Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.

2. Doctor
Pharmacy
Patient
Definition
A prescription is an order
form a registered
practitioner o0r other
properly licensed
practitioner such as
physician, dentist,
veterinarian or
dermatologists etc to a
pharmacist to compound
and dispense a specific
medicine for the patient.
pre" - before
"script" - written

3. Parts of prescription
1.Date
2.Name, Age, Sex and Address of the
patient.
3.Superscription (Rx)
4.Inscription
5.Subscription
6.Signatura
7.Renewal Instructions
8.Name, Signature & Registration no. of
registered physician

4. Date
It helps the pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and the date
of prescription for filling. It also helps
-To know when the medicines were last dispensed
-To prevent the misuse of the drug by the patients.
The prescription which prescribes narcotic or other habit forming drugs
must bear the date so as to avoid the misuse of the prescription.
Name, age, sex and address of the patient
Name, age, sex and address of the patient must be written in the
prescription because it serves to identify the prescription. Age and
sex of the patient especially the children, help the pharmacist to
check the prescribed dose of the medicine.
Superscription
It is represented by the symbol Rx, which is written before writing the
prescription. Rx is an abbreviation of the Latin imperative
verb, “recipe = take” meaning “to take” (Take though).
Rx symbol
-It is an abbreviation of Latin term “Recipe”, meaning “to take” or
“take thou”

5. Inscription
This is the main part of the prescription, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients
The names of the ingredients are generally written in English but
common abbreviation used can be written both in English and Latin
language. Extreme care should be taken by the pharmacist during
interpreting the abbreviations otherwise can lead to serious errors.
Inscription is divided into following parts
• Base: The active ingredients which are intended produce the
therapeutic effect.
• Adjuvant: It is included either to enhance the action of the
medicament or to improve the palatability of the preparation.
• Correction: It is included to prevent or lessen any undesirable effect.
• Vehicle: It is included in the prescription either to dissolve the solid
ingredients or to increase the volume of the prescription.
SubscriptionSubscription provides the direction to the pharmacist for
the preparation of the prescription information and the quantity and
dosage form of the drug to be dispensed.

6. Sugnatura
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drugs.
The instruction may include
• The quantity to be taken or the amount to be used.
• The frequency and timing of drug administration
• The route of drug administration
• The special instruction such as dilution direction.
Renewal instruction
The prescriber indicates on every prescription, whether it may be
renewed and if so how many times. It is particularly important for the
prescriptions containing the narcotic and other habit forming drugs to
prevent its misuse.
Name, signature, address & registration no. of the prescriber
The prescription must bear the signature of the prescriber along with the
registration number and address.

7. Heading
Name: ABC
Date: 7/05/14 Age: 30yrs.
Sex: female
Body
Diagnosis: Idiopathic Parkinsonism
Rx
Tab Levodopa 100mg
Tab Carbidopa 25mg
2 tablets by mouth 3 times daily for one month .
Take with food.
Closing Dr. XYZ
Assistant Prof. Neurology,
Reg. No. 345

9. Prescription Formatting
• Heading
• Body
• Closing

10. Current Prescription Formatting
• Heading
–Name, address, and telephone
number of the prescriber
–Name, sex and age of the patient
–Date of the prescription
3

11. Current Prescription Formatting
• Body
– The Rx symbol
– Name
– dose size or concentration (liquids) of
the drug
– Amount to be dispensed
– Directions to the patient
4

12. Current Prescription Formatting
• Closing
–Prescriber’s signature
–Refill instructions
–Generic substitution instructions
5

13. Handling of Prescription
• Receiving
• Dosage calculation
• Compounding
• Finishing
• Pricing
• Delivering

14. Receiving the Prescription:-
Pharmacist should himself receive the
Prescription.
It includes
Reading the prescription
Checking the prescription

15. Reading the prescription:-
Prescription should be completely and
carefully read from top to bottom.
Checking of prescription:-
Prescription should be checked for any
incompatibility.

