This power point presentation slide is very helpful to my students and friend's to increasing the practical knowledge of different -different clinical Department.
Urinary elimination involves the removal of waste from the body through the urinary system. Urine is produced in the kidneys and stored in the bladder, and the desire to void occurs when the bladder reaches a certain capacity. Normal urine production is influenced by many developmental, physiological, pathological, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Abnormalities in urinary elimination can include increased/decreased urine output, pain/difficulty urinating, or incontinence. Nursing care focuses on regular voiding schedules, bladder training, skin care, and addressing any underlying causes.
URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS ARE ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT GROUP OF DISORDERS THAT NEEDS A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING. THE MOST BASIC OF THEM ARE URINARY RETENTION AND INCONTINENCE. THIS PRESENTATION DEALS WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THESE DISORDERS IN AN ILLUSTRATED MANNER.
Oxygen administration is used to treat conditions causing hypoxia by delivering higher than normal levels of oxygen. It aims to relieve shortness of breath, reduce low blood oxygen levels, and alleviate struggling to breathe. Oxygen can be provided from wall outlets or oxygen cylinders through nasal cannulas, simple face masks, or nasal catheters. When administering oxygen, nurses must carefully follow the prescribed flow rate and concentration and educate patients on safety issues like avoiding smoking around oxygen.
Maintenance of therapeutic environment in OTAdarsh SA
Therapeutic environment can be defined as the total of all external conditions and influences affecting an individual in the illness situation.Infection prevention in the operating room is achieved through prudent use of aseptic techniques in order to prevent contamination of the open wound.
Isolate the operating site from the surrounding unsterile physical environment.
Create and maintain a sterile field in which surgery can be performed safely.
An enema is the introduction of fluid into the lower bowel through the rectum to cleanse or administer medication. There are several types of enemas that serve different purposes such as treating constipation, softening stool, administering medication, or nourishing patients. The document outlines various enema solutions used, including soap and water, oil, glycerin, and medications. It also describes procedures for administering different types of enemas and important safety considerations.
This document provides information and instructions for performing a bowel wash or colonic lavage procedure. It defines bowel wash as washing out the colon with large quantities of solution. It lists purposes such as preparing for exams or surgery, relieving inflammation, and cleaning the colon. Contraindications and general instructions are outlined. The document describes methods, suitable solutions, temperature considerations, preliminary assessments, patient preparation, equipment, and the step-by-step procedure for performing a bowel wash. Post-procedure care and references are also included.
Urinary elimination involves the removal of waste from the body through the urinary system. Urine is produced in the kidneys and stored in the bladder, and the desire to void occurs when the bladder reaches a certain capacity. Normal urine production is influenced by many developmental, physiological, pathological, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Abnormalities in urinary elimination can include increased/decreased urine output, pain/difficulty urinating, or incontinence. Nursing care focuses on regular voiding schedules, bladder training, skin care, and addressing any underlying causes.
URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS ARE ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT GROUP OF DISORDERS THAT NEEDS A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING. THE MOST BASIC OF THEM ARE URINARY RETENTION AND INCONTINENCE. THIS PRESENTATION DEALS WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THESE DISORDERS IN AN ILLUSTRATED MANNER.
Oxygen administration is used to treat conditions causing hypoxia by delivering higher than normal levels of oxygen. It aims to relieve shortness of breath, reduce low blood oxygen levels, and alleviate struggling to breathe. Oxygen can be provided from wall outlets or oxygen cylinders through nasal cannulas, simple face masks, or nasal catheters. When administering oxygen, nurses must carefully follow the prescribed flow rate and concentration and educate patients on safety issues like avoiding smoking around oxygen.
Maintenance of therapeutic environment in OTAdarsh SA
Therapeutic environment can be defined as the total of all external conditions and influences affecting an individual in the illness situation.Infection prevention in the operating room is achieved through prudent use of aseptic techniques in order to prevent contamination of the open wound.
Isolate the operating site from the surrounding unsterile physical environment.
Create and maintain a sterile field in which surgery can be performed safely.
An enema is the introduction of fluid into the lower bowel through the rectum to cleanse or administer medication. There are several types of enemas that serve different purposes such as treating constipation, softening stool, administering medication, or nourishing patients. The document outlines various enema solutions used, including soap and water, oil, glycerin, and medications. It also describes procedures for administering different types of enemas and important safety considerations.
This document provides information and instructions for performing a bowel wash or colonic lavage procedure. It defines bowel wash as washing out the colon with large quantities of solution. It lists purposes such as preparing for exams or surgery, relieving inflammation, and cleaning the colon. Contraindications and general instructions are outlined. The document describes methods, suitable solutions, temperature considerations, preliminary assessments, patient preparation, equipment, and the step-by-step procedure for performing a bowel wash. Post-procedure care and references are also included.
Chest physiotherapy involves techniques like postural drainage, percussion, and vibration to mobilize pulmonary secretions and make them easier to cough up. It aims to assist coughing, improve lung ventilation, and reeducate breathing muscles. Specific positions drain different lung lobes by gravity. Therapies are contraindicated in some injuries or conditions and require monitoring for side effects like hypoxemia, bronchospasm, or increased intracranial pressure. Proper positioning, techniques, and secretion removal are important parts of the chest physiotherapy procedure.
