Integrated coastal zone management md. yousuf gazi

Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)

❑ Bangladesh has a difficult coastline with
many rivers and distributaries and
complex ecology which is affected by
natural hazards like cyclones, coastal
flooding, tidal surges, salinity and the like
phenomenon. The coastline is of 734 km
involving coastal and island communities
of about 50 million people, nearly about
one-third of the total population of
Bangladesh.
❑ The coastal areas of Bangladesh has been
classified into two broad categories viz.
interior coast and exterior coast.
THE COASTAL ZONE OF BANGLADESH

❑ Depending on the geomorphological features, coastal zones of Bangladesh can broadly be divided into the
following three regions:
1. The Eastern Region: Morphologically the eastern coastline of Bangladesh started from the Feni river to
Badar Mokam (southern tip of the mainland) along Chittagong can be classified as a “Pacific Type" coast
running parallel to the young (Tertiary) folded hill ranges.

2. The Central Region: This region begins from the Tetulia river to the Feni river estuary
including the mouth of the Meghna river up to the confluence of the Padma (Ganges-
Brahmaputra) and the Meghna river near Chandpur.

3. The Western Region: The western region covers the coastline westward from the Tetulia River
to the international boundary (India) located at the Hariabangha River. The region is mostly
covered with dense mangrove forests with deeply scoured tidal channels of the tidal plain
overlapping abandoned Ganges delta.

• Coastal zone management involves managing coastal areas to balance environmental, economic,
human health, and human activities.
• Coastal Management integrates the biological, physical, and policy sciences to plan and execute
sustainable solutions for environmental challenges where land meets water.
Coastal Zone Management

▪ ICZM is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the
coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability.
▪ It is a dynamic, multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal zones.
▪ It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest sense), decision making,
management and monitoring of implementation.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Objectives of ICZM
• Optimize benefits from coastal and marine resources, specifically for local communities
• Identify desired uses
• Minimize conflicts
• Prevent environmental degradations

General concept for integrated coastal management:
• Resource assessment: comprehensive inventories of coastal natural and human resources (e.g. physical
and biological data, resource uses, cultural heritage, traditional land uses and activities, etc.); includes
long term in depth biocomplexity research studies;
• Impact assessment: assessing the coastal zone vulnerability to various activity impacts; interactions
between uses and resources; a tool to help making decisions and evaluate options for the mitigation and
environmentally sound management (e.g. spatial and use conflict analysis, GIS models); based on the
best available knowledge and acknowledging uncertainties;
• Policy and regulatory framework: A basic tool for training and education, and for local community
participation in decision making process; based on analysis of existing institutional and legal
mechanisms develop comprehensive policy framework to address coastal issues;

• Socio-cultural & Economic assessment: understanding of socio-economic incentives at
the local level in suggesting alternative income-generating programs; the simpler the
national rules the better they are understood and followed on the local levels; the capacity
of the community to regulate its own activities and uses; to enforce local rules is an
important determinant of perceived management success;
• Implementation: How to apply science and develop and implement the BMPs.
Comprehensive BMPs are ‘living documents’ open to revision, expansion; provide
consistent national standards and practices for implementation;
• Monitoring and evaluation: Assess cumulative effects of changes and update
management program elements to reflect changing needs and circumstances;
multidisciplinary data as a ‘feedback loop’ evaluation of our activities and their impacts;
General concept for integrated coastal management:

❑ ICZM IN BANGLADESH
• Management of Coastal People
• Management of Coastal Resources
• Management of Coastal Economy
• Management of Coastal Environment
• Sustainable Management of all above issues

❑ Coastal Management Issues
• Population Growth
• Infrastructure
• Demand/Supply Analysis
• Analysis of Opportunity
• Analysis of Challenges

Inter-Sectoral Policy Linkages:
For ICZM following policies has been reviewed:
• National Environment Policy (1992).
• National Tourism Policy (1992).
• National Forest Policy (1994).
• National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation (1998).
• National Fisheries Policy (1998).
• National Agricultural Policy (1999).
• Industrial Policy (1999).
• National Water Policy (1999).
• Draft National Land Use Policy (1999).
• Draft National Wetlands Policy (1998).
All of these policies have clear implications for coastal development, but in most cases do not have
specific sections on coastal areas and often fail to capture the distinctive combinations of
vulnerabilities and opportunities that characterize the coast.

