Plate tectonics md. yousuf gazi
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The document discusses tectonic plates and plate tectonics. It describes tectonic plates as massive slabs of solid rock that make up the Earth's crust and move in different directions. This movement causes plates to collide, separate, or scrape past each other, forming different landforms at the plate boundaries. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where plates separate, convergent boundaries where they collide, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
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Faults and folds
Folds and faults are common geological structures that form in rocks. Folds occur when horizontal rock layers are bent upwards or downwards due to compressive forces, forming anticlines or synclines. Folds can be symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the uniformity of compressive forces. Faults form when adjacent rock blocks are displaced along fractures due to shearing forces. The main types of faults are normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique-slip faults which cause the hanging wall to drop down, rise up, slide laterally, or experience a combination of movements respectively. Both folds and faults are primarily formed through tectonic forces within the Earth.
Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long timescales.
Isostasy
1. The document discusses concepts in geophysics including isostasy, density, susceptibility, and resistivity of rocks. Isostasy refers to equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. Density is a measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a material. Susceptibility measures a material's magnetization in response to an external magnetic field. Resistivity quantifies a material's opposition to electric current flow.
2. Igneous rocks generally have higher density, susceptibility, and resistivity compared to metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This is because igneous rocks contain more mafic minerals and have undergone less alteration from their original state than other rock types. Factors like pore space,
Air sea interaction
The document summarizes how the atmosphere and ocean affect each other through heat and moisture exchange. The ocean receives heat from the sun unevenly, affecting global wind and ocean currents. Seasonal changes are caused by the sun's uneven heating of the Earth over the year. Water evaporating from the ocean rises into the atmosphere. Atmospheric properties like composition, temperature, density, pressure, and movement drive weather patterns and ocean currents. The Coriolis effect impacts hurricanes and coastal winds. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause the greenhouse effect and global warming, which can be reduced by human actions. The ocean plays a role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Ground water
Ground water is water found underground in soil and rock formations called aquifers. It moves slowly through these formations. A civil engineer may need to consider ground water as a source of water supply for construction, irrigation, industry, and domestic use. There are two main methods to locate ground water - the unscientific water divining method and the scientific method which involves geological, geophysical, and hydrological investigations to understand underground conditions. Specifically, resistivity and seismic refraction geophysical methods are commonly used to identify subsurface rock and water conditions.
PLATE TECTONIC
The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
Internal Structure of Earth
Deep parts of Earth are studied indirectly, however, largely through the branch of geology called geophysics
Erosion and Deposition
TRUE OR FALSE: The Earth’s surface has stayed the same for thousands of years
FALSE: the Earth’s surface is always changing
EXAMPLE
EROSION & DEPOSITION
EROSION
Is the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another.
Sediment – material moved by erosion .
DEPOSITION
Occurs where the agents of erosion lay down sediment.
Mass Movement
Any one of several processes that move sediment downhill.
Different types of Mass Movement
Landslide
- occurs when rock and soil slide quickly down a steep slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Mudflow
- mudflow is a rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock, and soil.
Different types of Mass Movement
Slump
- a mass of rock and soil suddenly slips down a slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Creep
- very slow downhill movement of rock and soil.
Water Erosion
Rills and Gullies
Rills
- tiny grooves in the soil.
Gully
- a large groove , or channel, in the soil that carries runoff after a rainstorm
Streams and Rivers
Stream
- a channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope.
River
- a large stream
Amount of Runoff
In an area depends on five main factors:
1st – amount of rain
2nd – vegetation
3rd – type of soil
4th – shape of the land
5th – how people use the land
Erosion by River
Through erosion, a river creates a waterfalls, flood plains, meanders, and oxbow lakes.
Waterfall
May occur where a river meets an area of rock that is very hard and erodes slowly.
Flood plain
Flat, wide area of land along a river.
Meander
A loop like bend in the course of the river
Oxbow lake
A meander that has been cut off from the river.
Deposits by River
Deposition creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas. It can also add soil to a river’s flood plain.
Alluvial Fans
A wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range.
Deltas
Sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.
Groundwater Erosion
Groundwater can cause erosion through a process of chemical weathering.