Oxygen inhalation involves administering oxygen to patients to treat low blood oxygen levels caused by respiratory issues. It is done through various methods like nasal cannulas, masks, or tents. While it treats low oxygen, it does not address the underlying cause. Complications can include infection, drying of tissues, combustion, or oxygen toxicity if too high of concentrations are used. Proper monitoring, equipment cleaning, and gradual adjustment of oxygen levels are important to safely provide this treatment.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on trends and issues in medical surgical nursing. It discusses major trends like reduced length of stay and increased technology. It also covers ethical and cultural issues in nursing care, including communication barriers and religious/family differences. Significant cultural aspects like health beliefs, language, and family structure are examined specifically for Indian culture. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of documentation to meet legal obligations and continue improving patient care.
This document provides information on oxygen administration including definitions, sources, purposes, indications, precautions, equipment, and methods. It defines oxygen administration as supplementing oxygen at a higher concentration than atmospheric air. Therapeutic oxygen sources are wall outlets and cylinders. Oxygen is administered through masks or nasal cannulas to treat conditions like respiratory distress and hypoxia. Precautions include avoiding sparks and open flames near cylinders. The two main methods described are mask administration and nasal cannula administration, including equipment requirements and step-by-step procedures.
Back care consists of cleaning and massaging back (from shoulder to lower level of the buttocks) by using scientific form of required strokes for maximizing cutaneous stimulation, comfort and emotional relaxation as well.
This document summarizes research on the effectiveness of high protein diets for weight loss and body composition changes. Several short term studies found that high protein diets were more effective at preserving fat free mass and improving glucose tolerance compared to high carbohydrate diets. However, one long term study found no difference in weight loss between diets after one year, but the high protein diet resulted in less loss of fat free mass. Exercise combined with a high protein diet was found to be most effective for losing body fat and preserving lean mass. While high protein diets raise some safety concerns, the studies reviewed found no evidence of harm to bone or renal health in healthy populations over long term use.
Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural cavity through insertion of a needle into the chest wall. It is indicated for conditions such as pleural effusion, pneumonia, or trauma. The nurse prepares equipment like syringes, needles, and specimen containers and assists the physician by administering local anesthetic, observing for complications, and providing aftercare like monitoring for bleeding or infection. Precise technique and positioning are important to safely drain fluid and avoid injuries to lungs during the procedure.
Rehabilitation of patient with neurological deficit Nimishs Chacko
The document discusses neurological rehabilitation for patients with nervous system diseases, injuries, or disorders. Neurological rehabilitation aims to improve function, reduce symptoms, and enhance patient well-being through a doctor-supervised program. It also details the various types and goals of rehabilitation, including medical, vocational, social, and psychological restoration. Furthermore, it outlines the roles of different professionals on the neurological rehabilitation team who work together to help patients achieve optimal physical, emotional, and social independence.
Ear irrigation involves using a syringe and catheter or other device to flush out the ear canal with warm water. This is done to remove excess earwax or foreign objects. The document outlines the proper procedure for ear irrigation, including using a cerumenolytic beforehand to soften wax, directing the water stream carefully, and examining the ear after to check for any issues. Complications can include infections, vertigo, or tympanic membrane damage, so care must be taken when performing an irrigation.
Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary or uncontrolled urine leakage from the bladder sufficient to cause a social or hygienic problem. It affects 25-30% of older women and 10-15% of older men living in the community. Urinary incontinence can be caused by various factors like delirium, infection, medications, and age-related changes in the urinary tract. It is managed through behavioral changes like scheduled voiding and pelvic floor exercises, pharmacological treatments like estrogen and anticholinergic drugs, and surgical options like lifting or bulking of the bladder or urethra. Nursing management involves encouraging regular voiding, providing patient education and support, and following up on treatment.
Care of Patient with Elimination needs.pptxAbhishek Joshi
This document discusses elimination and the nursing care related to normal and altered elimination. It begins by defining elimination as the removal of waste from the body through organs like the kidneys, intestines, lungs and skin. It then covers topics like the characteristics of normal urine and feces, factors that affect elimination, and common alterations seen in urinary and bowel elimination like constipation and diarrhea. The document concludes by outlining the nursing responsibilities regarding promotion of normal elimination and management of issues like incontinence, retention, and ostomies.
Back care ppt and back care steps nursing procedure Narvat Patel
This document provides information on back care, including its definition, purposes, contraindications, necessary articles, and procedures. Back care involves cleaning and massaging the back, paying attention to pressure points, to stimulate blood circulation, prevent bedsores, relax tension, and promote rest and sleep. The procedure section outlines specific massage techniques - effleurage, friction, tapotement, vibration, and kneading - used to massage the entire back.