❑ Coastal Planning Tools
• Administrative
• Policy and Legislation
• Coastal Zoning
• Regulation an Enforcement
• Social
• Customary Practice
• Community Based Management
• Capacity building
• Technical
• EIA
• Risk and Hazard Management
• Resource Analysis: Demand/Supply
• Economic Analysis

• Protection from Storm
• Protection from Shoreline Erosion
• Protection of Coastal Water
(Pollution/Salinity)
• Protection of Biodiversity
Engineering Measures of ICZM

The ICZM process consists of three main components:
1. A coastal zone policy;
2. A coastal development strategy; and
3. A priority investment programme

The specific objectives of the Coastal Zone Policy are sharply focused on pro-poor growth with due
considerations to environmental management and equity, as spelt out below:
• Economic growth.
• Meeting basis needs and creating livelihood opportunities for coastal communities.
• Reduction of vulnerabilities and enhancement of coping capacities.
• Equitable distribution of resources and economic benefits across social strata.
• Empowerment of coastal communities.
• Women’s advancement and promotion of gender equality.
• Sustainable management of natural resources.
• Preservation and enhancement of critical ecosystems.
1. COASTAL ZONE POLICY (CZPo), (2005)

• The CDS is the linking pin between the CZPo and concrete interventions. It prepares for coordinated
priority actions and arrangements for their implementation through selecting strategic priorities and setting
targets.
• The CDS is a targeted process and the targeting is identified with respect to:
1. Regions (islands and chars, exposed coastal zone or districts; high tsunami risk area; South-West
region);
2. Disadvantaged groups (erosion victims, women and children, fisher and small farmers);
3. Issues (shrimp culture, land zoning; groundwater management, climate change); and
4. Opportunities (tourism, renewable energy, marine fisheries)
2. COASTAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (CDS), (2006)

The priority areas of investment program are:
• Mitigation of natural disasters, safety and protection.
• Environment management – protection and regeneration of the environment.
• Water resources management.
• Rural livelihoods and sustainable economic opportunities for coastal communities.
• Productive economic activities and focused development of tourism and fisheries sector.
• Infrastructure development.
• Social development including health and nutrition, education, and water and sanitation.
3. PRIORITY INVESTMENT PROGRAM (PIP), (2004)

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
• Holistic definition of coastal zone provides guidelines for protection of water bodies and acquisition of
land for non-productive use.
• Introduction of the concept of zoning as management.
• Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (CERP) was launched after the cyclone of April 1991.
CERP fostered the concept of polder management involving other stakeholders including the local
community. Polders are now a natural feature of the coastal hydro-morphological setting. Now 123
coastal polders have >5000km of embankments.

• The Forest Department started coastal afforestation in 1966. Vast areas in newly accreted chars and
islands were put under mangrove plantation with the help of the local people. Forest belt along the coast,
Coastal Green Belt, has been instrumental in protecting life and property in coastal areas from cyclone
and storm surges. People’s participation in planning is ensured by this type of project.
• Institutionalization of integrated coastal management has been attempted in recent years through a
number of initiatives. The Char Development & Settlement Project (CDSP), on-going since 1994, may be
mentioned in this respect. As many as six GoB agencies are partners of CDSP. Together they have been
able to demonstrate a culture of working together coordinated by a lead Ministry/agency
(MoWR/BWDB). At the field (district) level, the coordination is done through regular PMC meetings.
This provides a good example of inter-agency interaction and cooperation.

• The Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) initiated Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) in the
early 1970s that eventually developed into a world model of physical and institutional infrastructure
for disaster management in cyclone prone areas. More than 2000 multi-purpose cyclone shelters were
built so far to provide security to the people in the vulnerable areas. An extensive network of radio
communication contributes in cyclone preparedness of coastal communities.
• More than 50,000 ha of new lands were reclaimed along the Noakhali coast through Meghna cross
dams. Subsequently, these newly accreted lands were used for new settlements and socio-economic
development of the people.

KEY CHALLENGES COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
• Unclear definitions of land to be set aside for conservation.
• Piecemeal efforts to address coastal management through policy.
• Implementation of policy and strategy directives remains poor despite adoption of CZP (2005) and
CDS, (2006).
• Widespread poverty, limited livelihood opportunities (especially outside agriculture) and poorly
developed economic linkages, including poor access to national and international markets that are even
more severe than in other parts of rural Bangladesh.
• Poor levels of service provision and very poorly developed institutional structure (with both
government and non-government institutions weakly represented in many coastal communities) that
make the isolation of many coastal areas worse.
• Highly unequal social structures, with small powerful elite dominating the mass of people, allied to
high levels of conflict and poor law and order.

• Active processes of land erosion and accretion in the Meghan Estuary combined with geological and
tectonic processes that are causing land to sink.
• Changing patterns of land use, both in the coastal zone (including the growth of shrimp and salt
production) and over the catchment as a whole that are affecting the coast’s morphology and water
resources characteristics.
• Declining viability of many distinctive and threatened coastal ecosystems, including the Sundarbans and
other mangroves, coastal wetlands and marshes, and offshore marine habitats that are important spawning
grounds.
• Widespread pollution and resource degradation, including ‘hotspots’ such as the coast north of Chittagong
as well as areas affected by more widespread processes.

• Poor access to many forms of infrastructure and technologies and many examples of technical
interventions that are poorly adapted to the characteristics of coastal areas.
• Surface and sub-surface Stalinization, including saline intrusion into freshwater aquifers some distance
from the coast.
• Poor resource management, including the unsustainable exploitation of fish resources and poor ground
and surface water management.
• Rapid decline in key common property resources such as marine fisheries, mangroves and freshwater
resources.
• The long-term effects of climate change, with predicted rises in sea levels, possible increases in the
frequency of major storms and changes in rainfall patterns over the whole Ganges-Brahmaputra basins.

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