Stalactite – hangs down from the roof of a cave.
Stalagmite – pointed piece of rock that sticks u p from the floor.
How Water Erode and Carries Sediment
Most sediment washes or falls into the river as a result of mass movement and runoff. Other sediment erodes from the bottom or sides of the river.
Abrasion- is the wearing away of rock by grinding action.
- occurs when particles of sediment in flowing water bumped into the steam again and again.
Erosion and Sediment Load
A river’s slope, volume of flow, and the shape of its trembled all affect how fast the river flows and how much sediment it can erode.
Slope
Is the amount the river drops toward sea level over a give distance.
Volume of Flow
A river’s flow is the volume of water that moves past a point on the river on a given time.
Streambed Shape
Affects the
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Faults and folds
Folds and faults are common geological structures that form in rocks. Folds occur when horizontal rock layers are bent upwards or downwards due to compressive forces, forming anticlines or synclines. Folds can be symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the uniformity of compressive forces. Faults form when adjacent rock blocks are displaced along fractures due to shearing forces. The main types of faults are normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique-slip faults which cause the hanging wall to drop down, rise up, slide laterally, or experience a combination of movements respectively. Both folds and faults are primarily formed through tectonic forces within the Earth.
Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long timescales.
Isostasy
1. The document discusses concepts in geophysics including isostasy, density, susceptibility, and resistivity of rocks. Isostasy refers to equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. Density is a measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a material. Susceptibility measures a material's magnetization in response to an external magnetic field. Resistivity quantifies a material's opposition to electric current flow.
2. Igneous rocks generally have higher density, susceptibility, and resistivity compared to metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This is because igneous rocks contain more mafic minerals and have undergone less alteration from their original state than other rock types. Factors like pore space,
Air sea interaction
The document summarizes how the atmosphere and ocean affect each other through heat and moisture exchange. The ocean receives heat from the sun unevenly, affecting global wind and ocean currents. Seasonal changes are caused by the sun's uneven heating of the Earth over the year. Water evaporating from the ocean rises into the atmosphere. Atmospheric properties like composition, temperature, density, pressure, and movement drive weather patterns and ocean currents. The Coriolis effect impacts hurricanes and coastal winds. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause the greenhouse effect and global warming, which can be reduced by human actions. The ocean plays a role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Ground water
Ground water is water found underground in soil and rock formations called aquifers. It moves slowly through these formations. A civil engineer may need to consider ground water as a source of water supply for construction, irrigation, industry, and domestic use. There are two main methods to locate ground water - the unscientific water divining method and the scientific method which involves geological, geophysical, and hydrological investigations to understand underground conditions. Specifically, resistivity and seismic refraction geophysical methods are commonly used to identify subsurface rock and water conditions.
PLATE TECTONIC
The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
Internal Structure of Earth
Deep parts of Earth are studied indirectly, however, largely through the branch of geology called geophysics
Erosion and Deposition
TRUE OR FALSE: The Earth’s surface has stayed the same for thousands of years
FALSE: the Earth’s surface is always changing
EXAMPLE
EROSION & DEPOSITION
EROSION
Is the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another.
Sediment – material moved by erosion .
DEPOSITION
Occurs where the agents of erosion lay down sediment.
Mass Movement
Any one of several processes that move sediment downhill.
Different types of Mass Movement
Landslide
- occurs when rock and soil slide quickly down a steep slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Mudflow
- mudflow is a rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock, and soil.
Different types of Mass Movement
Slump
- a mass of rock and soil suddenly slips down a slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Creep
- very slow downhill movement of rock and soil.
Water Erosion
Rills and Gullies
Rills
- tiny grooves in the soil.
Gully
- a large groove , or channel, in the soil that carries runoff after a rainstorm
Streams and Rivers
Stream
- a channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope.
River
- a large stream
Amount of Runoff
In an area depends on five main factors:
1st – amount of rain
2nd – vegetation
3rd – type of soil
4th – shape of the land
5th – how people use the land
Erosion by River
Through erosion, a river creates a waterfalls, flood plains, meanders, and oxbow lakes.