Urinary incontinance & retention of urine , nursing care V4Veeru25
This document discusses urinary incontinence and urinary retention. It defines urinary incontinence as the involuntary loss of urine, which is common in older adults. Risk factors include pregnancy, menopause, surgery, and various medical conditions. The main types are stress, urge, overflow, and functional incontinence. Management includes medications to reduce bladder contractions, bladder training, and various surgical procedures. Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder completely and can result from surgery, medications, neurological issues, or prostate problems. Catheterization is often needed for relief of retention to prevent complications.
if you like this kindly give your comment and share to others for a education purpose. and follow to my account on slide share to know the update. i tried to give the all information in this slide in detailed. in hope its helpful for you all.
This document provides information about cystoscopy, including:
1. Cystoscopy involves visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra.
2. Patient preparation involves positioning in lithotomy, cleaning the genital area, and administering local anesthetic into the urethra.
3. The basic components of a cystoscope are a sheath, obturator, and telescope to view the bladder internally.
Trends and issues in medical surgical nursingEDWINjose43
This document discusses trends and issues in medical-surgical nursing. It begins by defining trends as general directions of change and issues as important topics of discussion or problems. Some key trends discussed include increased reliance on technology, need for advanced nursing knowledge, emphasis on collaboration and communication, and development of new nursing specializations. Issues addressed include staff shortages, meeting patient expectations, long work hours, workplace hazards, and maintaining personal health in high-stress environments. The document provides examples and explanations for each of the trends and issues discussed in medical-surgical nursing.
This document provides an overview of hemorrhoids including definitions, pathophysiology, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. Hemorrhoids are painful swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus that can be caused by straining during bowel movements, constipation, prolonged sitting, and other factors. There are internal and external hemorrhoids. Signs include anal itching, pain, lumps near the anus, and bleeding. Treatment options include increasing fiber, sitz baths, NSAIDs, fixative procedures, and hemorrhoidectomy. Nurses educate patients, emphasize hygiene and diet, and monitor for pain and infection.
Role of nurse in medical surgical setting RakhiYadav53
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of nurses in various medical-surgical settings. Nurses in outpatient departments provide direct care to patients, educate patients and families, and screen patients for admission. In inpatient departments, nurses are responsible for providing quality medical care, managing patient files, and coordinating care. Intensive care unit nurses closely monitor patients' conditions, assist physicians with procedures, and care for pre- and post-operative patients. Nurses in home health care and community settings provide care outside of hospitals through services like health education, wound care, and disease prevention programs.
Post-operative exercises are important for full recovery after knee surgery. Early exercises include quadriceps sets, straight leg raises, ankle pumps, and knee bending while supported in bed or a chair. Patients should also walk short distances with crutches or a walker soon after surgery. As strength returns, exercises can include stair climbing, resistance training, cycling, and more advanced leg exercises. Proper form and gradually increasing activity over several months is key to regaining knee mobility and strength after surgery.
Tooth extraction is the removal of a tooth from its socket in the bone. Teeth are often extracted because they are impacted, cannot be restored due to decay or damage, or to make room for orthodontic treatment. Potential risks of extraction include infection, numbness, jaw fracture, and jaw pain.
This document provides an overview of renal stones (nephrolithiasis). It discusses the anatomy of the kidneys, types of stones, risk factors and pathophysiology. Symptoms include flank pain and hematuria. Diagnosis is typically made using non-contrast CT. Treatment depends on stone size and location, and may include conservative management, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or ureteroscopic stone removal (URS). Surgical procedures aim to break up or remove stones to allow passage. Complications can include bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding structures.
Chest physiotherapy involves techniques like postural drainage, percussion, and vibration to mobilize pulmonary secretions and make them easier to cough up. It aims to assist coughing, improve lung ventilation, and reeducate breathing muscles. Specific positions drain different lung lobes by gravity. Therapies are contraindicated in some injuries or conditions and require monitoring for side effects like hypoxemia, bronchospasm, or increased intracranial pressure. Proper positioning, techniques, and secretion removal are important parts of the chest physiotherapy procedure.
Oxygen inhalation involves administering oxygen to patients to treat low blood oxygen levels caused by respiratory issues. It is done through various methods like nasal cannulas, masks, or tents. While it treats low oxygen, it does not address the underlying cause. Complications can include infection, drying of tissues, combustion, or oxygen toxicity if too high of concentrations are used. Proper monitoring, equipment cleaning, and gradual adjustment of oxygen levels are important to safely provide this treatment.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on trends and issues in medical surgical nursing. It discusses major trends like reduced length of stay and increased technology. It also covers ethical and cultural issues in nursing care, including communication barriers and religious/family differences. Significant cultural aspects like health beliefs, language, and family structure are examined specifically for Indian culture. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of documentation to meet legal obligations and continue improving patient care.
This document provides information on oxygen administration including definitions, sources, purposes, indications, precautions, equipment, and methods. It defines oxygen administration as supplementing oxygen at a higher concentration than atmospheric air. Therapeutic oxygen sources are wall outlets and cylinders. Oxygen is administered through masks or nasal cannulas to treat conditions like respiratory distress and hypoxia. Precautions include avoiding sparks and open flames near cylinders. The two main methods described are mask administration and nasal cannula administration, including equipment requirements and step-by-step procedures.