16. Incompatibility:-
Rx
Acetylsalicylic Acid ................................xxx gm
Codeine ...............................................vi gm
Amodopyrinae ......................................xxx gm
M. ft. chart. No. vi
Acetylsalicylic acid intensifies the narcotic action of codeine.
This combination is questionable.

17. Dosage calculation:-
A child dosage form is calculated by
Young’s rule
Age × adult dose
Child dose =
Age + 12

18. Fried’s rule:-
Age(month)
Child dose= × Adult
dose
150

19. Compounding:-
The ingredients are compounded
By accurate method.
For weighing electrical machines
should be used

20. Finishing the prescription:-
It includes
Packaging
Labeling
Rechecking
Filling

21. Packaging
After compounding packaging of prescription
should be done.
For packaging following containers are used
oRound vials
oOval bottles
oWide mouth bottles
oColored bottles
oCollapsible tubes
oPaper wrappers
oDropper bottles

22. Labeling
The filled container should be suitably
labeled.
The label should be affixed on smooth
surface of bottle

23. Label information's
Type of prescription
Name, age & sex of patient
Date of dispensing
Storage condition
Name & address of pharmacy
In case of liquid preparation attach
auxiliary label
Route of administration

24. Rechecking
Each prescription should be rechecked
After labeling container should be
thoroughly polished to remove finger prints
Recording
A variety of prescription files are available
which serve to maintain and preserve
original prescription in numerical order

25. Pricing of Prescription :-
The prescription should be priced
immediately after receiving it &
informed the patient about it. This
should be done before starting the
compounding to avoid any dispute..

26. Delivering the prescription
Three types
Store Delivery
Home Delivery
Mail Delivery

27. The most common problem!

28. HOW
MANY
???

31. LABELING OF DISPENSED
MEDICATIONS.
• The label for a dispensed product should provide the patient with all the
information required for its proper use. The information include
• Accurate: The label should be checked immediately after writing and
again before fixing to the container.
• Legible: It should be easily readable, it should be either type written or
printed.
• Intelligible: The information given on the label should be completely
unambiguous (স্পষ্ট) and arranged to avoid any confusion.
• Adequate and relevant: The information provided should be adequate
and relevant in order to avoid confusion and anxiety.

32. Information on the label
The followings are the important things which
should be included in the label
i. Indicate clearly the patient, for whom it has been
prescribed.
ii. Indicate the name and address of the supplier
and the date of supply.
iii. In most of the cases give precise details as to
the contents of the container when dispensed.
iv. State the storage condition and shelf life of the
medicine.
v. Give clear and complete instruction to the patient
on how and when to take or use the preparation.

33. i. Indicate clearly the patient, for whom it has been
prescribed.
The patient’s title, forename (নামের প্রথে অংশ), initial name or
surname (পদবি) should appear on the label of each
medicine dispensed.
ii. Indicate the name and address of the supplier and
the date of supply.
The name and address of the pharmacy may be printed
on the dispensing labels.
iii. In most of the cases give precise details as to the
contents of the container when dispensed.
This includes
• The quantity in the container: The total quantity of the
product dispensed in the container should be indicated
on the label.

34. • The name of the product /medicine: In the community
pharmacy the name written by the prescriber should
appear on the label. In the hospital pharmacy only non-
proprietary name is used.
• The strength of the medicine: It is essential for
preparations that are essential in different strengths of
medicine. e.g. amount in each tablet/capsule.
• Units: Wherever possible quantities should be
expressed as whole numbers of unit. e.g. 100 mg rather
than 1gm.
• Batch identification: The batch reference should be
included in the labeling (UK).
• Diluted products: Particular care should be taken
when labeling medicines prepared by the dilution of
more concentrated products.

35. Diluted products
– Have reduced shelf life
– Indicate the degree of dilution
FOR >1 Ing.
FOR 1 Ing.
Diluted Chloral Mixture
Half Strength
Diluted Chloral Mixture BP
containing 250mg/5ml Chloral
Hydrate

36. iv. State the storage condition and shelf life of the
medicine.
This includes
• Temperature: A large number of products need to be
stored in a cool place. e.g. suppositories.
• Humidity: Solid unit dosage forms should be protected
from moisture. (Air +moisture proof container)
• Light: The light sensitive products should be stored in the
amber colored containers.
• Sources of ignition: Products containing a large
proportion of flammable ingredients should be labeled
“flammable” and keep away from naked flames.
• Shelf life: The period during which the quality of a
medicine is expected to remain within the acceptable
limits.