Waterfall
May occur where a river meets an area of rock that is very hard and erodes slowly.
Flood plain
Flat, wide area of land along a river.
Meander
A loop like bend in the course of the river
Oxbow lake
A meander that has been cut off from the river.
Deposits by River
Deposition creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas. It can also add soil to a river’s flood plain.
Alluvial Fans
A wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range.
Deltas
Sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.
Groundwater Erosion
Groundwater can cause erosion through a process of chemical weathering.
Stalactite – hangs down from the roof of a cave.
Stalagmite – pointed piece of rock that sticks u p from the floor.
How Water Erode and Carries Sediment
Most sediment washes or falls into the river as a result of mass movement and runoff. Other sediment erodes from the bottom or sides of the river.
Abrasion- is the wearing away of rock by grinding action.
- occurs when particles of sediment in flowing water bumped into the steam again and again.
Erosion and Sediment Load
A river’s slope, volume of flow, and the shape of its trembled all affect how fast the river flows and how much sediment it can erode.
Slope
Is the amount the river drops toward sea level over a give distance.
Volume of Flow
A river’s flow is the volume of water that moves past a point on the river on a given time.
Streambed Shape
Affects the
Plate tectonics
1. Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move and interact with one another.
2. The main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
3. Key features associated with these boundaries include mountain building at convergent zones, volcanism and rifting at divergent zones, and strike-slip faulting along transform boundaries.
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1. Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move and interact with one another.
2. The main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
3. Key features associated with these boundaries include mountain building at convergent zones, volcanism and rifting at divergent zones, and strike-slip faulting along transform boundaries.
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To determine the chemical composition inside the Earth indirect measurements are used. One way to determine composition is to measure how the density of rock changes with depth below the Earth’s surface. We can do this by measuring the speeds, because they move more quickly through dense rocks than through less dense rocks. From such measurements we know that density increases with depth, but not evenly. Knowing these different densities, we can estimate what the composition of the different layers must be. The layers of different chemical composition outward from the centre of the Earth are as follows: core, mantle, and crust.
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The document provides information about different types of mass movement or slope failure. It begins by defining different types of slopes including crests, free faces, talus slopes, and pediments. It then discusses various types of mass movement processes including creep, slump, debris flow, earth flow, and rockslides. The role of water in triggering mass movements is described. The document also addresses human impacts including urbanization and deforestation that can cause landslides. It concludes with ways to prevent landslides such as drainage control, slope grading, and avoiding hazardous areas.
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environmental geology and mine rehab presentation
The document discusses environmental geology and geologic hazards. It covers several topics: (1) the module will encompass environmental challenges like waste disposal and groundwater contamination, geologic hazards such as floods and earthquakes, geologic resources, and global climate change; (2) geology is an interdisciplinary science relating to Earth's composition, structure and lifeforms; (3) humans rely on geology for food, water, building materials and energy resources; (4) environmental geology applies geologic information to land use planning and minimizing environmental degradation. It also discusses natural hazards like landslides, their causes, and importance of understanding hazards to prevent loss of life and property.
Isostasy and continental_drift
1) Isostasy refers to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. The elevation and thickness of the Earth's crust depends on its density and thickness to maintain balance.
2) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, which states that continents slowly drift due to convection currents in the mantle. Wegener provided evidence that all present-day continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea.
3) Plate tectonics explains continental drift as the movement of tectonic plates across the Earth's surface over geological time, caused by convection currents in the upper mantle. Pangea broke apart into smaller continents that have
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1) Tubeworms survive through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live inside them. The bacteria convert chemicals from deep sea vents into food for the worm.
2) Sonar uses sound waves to determine the distance to underwater objects by measuring the echo return time.
3) Sea-floor spreading was discovered by Harry Hess in the 1960s and explains how new ocean crust continually forms at mid-ocean ridges, pushing older rocks away.
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Earthquakes occur due to the sudden release of built-up energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. They produce three types of seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location and magnitude of earthquakes can be measured using seismographs located around the world. Major effects of earthquakes include shaking, ground rupture, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and structural damage to buildings and infrastructure. Proper construction techniques and emergency preparedness can help reduce risks from earthquakes.