Back care consists of cleaning and massaging back (from shoulder to lower level of the buttocks) by using scientific form of required strokes for maximizing cutaneous stimulation, comfort and emotional relaxation as well.
This document summarizes research on the effectiveness of high protein diets for weight loss and body composition changes. Several short term studies found that high protein diets were more effective at preserving fat free mass and improving glucose tolerance compared to high carbohydrate diets. However, one long term study found no difference in weight loss between diets after one year, but the high protein diet resulted in less loss of fat free mass. Exercise combined with a high protein diet was found to be most effective for losing body fat and preserving lean mass. While high protein diets raise some safety concerns, the studies reviewed found no evidence of harm to bone or renal health in healthy populations over long term use.
Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural cavity through insertion of a needle into the chest wall. It is indicated for conditions such as pleural effusion, pneumonia, or trauma. The nurse prepares equipment like syringes, needles, and specimen containers and assists the physician by administering local anesthetic, observing for complications, and providing aftercare like monitoring for bleeding or infection. Precise technique and positioning are important to safely drain fluid and avoid injuries to lungs during the procedure.
Rehabilitation of patient with neurological deficit Nimishs Chacko
The document discusses neurological rehabilitation for patients with nervous system diseases, injuries, or disorders. Neurological rehabilitation aims to improve function, reduce symptoms, and enhance patient well-being through a doctor-supervised program. It also details the various types and goals of rehabilitation, including medical, vocational, social, and psychological restoration. Furthermore, it outlines the roles of different professionals on the neurological rehabilitation team who work together to help patients achieve optimal physical, emotional, and social independence.
Ear irrigation involves using a syringe and catheter or other device to flush out the ear canal with warm water. This is done to remove excess earwax or foreign objects. The document outlines the proper procedure for ear irrigation, including using a cerumenolytic beforehand to soften wax, directing the water stream carefully, and examining the ear after to check for any issues. Complications can include infections, vertigo, or tympanic membrane damage, so care must be taken when performing an irrigation.
Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary or uncontrolled urine leakage from the bladder sufficient to cause a social or hygienic problem. It affects 25-30% of older women and 10-15% of older men living in the community. Urinary incontinence can be caused by various factors like delirium, infection, medications, and age-related changes in the urinary tract. It is managed through behavioral changes like scheduled voiding and pelvic floor exercises, pharmacological treatments like estrogen and anticholinergic drugs, and surgical options like lifting or bulking of the bladder or urethra. Nursing management involves encouraging regular voiding, providing patient education and support, and following up on treatment.
Care of Patient with Elimination needs.pptxAbhishek Joshi
This document discusses elimination and the nursing care related to normal and altered elimination. It begins by defining elimination as the removal of waste from the body through organs like the kidneys, intestines, lungs and skin. It then covers topics like the characteristics of normal urine and feces, factors that affect elimination, and common alterations seen in urinary and bowel elimination like constipation and diarrhea. The document concludes by outlining the nursing responsibilities regarding promotion of normal elimination and management of issues like incontinence, retention, and ostomies.
Back care ppt and back care steps nursing procedure Narvat Patel
This document provides information on back care, including its definition, purposes, contraindications, necessary articles, and procedures. Back care involves cleaning and massaging the back, paying attention to pressure points, to stimulate blood circulation, prevent bedsores, relax tension, and promote rest and sleep. The procedure section outlines specific massage techniques - effleurage, friction, tapotement, vibration, and kneading - used to massage the entire back.
Urinary incontinance & retention of urine , nursing care V4Veeru25
This document discusses urinary incontinence and urinary retention. It defines urinary incontinence as the involuntary loss of urine, which is common in older adults. Risk factors include pregnancy, menopause, surgery, and various medical conditions. The main types are stress, urge, overflow, and functional incontinence. Management includes medications to reduce bladder contractions, bladder training, and various surgical procedures. Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder completely and can result from surgery, medications, neurological issues, or prostate problems. Catheterization is often needed for relief of retention to prevent complications.
if you like this kindly give your comment and share to others for a education purpose. and follow to my account on slide share to know the update. i tried to give the all information in this slide in detailed. in hope its helpful for you all.
This document provides information about cystoscopy, including:
1. Cystoscopy involves visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra.
2. Patient preparation involves positioning in lithotomy, cleaning the genital area, and administering local anesthetic into the urethra.
3. The basic components of a cystoscope are a sheath, obturator, and telescope to view the bladder internally.
Trends and issues in medical surgical nursingEDWINjose43
This document discusses trends and issues in medical-surgical nursing. It begins by defining trends as general directions of change and issues as important topics of discussion or problems. Some key trends discussed include increased reliance on technology, need for advanced nursing knowledge, emphasis on collaboration and communication, and development of new nursing specializations. Issues addressed include staff shortages, meeting patient expectations, long work hours, workplace hazards, and maintaining personal health in high-stress environments. The document provides examples and explanations for each of the trends and issues discussed in medical-surgical nursing.
