The document discusses prescribed medication orders and communication skills for pharmacists. It covers what a prescription is, the parts of a prescription, abbreviations used in prescriptions, legal requirements, and communication skills when interacting with prescribers and patients. Good communication is important for pharmacists to properly handle, interpret, authenticate and record prescriptions and counsel patients.
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Function of community pharmacy, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, Legal requirement for establishment, Maintenance of records
Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, PTC, Organization of PTC, Functions of PTC, Automatic stop order, Emergency drug list, ADR and safety monitoring, Role of Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
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hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
The presentation is about: Drug Regulatory Affairs as a profession, Scope & Responsibilities in life cycle management of a drug and role of RA in the drug approval process.
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
The presentation is about: Drug Regulatory Affairs as a profession, Scope & Responsibilities in life cycle management of a drug and role of RA in the drug approval process.
Definition of Prescription
Parts Prescription
Handling of Prescription
legality & identification of medication related problems like drug interactions.
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The Provision Of Written And/Or Verbal Information About Drugs And Drug Therapy In Response To A Request From Other Healthcare Providing Organizations, Committees, Patients, And Public Community
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
Sổ tay thuốc thú y - tra liều thuốc thú yLuong Manh
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
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Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
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2. Agra Public Pharmacy College, Agra 2
WHAT IS PRESCRIPTION?
“Prescription”
means the written direction given by the doctor to
the chemist for the
compounding of medicine suitable to a patient’s
case
Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com
3. The patient load on medical practitioners is very high irrespective of the
practice setting.
New technology has also made it easier to alter or forge prescriptions.
It is therefore important for pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants to
develop good pharmacy practice habits in handling, interpreting,
authenticating and recording of prescriptions.
Have a right to ask for a written prescription and to have the prescription
dispensed by the pharmacy of their choice.
A busy practioners may spend only around 5-10 min./patient.
The very famous quote says to some doctor’s-
“A PILL FOR EVERY ILL”- may lead to ADR’s.
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Parts of Prescription
• Inscription
• Superscription• Date of
prescription
Prescriber
information
Patient
information
Signature of
prescriber
Direction to
patient
(Transcription)
Subscription
6. Prescriber information-
Name
Qualification
Practice number
Address of the prescriber
Patient information-
Name , address, age and weight of patient in the case of a prescription
Date of prescription
Superscription-
The symbol is said to designate jupiter “The God of Healing”
Agra Public Pharmacy College, Agra 6
Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fimage.shutterstock.com
7. Inscription-
It is main part of prescription. It contain the name and quantity of prescribed
ingredients.
It also contain manner in which medicine should be taken.
Subscription-
This parts contains the prescriber direction to the pharmacist.
Transcription-
Transcription is the prescriber direction to the patient contains instruction about
the amount of drug , time and frequency of doses to be taken.
Signature of physician
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8. Agra Public Pharmacy College, Agra 8
Abbreviations uses in Prescription order System-
Abbreviations
1) a.c
2) ad
3) ad lib.
4) a.m.
5) amp.
6) aq.
7) b.i.d
8) p.o
9) q.d.
10)q.i.d.
11)s.o.s
12)T.i.d.
13)Ex aq.
14)Gtt.
15)h.s.
16)Noct.
Meaning
1) before meals
2) up to
3) at pleasure
4) Morning
5) Ampul
6) Water
7) twice a day
8) by mouth
9) Every day
10)four times a day
11)if there is need
12)Three times a day
13)In water
14)Drop
15)At bedtime
16)Night
9. General Precautions for Prescription Order
Drug use is a complex process and there are many drug related challenges at
various levels , involving prescriber, pharmacists and patients.
The prescription is a vital link between the physician and pharmacy personnel.
Pharmacists should ensure that “right ” patient is receiving the “right” drug
in a “right” dose.
The prescriptions may be written for a single component (prefabricated
product) or written for more than a single component and requiring
compounding.
A medication may be represented by chemical name or nonproprietary
(generic) name of the substance or the manufacturer s brand (trademark)
name
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10. Prescriptions requiring compounding contain the quantities of each ingredient
required.
Medications are prepared into various types of dosage forms (e.g., tablets,
syrups, injections) and drug delivery systems (e.g., transdermal patches) to
ensure that the medication is administered accurately and appropriately.