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Earth's landforms have changed over time due to weathering and erosion. There are two types of weathering - physical and chemical. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, while chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks. Erosion is the transport of weathered rocks and soil by various agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity. Deposition occurs as the force of these agents decreases, depositing eroded sediments in new locations like bodies of water, alluvial fans and cross-bedded layers. Together, weathering, erosion and deposition are responsible for shaping Earth's constantly evolving surface over geological time.
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This presentation is helpful for the student who have an interest in structural dynamics and seismology
Seismic survey
is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
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This document describes different types of sedimentary environments including continental and marine environments. Continental environments include fluvial, lacustrine, paludal, glacial and desert environments. Fluvial environments include meandering streams which form sinuous channels and floodplains, depositing point bars, oxbow lakes, levees and crevasse splays. Meandering streams are the most common stream pattern.
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Similarities and differences between gravity and magnetic
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Seismology & earthquake md. yousuf gazi
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and how seismic waves propagate through the Earth. Studying earthquakes provides clues about the Earth's interior and allows us to minimize earthquake damage. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of accumulated stress in rocks along faults. Seismic waves from earthquakes are recorded by instruments around the world and used to determine the earthquake location and magnitude.
Geological time scale md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses the geological time scale and major mass extinctions that have occurred throughout history. It describes how time is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. Five major mass extinctions are outlined, including the Ordovician-Silurian, Late Devonian, Permian-Triassic, End Triassic, and Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions. Each mass extinction significantly reduced marine and land animal populations due to events like asteroid impacts, volcanic eruptions, and climate change.
Basic pricipals of geology md. yousuf gazi
The document outlines several basic principles and laws of geology, including:
1. Neptunism and plutonism, which are opposing theories on the formation of rocks.
2. Uniformitarianism, the principle that geological processes have remained consistent over time.
3. Laws established by Nicolaus Steno on the ordering and orientation of rock layers.
4. Additional principles on cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession.
Earth internal structure md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses the layers that make up the Earth's interior. It is divided into four main layers from the surface down: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is separated into oceanic and continental crust, with the continental crust being on average thicker. Below the crust is the mantle, made of silicate rock and divided into the upper and lower mantle. The outer core is liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core is solid. Information about the layers comes from seismic wave analysis, volcanic materials, drilling, and laboratory experiments.
Earth surface processes md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses various geological processes that shape the Earth's surface. It describes two main types of geological processes - endogenetic processes that occur inside the Earth's crust like earthquakes and volcanoes, and exogenetic processes like weathering and erosion that occur at the Earth's surface. Weathering is further explained as the breakdown of rocks through physical or chemical means. The key agents that cause weathering are frost action, crystal growth in cracks, and chemical reactions with oxygen, water and carbon dioxide.
Introduction to Plate tectonics and its consequences.pptx
This slide introduces the basic concept of tectonic movement. It is mainly focused on, causes of plate movement, rate of movement, consequences of movement, and some natural phenomena related to tectonic movement.
Coastal physical processes md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses coastal processes and landforms. It describes how coastal areas are shaped by erosion and deposition from waves, tides and currents. Sediment is transported through processes like longshore drift and deposited in beaches, bars and spits. Coastal landforms like cliffs, caves and stacks are formed by erosive forces, while sheltered areas experience deposition and the growth of features like beaches. Managing coastal change requires understanding these dynamic sediment movements and landform developments.
Mountain building & volcanism md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses volcanism and the different types of volcanoes. It describes how volcanoes are formed from magma rising up through the crust and extruding onto the surface. There are several types of volcanoes that differ in shape and composition, including shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and composite volcanoes. The document also examines the various products of volcanic eruptions like lava flows, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases. Furthermore, it outlines different styles of volcanic eruptions and how mountains can be formed through volcanic activity at places like rift zones, hot spots, and subduction zones.
Introduction to geology md. yousuf gazi
This document outlines the course outline, schedule, and description for a Geology 1 course. The course will cover concepts of geology including the Earth's structure and composition, geological processes, geological time and the geological time scale, fossils, and the evolution of life. It will also cover mineralogy, the study of mineral properties and classification, and petrology, the study of rock structures, textures, compositions, and classifications. The course will include 10 lectures covering topics like geological processes, earthquakes, fossils, mountain building, and igneous and metamorphic rocks.