This document provides an overview of hemorrhoids including definitions, pathophysiology, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. Hemorrhoids are painful swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus that can be caused by straining during bowel movements, constipation, prolonged sitting, and other factors. There are internal and external hemorrhoids. Signs include anal itching, pain, lumps near the anus, and bleeding. Treatment options include increasing fiber, sitz baths, NSAIDs, fixative procedures, and hemorrhoidectomy. Nurses educate patients, emphasize hygiene and diet, and monitor for pain and infection.
Role of nurse in medical surgical setting RakhiYadav53
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of nurses in various medical-surgical settings. Nurses in outpatient departments provide direct care to patients, educate patients and families, and screen patients for admission. In inpatient departments, nurses are responsible for providing quality medical care, managing patient files, and coordinating care. Intensive care unit nurses closely monitor patients' conditions, assist physicians with procedures, and care for pre- and post-operative patients. Nurses in home health care and community settings provide care outside of hospitals through services like health education, wound care, and disease prevention programs.
Post-operative exercises are important for full recovery after knee surgery. Early exercises include quadriceps sets, straight leg raises, ankle pumps, and knee bending while supported in bed or a chair. Patients should also walk short distances with crutches or a walker soon after surgery. As strength returns, exercises can include stair climbing, resistance training, cycling, and more advanced leg exercises. Proper form and gradually increasing activity over several months is key to regaining knee mobility and strength after surgery.
Tooth extraction is the removal of a tooth from its socket in the bone. Teeth are often extracted because they are impacted, cannot be restored due to decay or damage, or to make room for orthodontic treatment. Potential risks of extraction include infection, numbness, jaw fracture, and jaw pain.
This document provides an overview of renal stones (nephrolithiasis). It discusses the anatomy of the kidneys, types of stones, risk factors and pathophysiology. Symptoms include flank pain and hematuria. Diagnosis is typically made using non-contrast CT. Treatment depends on stone size and location, and may include conservative management, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or ureteroscopic stone removal (URS). Surgical procedures aim to break up or remove stones to allow passage. Complications can include bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding structures.
The document provides definitions and explanations for 5 medical abbreviations related to the urinary system:
1. ARF stands for acute renal failure, which is the rapid breakdown of kidney function that occurs when toxins accumulate due to the kidneys' inability to excrete waste.
2. Cath refers to catheterization, where a tube is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine or deliver treatments.
3. Cysto is short for cystoscopy, an procedure where a thin camera is inserted into the urethra and bladder to examine the lower urinary tract.
4. BUN measures the level of urea nitrogen in the blood, which indicates how well the
This document provides information about the urinary system organs and kidneys. It discusses the kidneys' location and internal structures, including the renal cortex and medulla. It describes how urine flows from the kidneys to the ureters and bladder. Imaging modalities for visualizing the urinary system are also mentioned, as well as common anatomical variations, abnormalities, and pathologies seen in the kidneys.
This document lists and provides brief descriptions of various medical instruments used in surgical procedures. It describes instruments such as forceps, retractors, catheters, saws, trocars and more. Each instrument listed is accompanied by one or two examples of the types of surgical procedures or tasks it is used for. The document provides an overview of common instruments and their basic functions in the operating room.
This document discusses urinary catheterization. It describes catheters as plastic tubes inserted into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine or inject liquids for treatment or diagnosis. Critically ill patients requiring strict urine output monitoring are often catheterized. The document describes different catheter types including Foley, Robinson, Coude, and hematuria catheters.
This document describes the open cholecystectomy procedure. It indicates that open cholecystectomy is performed to treat conditions like cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis. It outlines the patient preparation, incision type (typically a right subcostal incision), and technique which involves dissecting and ligating/clipping the cystic duct and artery before removing the gallbladder. Potential complications of the open procedure include bleeding, infection, and bile leaks or common bile duct injuries.
A bladder stone forms from minerals in urine and can be either a primary stone formed in the kidney or bladder or a secondary stone caused by an infection or blockage. Stones vary in composition but common types include calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, and struvite. Symptoms include pain, bleeding, and difficulty urinating. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and cystoscopy. Treatment options depend on the stone size and location but may include lithotripsy to break up the stone or surgery to remove it. Complications of untreated stones include infection.
Kidneys normally remove waste and regulate fluids and chemicals in the body. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly. Dialysis is a treatment that artificially performs the kidneys' functions through diffusion and filtration across a semipermeable membrane. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis which uses an external machine to filter blood, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen. Both treatments require vascular access or catheter placement and frequent sessions to sustain life for those with kidney failure.
The ureter is approximately 25-30 cm long and runs from the kidney to the bladder. It can be injured through external trauma, iatrogenic causes, or underlying conditions. Treatment for ureteral injuries depends on the location and severity of the injury. Options include primary repair, ureteroureterostomy, Boari flap, psoas hitch, intestinal interposition, or nephrectomy in some cases. Laparoscopic and robotic techniques are being used more often for ureteral reconstruction. The goal is always to preserve renal function through anatomical reconstruction of the urinary tract.
