should move on to the next stage of development.
18Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
19. Phase I
• Patients: 20 to 100 healthy volunteers or people with
the disease/condition.
• Length of Study: Several months
• Purpose: Safety and dosage
• Percentage of Drugs that Move to the next Phase
70%
19Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
20. Study Types Included
• Safety & Tolerability studies (Single/ multiple dose in
patients or healthy volunteers)
• Oncology studies in patients with tolerability / MTD
as primary endpoint (efficacy might be a secondary
endpoint)
• Drug-Drug interaction & Food Effect
• PK in renal or hepatic impaired patients
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 2029/11/2018
21. Phase II Clinical Trial
(ASSESS SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN A SMALL GROUP OF PATIENTS)
• In Phase II trials researchers evaluate the candidate
drug’s effectiveness in 100 to 500 patient volunteers
with the disease or condition under study.
• Researchers also analyze optimal dose strength and
schedules for using the drug and examine the possible
short-term side effects (adverse events) and risks
associated with the drug.
• If the drug continues to show promise, they prepare
for the much larger Phase III trials.
21Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
22. Phase II
• Phase IIA: Exploratory (non-pivotal) study that has
clinical efficacy, Pharmacodynamics or biological
activity as primary endpoint, conducted in patients or
healthy volunteers.
• Phase IIB: Definite dose range finding study in
patients with efficacy as primary endpoint.
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 2229/11/2018
23. Phase II
• Patients: Up to several hundred people with the
disease/condition.
• Length of Study: Several months to 2 years
• Purpose: Efficacy and side effects
• Percentage of Drugs that Move to the Next Phase
33%
23Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
24. Study Type Included
• Proof of concept, efficacy, or mechanism
• Mechanistic studies
• Dose range exploration
• Pilot studies
• Definite dose finding studies
• Extension studies of Phase IIB studies
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 2429/11/2018
25. Phase III Clinical Trial
(DEMONSTRATE SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN A LARGE GROUP OF PATIENTS)
• Phase III trials generate statistically significant data about
the safety, efficacy and the overall benefit-risk
relationship of the investigational medicine.
• Phase III trials may enroll 100 to 5,000 patients or more
across numerous clinical trials sites around the world.
• This phase of research is essential in determining whether
the drug is safe and effective.
• It also provides the basis for labeling instructions to help
ensure proper use of the drug (e.g., information on
potential interactions with other medicines, specific
dosing instructions, etc.)
25Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
26. Phase III
• Patients: 100 to 5000 volunteers who have the
disease or condition
• Length of Study: 1 to 4 years
• Purpose: Efficacy and monitoring of adverse
reactions
• Percentage of Drugs that Move to the Next Phase
25-30%
26Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
27. Phase III
• Phase IIIA: A Pivotal study that is a trial designed &
executed to get statistically significant evidence of
efficacy and safety as required NDA/ sNDA approval. It
also provides the basis for labeling instructions to help
ensure proper use of the drug (e.g., information on
potential interactions with other medicines, specific
dosing instructions, etc.)
• Phase IIIB: A study started prior to approval and whose
primary intention is support of publications rather than
registration or label changes. The results are not intended
to be included in the submission dossier.
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 2729/11/2018
28. Study Time Included
• Pivotal studies (vs placebo/comparator)
• Long term safety studies for registration
• Local registration studies
• Post marketing study commitments
• Phase IIIA extension studies
• Studies intended to support publication, claims or
to prepare launch, which start before approval but
are not intended for Regulatory submissions
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 2829/11/2018
29. Phase IV
• Phase IV: A study started after approval with primary
intention to support publications rather than
registration or label changes.
• The results are not intended to be included in a
submission dossier.
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 2929/11/2018
30. Phase IV Clinical Trial
• Patients: Several thousand volunteers who have the
disease/condition
• Purpose: Safety and efficacy
30Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
31. Clinical Packaging (Primary)
• Blistering
• Wallet Cards
• Bottling
• Enhanced Containment and Potent Products
31Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
36. Clinical Packaging (Secondary)
• Secondary Labelling and Kitting of Clinical Supplies
• Flexible Clinical Supply Solutions
• Label Generation, Printing and Checking
• Biological Products
36Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
37. Clinical Storage & Distribution
• Storage
• Distribution
• Global Depot Network
• Direct-to-patient
37Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research29/11/2018
38. Steps in Pharmaceutical Products
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 3829/11/2018
39. Quality by Design (QbD)
• QbD became the answer to assisting both the industry
and FDA to move toward a more scientific, risk-
based, holistic and proactive approach to
pharmaceutical development.
• In the QbD paradigm, a product is designed so that it
will meet its desired clinical performance.
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 3929/11/2018
41. Clinical Design Space
• The concept of clinical design space can be used to
quantify the clinical experience with a product.
• The size of the clinical design space for a given
product will depend on the number of manufactured
lots put in the clinic.
Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research 4129/11/2018