4.-Plate-Tectonics Presntation for high schools.pdf
The document discusses plate tectonics theory and provides evidence that supports continental drift and seafloor spreading. It explains that plates move due to convection currents in the mantle, which also cause seafloor to spread at mid-ocean ridges. New seafloor is formed at ridges and old seafloor is destroyed at subduction zones. As plates move over time, this changes configurations of oceans and continents.
Introduction to geology and plate tectonics
Reference Book: Fundamentals of Physical Geology, Sreepat Jain. The slides were prepared keeping focus on FY BSc Geology students.
Forms of igneous rocks
There are two main forms of igneous rocks:
1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
2) Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools below the surface. They can be concordant, forming sheets and domes parallel to layers, like sills and laccoliths, or discordant and cutting across layers, like dikes, batholiths, and volcanic necks.
plate tectonic 2.pptx
The topic of plate tectonics is largely based on Alfred Wegner's theory of continental drift, which became accepted with the discovery of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean, and after fossil, flora, and geological studies in Africa and South America. In this lesson, students will learn about Earth’s structure, differences between various types of tectonic plate boundaries, their outcomes, and their connection to locations of volcanoes and earthquake activity.
2012 updated plate tectonics new one use this one backup
Plate tectonics theory proposes that Earth's outermost layer is broken into rigid tectonic plates that constantly move atop the asthenosphere in response to convection currents in the mantle, interacting along plate boundaries through divergent, convergent, and transform motion that creates geologic features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Mapping of the seafloor revealed evidence like magnetic stripes and the ages of rocks that supported seafloor spreading and subduction, leading scientists in the 1960s to combine these ideas with continental drift into the unified theory of plate tectonics.
Structure of igneous rocks
The document describes eight common igneous rock structures: vesicular, amygdaloidal, block lava, ropy lava, pillow lava, jointing and sheet structure, columnar structure, pegmatites, spherulitic, and orbicular. It was authored by Md. Yousuf Gazi, a lecturer in the Department of Geology at the University of Dhaka.
Diastrophism
Diastrophism refers to movements and deformations of the Earth's crust. Forces acting on the crust can cause it to fold, fault, or trench. Folding occurs when crust crumples and bends, faulting when it fractures, and trenching when large rock masses slide against each other. These movements are driven by processes like plate tectonics, where continental plates slowly move and interact at boundaries, which can cause earthquakes and volcanic activity. Evidence like matching fossil and rock formations between separated continents supports the theory of plate tectonics and the past existence of supercontinents like Pangaea.
Continental drift &and sea floor spreading
The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Diastrophism 111006063856-phpapp02 (1)
Diastrophism is the movement and deformation of the Earth's crust. Forces acting on the crust can cause it to fold, fault, or fracture. Folding occurs when crust crumples upward or downward into anticlines and synclines. Faulting happens when unequal forces cause crust to break along normal, reverse, or strike-slip faults. The movement of tectonic plates explains diastrophism, with convergent boundaries generating compression and uplift, divergent producing tension and rifting, and transform causing shear. Plate tectonics theory developed in the 1960s and explains phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
Diastrophism 111006063856-phpapp02
Diastrophism is the movement and deformation of the Earth's crust. Forces acting on the crust can cause it to fold, fault, or fracture. Folding occurs when crust crumples and bends, forming anticlines and synclines. Faulting happens when unequal forces cause crust to break along fault lines, such as normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. Plate tectonics theory explains how the Earth's plates slowly move and interact at boundaries, which can result in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building, through divergent, convergent, and transform motion.
