This document provides an overview of the different branches of geology. It discusses the definition of geology as the study of the Earth, including its origin, structure, composition and history. Some of the key branches mentioned include physical geology, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, structural geology, geophysics, stratigraphy, geochemistry, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, hydrogeology, geology of Pakistan, resources engineering, photo geology, remote sensing, engineering geology, and field geology. Each branch is studied to better understand different aspects of the Earth and its materials.

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EARTH
 Geology; (in Greek, Geo = Earth, Logos = Science)
 Geology; a science dealing with study of Earth
 Also known as earth science.
 The study of the earth comprises of the whole earth;
 Origin
 Structure
 Composition and history (include life development)
 Nature of the processes
 Geology is a fascinating subject;
 Geology feels the pulse of the earth
 Geologists discover new deposits of rocks and
minerals of economic value
INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
- Physical Geology - Economic Geology
- Mineralogy - Crystallography
- Structural Geology - Petrology
- Mining Geology - Geochemistry
- Hydrology - Economic Geology
- Geology of Pakistan - Stratigraphy
- Resources Engineering - Paleontology
- Photo Geology - Remote-sensing
- Environmental Geology - Historical Geology
- Geophysics - Field Geology
DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
 Various processes of physical agents such as wind,
water, glaciers and sea waves, these agents modifying
the surface of the earth continuously
 Physical geology includes study of;
 Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD)
 The study of physical geology plays a vital role in
engineering like;
 It reveals constructive and destructive processes of
physical agents at a particular site
 It helps in selecting a suitable site for different types
of projects after studying the effects of physical
agents which go on modifying the surface of the
earth physically, chemically and mechanically.
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

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 Mineralogy deals with the study of minerals
 A mineral is a;
 Naturally occurring
 Homogeneous solid
 Inorganically formed
 Having a definite chemical composition and
ordered atomic arrangement.
 The study of mineralogy is most important;
 To identify the rocks in industries such as cement,
iron, steel, fertilizers and glass
 In the production of atomic energy
MINERALOGY
 As a branch of geology, it deals with the study
of crystals
 A crystal is a regular polyhedral form bounded
by smooth surfaces
 The study of crystallography is necessary for
the identification of Minerals
 It helps to recognize the minerals
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
 As a branch of geology deals with;
 Study of rocks’
 A rock is defined as;
 The aggregation of minerals found in the earth’s
crust
 The study of petrology is most important for the
selection of suitable rocks for;
 Building Stones
 Road Metals
 Construction of Dams
PETROLOGY
 The study of structures found in rocks
 The structural geology also known as;
 Tectonic geology or
 Tectonics
 Structural geology is an arrangement of rocks and
used in selection of suitable sites for projects such as;
 Dams
 Tunnels
 Multistoried Buildings, etc.
 Geological features like faults, fractures, joints, beds,
and folds are important geological structures
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

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 Branch of earth science dealing with the physical
processes and phenomena occurring in the earth
 Geophysics uses physics to examine the earth's
structure, physical properties and processes of
geological phenomena, including fields such as;
 Meteorology
 Oceanography
 Seismology
 Gravitational
 Magnetism
 Logging
GEOPHYSICS
 The branch of geology concerned with the order
and relative position of strata and their
relationship to the geological timescale
 Study of stratified rocks and their correlation
 The analysis of the order and position of layers of
archaeological remains
 The structure of a particular set of strata
STRATIGRAPHY
 The study of the chemical composition of the earth
and its;
 Rocks
 Minerals
 Structures
 Processes
 Physical aspects of the Earth
 Examine the distribution of earths;
 Chemical elements
 Movement of elements into soil and water systems
GEOCHEMISTRY
 The study of fossils and the ancient remains of;
 Animals
 Plants
 Fossils are useful in the study of;
 Evolution
 Migration of Animals and Plants through ages
 Ancient Geography
 Climate of an area
PALEONTOLOGY

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 The study of both stratigraphy and paleontology
it’s used to know about;
 Land
 Seas
 Climate
 Life of early times upon the earth
HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
 The study of;
 Minerals
 Rocks
 Materials of Economic Importance like;
 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural Gas
 Geothermal Energy
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
 Study of application of geology to mining
engineering in such a way that the selection of
suitable sites for quarrying and mines can be
determined
 Geology is useful to know the method of mining of
rock and mineral deposits on earth’s surface and
subsurface
MINING GEOLOGY
 All the geological problems that arise in the field of
civil engineering along with suitable treatments
 Construction of dams, tunnels, mountain roads,
building stones and road metals
 Geology provides knowledge of construction
materials, their structure and properties
 Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD) by
surface water helps in soil conservation, river control,
coastal and harbor works
 The foundation problems of dams, bridges and
buildings are directly related with geology of area
CIVIL ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

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 Studies quality and quantity of groundwater that are
present in the rocks in different conditions
 Moreover, it includes;
 Atmospheric Water, Hydroclimatology
 Surface water, Hydrology
 Groundwater, Hydrogeology
 The knowledge of groundwater is necessary for
excavation works, water supply, irrigation and
many other purposes
HYDROGEOLOGY
 The geological study of our Provinces and Country
related to;
 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural Gas
 Physiography
 Stratigraphy
 Economic Mineral Deposits
GEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
 The study of;
 Water
 Land
 Wind Energy
 Solar Energy
 Minerals
 Resources development geology is also applied in
various aspects of resources;
 Supply and Storage
 Filling up of Reservoirs
 Pollution Disposal and
 Contaminated Water Disposal
RESOURCES ENGINEERING
 The study of aerial photographs taken from an
airplane or satellite
 Geological interpretation of aerial photographs
 Identification of geological features
 Study geological phenomena
 Interpretation of the geomorphological features
 Study of lithofacies on the aerial photographs
PHOTO GEOLOGY
and
REMOTESENSING

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 Science and Engineering helps in;
 Civil Engineering
 Mining Engineering
 Groundwater
 Land Pollution
 Nuclear Explosion
 Oceanography
 Space Exploration.
 Geology provides information about site of construction
materials used in buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks,
reservoirs, highways and bridges
 Geological information is most important in planning
phase, design phase and construction phase of an
engineering project
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
FIELD GEOLOGY
Field Geology is related to the sciences of;
 Geology
 Geomorphology
 Petrology
 Sedimentology
 Stratigraphy
 Structural Geology
 GIS