37. v. Give clear and complete instruction to
the patient on how and when to take or
use the preparation.
This Includes
• Directions: Includes quantity to be taken
or amount to be used, frequency and
timing of application, route of
administration etc.
• Shake the bottle: Emulsion, suspension
etc.
• Take with water: Mixtures that can cause
gastric irritation. E.g. Disprin(Aspirin)

39. Cautionary and Advisory Label
In general the patient requires adequate information,
so that the medicine can be taken safely and
effectively. Guidelines for the pharmacist on the
Cautionary and Advisory Label to be applied to the
dispensed medicine are provided by the Royal
pharmaceutical society of Great Britain. The
guidelines are
i. For external use only
This label must be applied to the liquid preparations or
gels for external application. The label is also applied
to all semisolid or solid medicinal products for external
use. e.g. Ointments, Creams, Dusting powders etc.

40. ii. Not to be taken
This label may be used on preparations that’s are
neither administered by mouth nor used on the
skin. This label may be confused with the words
“For external use”.
Therefore “For nasal use only”
“For rectal use only” “For vaginal use only” label
may be preferred.
“Not to be swallowed in a large amount” is a better
label for the mouth washes and gargles where
swallowing of a small amount is ineffective but
swallowing in a large quantity is undesirable.

41. iii. Hexachlorophane warning
Products containing Hexachlorophane should not be used
indiscriminately in every young child or in certain animals
because of the possibility of the serious toxicity. A
warning to this effect should be included on the labels of
the products containing the substances.
iv. Keep out of reach of children
All medicine should be stored in the place inaccessible to
the children and must be so labeled.

42. v. For animal use/treatment only
A clear distinction must be made between the
medicine intended for human use and those for
veterinary use.
vi. Drowsiness warning
Patients should be warned if their medicines are
likely to cause drowsiness, dizziness (োথা ঘ ারা)
blurred vision(ঝাপসা দৃবি).
Warning. May cause
drowsiness

43. Potential interactions with food and
drinks
• Drugs for which absorption is improved if
taken before food.(meal)
• Drugs for which GI irritation occurs if
taken before food.(empty stomach)
. . . with or after food
Take half to one hour before food or on
an empty stomach

44. viii. Potential inter actions with other
medicines
• Drugs which chelates with calcium,
magnesium and iron and are not well
absorbed in the presence of irons.
• Drugs whose activity is
reduced by aspirin

45. ix. Special methods of administration
• For chewable formulations
• For sublingual formulations
Dissolve in the mouth or to be
chewed
Dissolve under the tongue

46. x. Caution in use
• a. Preparations which may produce
unusual effect.
• b. Preparations containing high proportion
of flammable solvent.
This preparation may color the
urine or stools
Avoid exposure to direct sunlight
and naked flame

47. • Pressurized inhalations
Pressurized container, keep away from
heat source including the sun. Do not
puncture or burn even when empty.
Shake before using

48. • Applications
• Capsules
For external use only
Swallow whole with a draught of
water

49. • Creams
For external use only
Store in cool place but do not freeze

50. • Dusting powders
Not to be applied to open wounds or
weeping surfaces
For external use only

51. • Emulsions
• Enemas
Shake the bottle
For rectal use only
Shake before use

52. • Eye drops
• Gargles & Mouthwashes
• Gels
Avoid contamination in use
Discard 28 days after first opening
Not to be swallowed in large
amounts
For external use

53. • Linctuses
• Ointments, Pastes and Paints
To be sipped and swallowed slowly
without the addition of water
For external use only

54. • Tablets
• For chewable tablets
• For sustained-release/enteric coated tabs.
Dissolve or disperse in water before
taking
Chew before swallowing
Do not chew or crush