Geology Complete (Earth Science Topic)
This document discusses the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift is the movement of continents across Earth's surface over geologic time. The theory was first proposed in the early 20th century by Alfred Wegener and helped explain the formation of supercontinents like Pangaea and the matching of continental margins. It also introduced the concept of plates and how their movement causes geologic phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
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Coastal biodiversity md. yousuf gazi
Coastal biodiversity is under threat from human activities like habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, and climate change. The document discusses how coastal ecosystems like mangroves and coral reefs have high biodiversity but are being degraded. Bangladesh has many endangered coastal and marine species as well as economically important fisheries that are declining due to threats. Initiatives are underway in Bangladesh to better understand and protect coastal biodiversity through community-based management, conservation programs, and integrated policy efforts.
Coastal engineering md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses various aspects of coastal engineering. It describes coastal engineering as the application of engineering principles to systems functioning in water environments like oceans, lakes and rivers. It then discusses different types of coastal structures used for purposes like protecting infrastructure from flooding, stabilizing shorelines, and facilitating navigation. These include soft structures like beachfills and hard structures like seawalls, breakwaters and jetties. The document provides examples and diagrams of some commonly used coastal structures.
Coastal economic resource md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses various coastal economic resources in Bangladesh, including heavy mineral deposits found along beaches, offshore petroleum exploration in the Bay of Bengal, marine fisheries resources, agriculture in coastal regions, salt production, forestry including mangrove forests, and tourism attractions along the coast. Seventeen placer deposits of heavy minerals have been found along beaches, while offshore petroleum exploration has identified gas reserves but continued challenges. Coastal economic activities also include marine fisheries, agriculture, salt production, forestry, and developing tourism.
Coastal vulnerability md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses coastal vulnerability and hazard mitigation. It describes assessing vulnerability through risk analysis, interacting with local governments, involving the insurance industry, training on mitigation techniques, developing regional atlases, and holding workshops. Methods are presented for identifying hazards, analyzing risks, assessing critical facilities and societal, economic and environmental impacts, and identifying mitigation opportunities. Coastal monitoring using buoys is discussed. The Coastal Vulnerability Index is calculated and saltwater intrusion in aquifers is modeled using the GALDIT method.
Coastal env. impact assessment md. yousuf gazi
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is used to assess development projects and maximize positive impacts while minimizing negative impacts on communities and the environment. The EIA guidelines aim to increase coastal tourism sector understanding of EIA, promote best practices, encourage compliance with EIA frameworks, and support sustainable coastal tourism development that protects environmental, social, and cultural assets. Coastal development for tourism has benefits but also risks such as damage to ecosystems, impacts on species, and pollution.
Integrated coastal zone management md. yousuf gazi
Bangladesh has over 734 km of coastline along the Bay of Bengal with a population of around 50 million people living in the coastal zone. The coastline is difficult with many rivers and is affected by natural hazards like cyclones. The coastal zone is classified into interior and exterior coasts and three regions: eastern, central, and western. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) aims to balance environmental, economic, and social concerns through a coordinated management process. ICZM in Bangladesh focuses on managing coastal resources and people sustainably while addressing issues like population growth, infrastructure needs, and environmental challenges.
Thermal infrared remote sensing md. yousuf gazi
Thermal infrared remote sensing detects thermal infrared radiation emitted from objects based on their temperature. All objects emit thermal infrared radiation, but the human eye cannot detect it. Satellite-based thermal infrared sensors measure sea surface temperature by detecting this thermal radiation, providing a global view of SST patterns and changes. SST measured from space corresponds to the temperature of the thin surface "skin" layer rather than temperatures at depth, and satellite SST data helps monitor climate change indicators over the oceans.
Map projection md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses different types of map projections used to transform the spherical Earth onto a flat surface. It describes three main types of projections: cylindrical, conic, and planar. For each type, it provides examples and explains how they preserve properties like shapes, areas, distances, or angles to different degrees. The document also covers classification systems for projections and methods for analyzing and managing distortion.
Lidar remote sensing md. yousuf gazi
Digital elevation models (DEMs) contain elevation point data over a contiguous area and can represent bare earth surfaces (digital terrain models) or elevations of all landscape features, including vegetation and structures (digital surface models). Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is one of four major technologies used to obtain high-resolution elevation data and create DEMs, along with in situ surveying, photogrammetry, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar. LiDAR uses laser scanners mounted to terrestrial, airborne, or spaceborne platforms to measure elevations of the terrain and return precise three-dimensional location data.