A colonoscopy is a medical procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera to examine the rectum and entire colon. It allows doctors to detect potential health issues like colon cancer, inflamed tissue, ulcers or abnormal growths that could be causing symptoms like changes in bowel movements, abdominal pain or bleeding. During the procedure, tissues samples can also be collected for biopsy.
This document provides information on gall bladder diseases, including:
1. The anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder and biliary system.
2. Common gallbladder diseases like cholelithiasis, biliary colic, acute and chronic cholecystitis, and indications for cholecystectomy.
3. Radiological investigations used to diagnose gallbladder diseases, including ultrasonography, MRCP, ERCP, and PTC.
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Gallstones are common and may cause biliary colic, acute cholecystitis, or migrate and obstruct the common bile duct. Ultrasonography is usually the first imaging test,
Intravenous urography and its modifications.pptx 01SUJAN KARKI
This document provides an overview of intravenous urography (IVU) and its modifications. It discusses the anatomy of the urinary system, how IVU is performed including injection of contrast media and taking radiographic films at various time points, and modifications such as using compression. It also covers indications, contraindications, required materials, and complications. IVU involves injecting contrast media intravenously and imaging the urinary tract, but has been replaced by other modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI in many cases.
Urology surgery. Bladder, Urethra and ProstsateKishore Rajan
The document summarizes anatomy and injuries related to the urinary bladder, urethra, and prostate. It discusses the following:
1) The anatomy of the bladder, urethra, and prostate. The bladder stores urine and is lined with transitional epithelium. The urethra carries urine from the bladder. The prostate surrounds the urethra in males.
2) Common injuries to these structures including open injuries from trauma and closed injuries from blunt force. Signs, investigations, and management are described for different injuries.
3) Conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia which can cause obstruction. Medical and surgical treatment options for conditions affecting the bladder, urethra
intestinal obstruction.pptx by Dr shaheed AlaamryShaheedAlaamry2
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, including its classification, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and management. It defines intestinal obstruction as the interruption of normal intestinal flow. The most common causes are adhesions (60-70%) and hernias. Clinical features depend on the location and duration of obstruction. Evaluation involves blood tests, imaging like CT scans and contrast studies. Management is based on severity, with stabilization, decompression, and determining if the obstruction can be managed non-operatively or requires surgery. Non-operative management involves NGT, IV fluids, and monitoring for signs of worsening. Surgical management depends on factors like viability and presence of strangulation.
Brief description of genitourinary system-related disorders with their nursing management. This presentation involves glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, and renal calculi.
The document discusses various topics related to the urinary system including:
- UTI's which are caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract and can be treated with antibiotics.
- BNO which is a blockage of the bladder neck that prevents complete emptying and can damage the bladder if not treated.
- KUB which is an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder used to detect issues like kidney stones.
- ESWL which uses shockwaves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces for easier passage.
- Catheterization which uses a tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine for patients unable to urinate or with bladder issues.
Radiological investigation of billiary tact 01Kajal Jha
The name biliary tract is used to refer to all of the ducts, structures and organs involved in the production, storage and secretion of bile.
Bile canaliculi >> Canals of Hering >> intrahepatic bile ductule (in portal tracts / triads) >> interlobular bile ducts >> left and right hepatic ducts >>
These merge to form the common hepatic duct
This exits the liver and joins with the cystic duct from gall bladder
Together these form the common bile duct which joins the pancreatic duct
These pass through the ampulla of Vater and enter the duodenum
The document describes the procedure of ERCP and T-tube cholangiography, outlining the anatomy, indications, contraindications, equipment, patient preparation, technique, and potential complications. ERCP allows endoscopes and other tools to be passed through the duodenum to visualize and treat the biliary and pancreatic ducts using techniques like sphincterotomy, stone removal, stent placement, and biopsy. A T-tube cholangiogram involves injecting contrast through a surgical T-tube in the bile ducts to image them after gallbladder removal.
Similar to Practical exam preparation for nursing students (20)
Burns are tissue damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun or other radiation, or chemical or electrical contact. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies. The treatment of burns depends on the location and severity of the damage.
Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a class of medical conditions where phagocytes have a diminished ability to fight bacterial infection. Examples include: Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Chédiak–Higashi syndrome. Chronic granulomatous disease.
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T cell deficiency is a deficiency of T cells, caused by decreased function of individual T cells, it causes an immunodeficiency of cell-mediated immunity. T cells normal function is to help with the human body's immunity, they are one of the two primary types of lymphocytes
B-cell disorders account for approximately two-thirds of all genetic primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD) and may result in decrease or dysfunction of one or more isotypes of immunoglobulin, leading to increased susceptibility to infection, particularly bacterial infections.
an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. It may be a primary disease of unknown cause, or a secondary condition linked to respiratory or circulatory disorder or cancer.
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View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Hemorrhagic shock occurs when the body begins to shut down due to large amounts of blood loss. People suffering injuries that involve heavy bleeding may go into hemorrhagic shock if the bleeding isn't stopped immediately. Common causes of hemorrhagic shock include: severe burns.
Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by mutations affecting blood clotting factors VIII or IX. It impairs the body's ability to control bleeding. Hemophilia A is more common, affecting about 1 in 5,000-10,000 male births. Symptoms include excessive bleeding after injuries or surgery, frequent nosebleeds, and bleeding into joints or muscles. Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factor through infusions to prevent or treat bleeding episodes. Nursing care focuses on emotional support, administering clotting factor treatments, controlling bleeding, preventing joint damage, and educating patients.
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Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
Hernias occur when an internal organ or tissue protrudes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding wall of the cavity it normally resides in. There are several types of hernias including inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, and others. Risk factors include increased abdominal pressure, obesity, family history, and chronic conditions. Symptoms range from a painless bulge to a painful, swollen protrusion that cannot be pushed back in. Diagnosis involves examination and testing to identify location, contents, and severity. Treatment options depend on severity but typically involve surgical repair to reinforce the weak area, with mesh being commonly used to prevent recurrence.
Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread through contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person-to-person as a result of poor hygiene.
Acute pancreatitis means inflammation of the pancreas that develops quickly. The main symptom is tummy (abdominal) pain. It usually settles in a few days but sometimes it becomes severe and very serious. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and drinking a lot of alcohol.
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Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
This document provides information about cholelithiasis (gallstones). It defines cholelithiasis as the presence of stones in the gallbladder, which are usually composed of cholesterol, calcium salts, and bile pigments. Risk factors include a high-fat diet, obesity, rapid weight loss, older age, alcoholism, diabetes, lack of physical activity, and family history. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, CT scans, cholangiography, and ERCP. Treatment options include surgery (open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy), stone dissolution, diet modification, and pain medication. Complications can include cholangitis, pancreatitis,
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
Renal stones, also known as kidney stones, form in the urinary tract and can affect any part from the kidneys to the bladder. Risk factors include metabolic abnormalities, warm climates, certain diets, genetics, and lifestyle. The five major types of renal stones are calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, cysteine, and struvite. Symptoms include severe side and back pain, painful urination, hematuria, and nausea. Diagnostic tests include imaging like ultrasounds and CT scans as well as urine and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the stone and include shockwave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureter
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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47. • Urine
• Volume: Usually less than 100 mL/24 hr (anuric phase) or 400 mL/24 hr (oliguric phase), which occurs within 24–48
hr after renal insult. Nonoliguric (more than 400 mL/24 hr) renal failure also occurs when renal damage is associated
with nephrotoxic agents (e.g., contrast media or antibiotics).
• Color: Dirty, brown sediment indicates presence of RBCs, hemoglobin, myoglobin, porphyrins.
• Specific gravity: Less than 1.020 reflects kidney disease, e.g., glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis with loss of ability to
concentrate; fixed at 1.010 reflects severe renal damage.
• pH: Greater than 7 found in urinary tract infections (UTIs), renal tubular necrosis, and chronic renal failure (CRF).
• Osmolality: Less than 350 mOsm/kg is indicative of tubular damage, and urine/serum ratio is often 1:1.
• Creatinine (Cr) clearance: Renal function may be significantly decreased before blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum
Cr show significant elevation.
• Sodium: Usually increased if ATN is cause for ARF, more than 40 mEq/L if kidney is not able to resorb sodium,
although it may be decreased in other causes of prerenal failure.
• Fractional sodium (FeNa): Ratio of sodium excreted to total sodium filtered by the kidneys reveals inability of tubules
to reabsorb sodium. Readings of less than 1% indicate prerenal problems, higher than 1% reflects intrarenal
disorders.
• Bicarbonate: Elevated if metabolic acidosis is present.
• Red blood cells (RBCs): May be present because of infection, stones, trauma, tumor, or altered glomerular filtration
(GF).
• Protein: High-grade proteinuria (3–4+) strongly indicates glomerular damage when RBCs and casts are also present.
Low-grade proteinuria (1–2+) and white blood cells (WBCs) may be indicative of infection or interstitial nephritis. In
ATN, proteinuria is usually minimal.
• Casts: Usually signal renal disease or infection. Cellular casts with brownish pigments and numerous renal tubular
epithelial cells are diagnostic of ATN. Red casts suggest acute glomerular nephritis.
85. Deaver retractor
• Deaver retractor - used to retract deep abdominal or chest incisions. Used
in Cholecystectomy (removal of gallbladder) for retraction of right lobe of liver.
Used in Truncal vagotomy (division of the main trunk of the vagus nerve) for
retraction of left lobe of liver.
86. Deaver’s Retractor
Used in Cholecystectomy
for retraction of right lobe
of liver.
Used in Truncal vagotomy
for retraction of left lobe
of liver.
Used in kidney
operations toretract the
anterior abdominal wall.
87. • A retractor is a surgical instrument by which a surgeon can either actively
separate the edges of a surgical incision or wound, or can hold back
underlying organs and tissues, so that body parts under the incision may be
accessed. The two are each available in many shapes, sizes, and styles.