Tamper-resistant prescription pads to prevent the unauthorized copying,
modification, or counterfeiting of prescriptions, tamper-resistant prescription
pads have been developed.
It is the responsibility of the pharmacist to ensure that each prescription and
medication order received is correct in its form and content, is appropriate for
the patient being treated, and is subsequently filled, labeled, dispensed, and
administered accurately.
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11. Legal Requirements for Prescribed Medication Order
controlled substances are drugs considered to have the highest misuse and use
disorder potential, and thus have the strictest regulation and prescription
requirements on a federal and state level.
To prescribe medication, a clinician must have a DEA (Drug Enforcement
Administration) license; to fill a prescription, a pharmacist must also have a
controlled substance license.
Schedule I - medications (e.g., heroin), are unable to be prescribed or filled by
a pharmacist because they have no indicated medical use in the USA.
Schedule II - drugs are the highest level of misuse potential medications that
may be prescribed by a clinician; these drugs traditionally were only allowed to
be filled by paper prescription; however, they are now prescribable via
electronic prescribing of controlled substances (EPCS).
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12. The central government has recently approved to amend Indian Medical
Council Regulations, 2002, providing therein that every physician should
prescribe drugs with generic names in legible and capital letters and he/she shall
ensure that there is a rational prescription and use of drugs.
MCI regulation 1.4.2 governs Prescription writing.
All doctors in India are required to abide by the laws that regulate the practice of
medicine and also follow the provisions of State Acts like-
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
Pharmacy Act, 1948
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances Act, 1985
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act, 1954.
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13. Communication Skills for Pharmacists
To better way for identifying & reviewing patient’s medication counselling, the
pharmacists to require sound communication skills & a very level of sensitivity to
the circumstances.
So, all pharmacists through education, training & practice can develop & improve
their abilities.
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Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideserve.com%2Fxiang%2Fcommunication-skills-for-pharmacist
14. Agra Public Pharmacy College, Agra 14
Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmatutor.org
15. Communication is, at its most basic, the sending & receiving of message.
When working as a pharmacist, we modify our personnel style of
communicating to fit the culture & language of the pharmacy profession.
Pharmacist can play communication with both the ends-
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Communication with Prescriber
Communication with Patients
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Channels of Communication
Internet
Reports
Letters
Speaking
E-mail/Phone
17. Communication with Prescriber (Health Professionals):
The inter-professional communication always can be challenging task.
Patient welfare is the focus of any medical team & one which pharmacists
need to share.
Pharmacists can represent an unwelcome instruction in wards or clinics.
For example-
The discussion between physician & pharmacist for the
administration of analgesic dose of “Aspirin” with food, but
omitted to discuss a potentially fatal interaction with the
patient’s coumarin (Warfarin) anti-coagulant- he or she
would be unlikely to earn the respect of the medical team.
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18. Agra Public Pharmacy College, Agra 18
Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fme2432%2Fcommunication-skills-
20. Communication with Patients:
The pharmacist communicate with patients by various ways:-
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Patient medication
sheets or cards
PILs {Patient
Information
leaflets
Labelling
Medicines
Medication
History
Interview
21. Agra Public Pharmacy College, Agra 21
Medication
History Interview
• Currently or recently prescribed medications.
• OTC medicines
• Vaccinations
• Traditional medications
• Allergies to drugs
• Adherence to past treatment courses.
Labelling
Medicines
• Drugs labels are concise message to identify & aid the effective &
safe use of drugs.
• Labelling the medicines by generic or trade name.
• Dosage forms, no. of dosage units supplied.
• Specific administration of medications
• The patient name
• Date of dispensing
• Batch No. & expiry dated for non-prescription medicines.
22. Agra Public Pharmacy College, Agra 22
PILs {Patient
Information
Leaflets}
• PILs are used to outline key information to assist patients & their
caregivers in the effective & safe use of a medicines
• PILs include following information like-
• Trade & generic name
• Indications
• Precautions & contraindications
• Administration advice
• AdR’s
• Storage Information
• Manufacture’s detail
Patient Medication
Sheets or cards
• When patient are taking several medicines, a handwritten or
computer generated medication summary can improve compliance
& understanding
• A tabular form presents the information clearly like-
• Dose timing
• Specialized advice (Ex- take with food)
• Keeping medication sheets up to date & accurate is common
problem when a patient is attending different clinics or medical
practitioners.