Introduction to remote sensing md. yousuf gazi
Remote sensing is defined as obtaining information about an object through analysis of sensor data without direct contact. The document traces the history of remote sensing from Galileo's telescope in 1609 to current technologies. It describes various remote sensing systems, platforms, components, resolutions, and sensors used today.
Image information extraction techniques gazi
The document discusses techniques for extracting information from visual and digital images. It outlines methods for visual image interpretation using elements like tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow and association. It also discusses digital image processing techniques including pre-processing methods like radiometric and geometric corrections, and enhancement methods like filtering, transformations and indices. The goal is to extract useful information from remote sensing imagery for analysis.
Image classification md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses image classification methods. It describes image classification as sorting pixels into categories based on their spectral response across image bands. It outlines two general approaches: unsupervised classification which identifies spectrally similar groups of pixels without prior land cover knowledge, and supervised classification which uses known training areas to classify pixels. The key steps of unsupervised classification are determining a scheme, clustering pixels into spectral classes using algorithms like ISODATA, and assigning classes to land covers. Supervised classification relies on training areas of known land covers to generate signatures for classification of other pixels.
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This document discusses sources of spatial data and applications of geographic information systems (GIS). It describes primary and secondary spatial data sources such as scanning, GPS collections, census data, and remote sensing. Large amounts of freely available government data are noted from agencies like the USGS, Census Bureau, and NOAA. Examples of USGS data include digital elevation models, hydrography datasets, land cover maps, and climatic data. The document outlines many uses of GIS in fields such as urban planning, environmental science, engineering, business, education, real estate, and health care. Applications include zoning, emergency response, modeling, site selection, and epidemiology.
Geodesy md. yousuf gazi
The document discusses key concepts in geodesy and GIS, including:
1) Geodesy involves measuring and representing the shape and elements of the Earth, which GIS utilizes through data sources like satellites and GPS.
2) A mathematical ellipsoid model of the Earth is used, which has parameters like semi-major and semi-minor axes that account for the Earth's flattening.
3) Reference ellipsoids and datums like WGS84 provide the basis for accurately defining location coordinates in GIS.
Application of gis Md. Yousuf Gazi
The document lists various applications of geographic information systems (GIS) across multiple domains including urban planning, environmental sciences, political science, civil engineering, business, education administration, real estate, and health care. Specifically, it outlines how GIS can be used for tasks such as zoning, land acquisition, economic development, environmental monitoring and modeling, election analysis, infrastructure coordination, market analysis, attendance boundaries, and epidemiology.
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS TO DETERMINE THE GAS SEEPAGE SOURCE O...
Titas Gas Field, the largest gas field in Bangladesh, has been encountering gas seepages in numerous points at the surface in an area of about 7 sq. km. at the southeastern part of the field since 2006. Gas has been seeping through the water wells, small and large holes in the fields including agricultural lands, in the river and through the cracks in the ground. The present research attempts to point out the source of the gas seepages based on the field studies, wireline log analyses and other available borehole data. A reconnaissance resistivity survey has been carried out around the high seepages area to detect any evidence of shallow subsurface fault. No fault was detected by resistivity survey in the shallow depth in the seepage area and thus fault as a conduit for the seepage could not be confirmed. Primarily, all wells of Titas Well Location (TWL-C) (Titas-06, 08, 09 and 10) were suspected as possible source wells as the surface distribution of seepages generally clusters around TWL-C. Titas-06 and Titas-08 were taken out of suspect list as the gas seepage distributions do not follow well path and cement bonding against reservoir sands including ‘A’ sand in these two wells are also good. Gas seepages follow the well trajectories of Titas-09 and 10 wells but cement bonding against ‘A’ gas sand in Titas-09 also discarded the well as a probable source of the gas seepage. Also, the suggestion that Titas well-03 could be a source of gas seep is also ruled out because of the fact that it is located 3 km away from the seepage area, there is no evidence of any seepage in between the well 3 and the seepage area, and the gas sands are also well protected. The above evidences turned the whole focus onto Titas-10. Gamma ray, resistivity, density, sonic and neutron log signatures recorded initially in the Titas-10 well strongly indicated a major gas sand and has been designated ‘A1’ gas sand. On the basis of various logs including CBL/VDL log it is evident that about 23 meters (3157-3180-meter MD) gas sand at the top which is not protected by cement. It is most likely source of gas seeps in Titas gas field is the gap in the cement protection at the top of A sand in Titas-10 well
Structure of geographic data
The document discusses the two primary data models used in geographic information systems (GIS): the raster and vector data models. The raster model represents continuous geographic data as grids of cells or pixels, while the vector model represents discrete geographic features as points, lines, and polygons. Each data model has advantages and disadvantages related to accuracy, data size, and processing needs. The document also examines topological relationships and attribute tables that allow GIS software to organize and query geographic data.