88. Surgical retractor
• A retractor is a surgical instrument used to separate the edges of a surgical
incision or wound, or to hold back underlying organs and tissues so that body
parts under the incision may be accessed. The general term retractor usually
describes a simple handheld steel tool possessing a curved, hooked, or
angled blade and fitted with a comfortable handle, that when in place
maintains the desired position of a given region of tissue.
89. Babcock tissue forceps
• Babcock Forceps are finger ring, ratcheted, non-perforating forceps used to
grasp delicate tissue in laser procedures. They are frequently used with
intestinal and laparotomy procedures. Babcock Forceps are similar to Allis
forceps; however, may be considered less traumatic due to their wider,
rounded grasping surface. The jaws are circumferential and the tips are
triangular and fenestrated with horizontal serrations.
90. Babcock’s TissueForceps
Used to pick up
appendixduring
appendectomy.
Used to hold delicate
visceral organs.
Used to hold cut
margins of bladder
during open
prostatectomy.
91. RAMPLEY’S SWAB HOLDING FORCEPS
Used for cleansing theskin
with swab
It is used for removing
laminated membrane and
daughter cysts fromHydatid
cyst.
Used to hold fundus and
Hartman’s pouch during
cholecystectomy.
92. Bard Parker’s Handles
Blades 10,11,12 and 15
fit in B.P handle3.
Blades18,19,20,21,22, 23
and 24 fit in B.P
handle 4.
93. Spencer Well’s HaemostaticForceps
Used to hold bleeding
vessels.
Used to split internal
oblique and transverse
abdominis during
appendectomy.
Used to doblunt
dissection.
94. Kocher’s Haemostatic Forceps
Used to crush the base
of the appendix during
appendectomy.
Used to hold meniscus
during menisectomy.
Used to do subtotal
thyroidectomy.
95. Mosquito Haemostatic Forceps
Used to hold fine
bleeding vessels.
Used to puncture the
mesoappendix at an
avascularsite.
Used in operations of
infants.
96. Lister’s Sinus Forceps
Used to do I&D of
abscess by Hilton’s
method.
Used to hold gauge
swab to cleanabscess
cavity.
97. Allis’ Tissue Forceps
Used to hold skin
while raising skin
flaps.
Used to pick up a fold
of peritoneum during
laparotomy.
Used to hold lineaalba
while closing midline
incisions.
98. Plain Dissecting Forceps
Used to hold delicate
visceral organs
Used to hold blood
vessels and nerves
whiledissecting.
Used to hold the
hernial sac in hernia
repair.
99. Toothed Dissecting Forceps
Used to hold tough
structures like skin
while suturing.
Used to hold scalp
while scalpsuturing.
Used to hold rectus
sheath while closureof
abdomen.
101. Mayo’s Scissors
Used to tough structures
like linea alba,rectussheath
during entry in to the
abdomen.
Used to cut delicate
structures like hollow
viscus, investing layer of
deep fascia of the neckin
thyroid surgery.
Used to raise skin flapsby
sharpdissection.
103. Langenbach’s Retractor
They are used to help
better visualization of
theoperative
field, tissue handling
is minimized and
bleeding better seen
and controlled.
104. Morris Retractor
Used while making
and closingabdominal
incisions for ease of
working in the deeper
layers.
Used to retract
Pectoralis major in
MRM for better
visualizationduring
axillary dissection.
105. Joll’s Thyroid Retractor
It is a self retaining
retractor used in
thyroid surgeries to
retract theskin.
106. Metallic Probe
Used in fistulectomies.
Used to assess the
depth of penetrating
injuries.
Used to assessthe
length of sinus.
107. Lahey’s Right Angled Forceps
Used to dissect thecystic
duct and artery in
cholecystectomy.
Used in Vagotomies to
dissect the vagus nerveand
pass ligatures aroundthem
beforedivision.
Used in thyroid surgeries to
dissect and ligate middle
thyroid vein,superiorthyroid
pedicle,etc.
109. Metallic Bougie
Used to dilateurethra
in urethral strictures.
Used to dilateurethra
beforecystoscopy.
Used to repair
ruptured urethra by
railroad technique.
110. Bakes’ Dilator
Used in
Choledocholithotomy, after
removing the stones from
the bile duct, it is used to
sound the bile duct for any
retained stones.
The patency of theampulla
can checked, In impacted
stones or ampullary
stenosis,it is not possibleto
pass the dilator in to the
duodenum
115. Suprapubic Cystostomy Trocarand Cannula
Used to perform
suprapubiccystostomy
secondary urethral
rupture to relieve
urinary retention.
Used to perform
suprapubiccystostomy
secondary to distal
urethral obstruction.
116. Bone cutter and BoneNibbler
Used to reshape the
bone during
osteotomies, amputati
ons.
117. Bone Chisel and Osteotome
Used to chip outbone.
Used toperform
osteotomies.
118. Rib Cutter
Used to cut ribs incase
of draining empyema
thoracis.
Use to resecta partof
the rib.
119. Bone Saw
Used to cut bonein
caseamputation.
Tocutcasts.