Introductory GIS
This document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses key GIS concepts including geographic data, vector and raster data formats, georeferencing, queries, and geoprocessing tools. Geoprocessing involves operations to create new geographic datasets and includes conversion, overlay, extraction, proximity, management, transformation, and spatial analysis tools. The document is authored by Md. Yousuf Gazi, a lecturer in the Department of Geology at the University of Dhaka.
Basics of geodesy
Geodesy is the science of measuring and understanding the Earth. It involves determining the size, shape, and gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth. Geodesy uses measurements from satellites, GPS, and fieldwork to model the Earth as a flattened ellipsoid with parameters like semi-major and semi-minor axes. An accurate mathematical model of the ellipsoid is needed for scientific and practical applications involving the representation of the Earth's shape.
Geographic information system
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for collecting, storing, analyzing and displaying spatial or geographic data. It integrates technologies like remote sensing, database management systems and computer-aided design. GIS helps solve geographic problems by allowing users to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways to reveal relationships, patterns, and trends. Examples of GIS applications include risk assessment, transportation systems, infrastructure planning, and natural resource management.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
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Plate tectonics md. yousuf gazi
- 1. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 2. ❖ A tectonic plate, also called lithospheric plate, is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. ❖ Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across. ❖ Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest. Plate thickness also varies greatly, ranging from less than 15 km for young oceanic lithosphere to about 200 km or more for ancient continental lithosphere. For example, the interior parts of North and South America. What is a Tectonic Plate? Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 3. ➢ The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions. ➢ This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other. ➢ Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features. ➢ The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 4. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 5. ✓ ✓ Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 6. Causes of Plate Tectonics • Convection Current is the driving force of plate tectonics in which hot, plastic-like material from the mantle rises to the lithosphere, moves horizontally, cools, and sinks back to the mantle. • The convection currents provide enough energy to move the plates in the lithosphere. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 7. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 8. Alfred Wegener Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 9. Evidence for Continental Drift • Continental shape • Similar geology • Fossil evidence (animal and plant) • Volcano and earthquake zone • Paleomagnetism • Hotspot tracking Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 10. • Matching coastlines on different continents: Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 11. • Matching mountain ranges across continents: Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 12. • Glacial ages and climate evidence: Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 13. • Fossil Evidence: Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 14. • Pattern of worldwide earthquakes (left) matches plate boundaries (right) Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 15. • Hotspot tracking Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 16. ❖The 3 types of plate boundaries: Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 17. ➢ Divergent Boundaries are the boundaries between two plates that are diverging, or moving away from each other. ➢ The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent plate boundary where sea floor spreading occurs. ➢ Iceland sits atop a divergent plate boundary where continental rifting occurs Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 18. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 19. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 20. Convergent Boundaries • Convergent Boundaries are the boundaries between two plates that are converging, or moving towards each other. • There are three types of convergent boundaries: 1. An ocean floor plate collides with a less dense continental plate. 2. An ocean floor plate collides with another ocean floor plate. 3. A continental plate collides with another continental plate. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 21. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 22. Transform Fault Boundaries • Transform Boundaries are the boundaries between two plates that are sliding horizontally past one another. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 23. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 24. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
- 25. Effects of Plate Tectonics • Landforms caused by plate tectonics: a. Rift valleys (divergent boundaries) b. Mountain ranges (continental-continental convergent boundaries) c. Volcanoes (oceanic-continental convergent boundaries) d. Faults (transform boundaries) Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)