Earthquakes occur due to the sudden release of built-up energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. They produce three types of seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location and magnitude of earthquakes can be measured using seismographs located around the world. Major effects of earthquakes include shaking, ground rupture, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and structural damage to buildings and infrastructure. Proper construction techniques and emergency preparedness can help reduce risks from earthquakes.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: EARTHQUAKES. What is an earthquake? Steps. Releasing energy. Richter scale. Case study: Romanian earthquake from 1977. Largest earthquake recorded.
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
A natural vibration of the ground or the earth crust produced by forces is called earthquake or seismic forces.
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: EARTHQUAKES. What is an earthquake? Steps. Releasing energy. Richter scale. Case study: Romanian earthquake from 1977. Largest earthquake recorded.
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
A natural vibration of the ground or the earth crust produced by forces is called earthquake or seismic forces.
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
IN THIS TOPIC I HAVE MENTIONED WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE AND ITS EFFECTS , CAUSES.
SOME PRECAUTIONS FOR THE PEOPLE.AND SOME MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA.
HOPE ALL OF U LIKE IT
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
About causes and consequences of earthquake.
what is an earthquake?
Types of earthquake
Anatomy of earthquakes
Causes of Earthquake
Waves of Earthquakes
Seismograph
Distribution of Earthquake
Wold dead lists Earthquake
Earthquake in Pakistan
Effects of Earthquake
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground, caused by movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the earth's crust. Earthquakes can result in the ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, fissures, avalanches, fires and tsunamis.
How do you describe an earthquake?
A large earthquake far away will feel like a gentle bump followed several seconds later by stronger rolling shaking that may feel like sharp shaking for a little while. A small earthquake nearby will feel like a small sharp jolt followed by a few stronger sharp shakes that pass quickly.
Civil Engineering
Earth Quake Data
Earth Layers
Plate Tectonics
Seismic Waves
Effects of Earthquake
Epicenter of Earthquake
Damages by Earthquake
IN THIS TOPIC I HAVE MENTIONED WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE AND ITS EFFECTS , CAUSES.
SOME PRECAUTIONS FOR THE PEOPLE.AND SOME MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA.
HOPE ALL OF U LIKE IT
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
About causes and consequences of earthquake.
what is an earthquake?
Types of earthquake
Anatomy of earthquakes
Causes of Earthquake
Waves of Earthquakes
Seismograph
Distribution of Earthquake
Wold dead lists Earthquake
Earthquake in Pakistan
Effects of Earthquake
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground, caused by movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the earth's crust. Earthquakes can result in the ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, fissures, avalanches, fires and tsunamis.
How do you describe an earthquake?
A large earthquake far away will feel like a gentle bump followed several seconds later by stronger rolling shaking that may feel like sharp shaking for a little while. A small earthquake nearby will feel like a small sharp jolt followed by a few stronger sharp shakes that pass quickly.
Civil Engineering
Earth Quake Data
Earth Layers
Plate Tectonics
Seismic Waves
Effects of Earthquake
Epicenter of Earthquake
Damages by Earthquake
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. What are Earth Quakes?
Where do Earth Quakes occur?
How do Earth Quakes occur?
What are effects of Earth Quake?
How are Earth Quakes measured?
Objectives
3. What are Earthquakes?
The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden
release of energy
Usually associated with faulting or breaking of
rocks
Continuing adjustment of position results in
aftershocks
4. Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the
oceanic and
Along faults: normal, reverse, transform
Where do earthquakes occur:
5. Fractures, faults
Energy released and propagates
in all directions as seismic waves
causing earthquakes
How do earthquakes occur?
focus
epicenter
6. Earthquake = Vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid
release of energy
Seismic waves = Energy moving outward from the focus of an
earthquake
Focus= location of initial slip on the fault; where the
earthquake origins
Epicenter= spot on Earth’s surface directly above the focus
Definitions
8. Types of SeismicWaves
P-waves:
• called compressional, or push-pull waves
• Propagate parralel to the direction in which the wave is moving
• Move through solids, liquids
S-waves:
• Called shear waves
• Propagate the movement perpendicular
to the direction in which the wave is
Moving
Surface waves (L-waves or long waves).
• Complex motion
• Up-and-down and side-to-side
• Slowest
• Most damage to structures, buildings
10. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
Explains how energy is
stored in rocks
• Rocks bend until the
strength of the rock is
exceeded
• Rupture occurs and the
rocks quickly rebound to
an undeformed shape
• Energy is released in
waves that radiate
outward from the fault
11. How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?
• P waves arrive first, then
S waves, then L
• Average speeds for all
these waves is known
• After an earthquake, the
difference in arrival
times at a seismograph
station can be used to
calculate the distance
from the seismograph to
the epicenter.
12. Three seismograph stations
are needed to locate the
epicenter of an earthquake
A circle where the radius
equals the distance to the
epicenter is drawn
The intersection of the
circles locates the epicenter
13. Earthquakes are measured based on three different
scales.
The first measures the actual size or magnitude of the
quake.
The second measures the effects or damage of the
quake.
The third measures the total energy of the quake.
How are Earthquakes Measured?
14. A seismograph is the the tool used to measure the strength
of an earthquakes
The seismograph prints out a seismogram that scientists
read to determine the strength of the quake.
The data from the seismogram is translated into a 1-10 rating
on the Richter Scale. Each step in the scale represents a
tenfold increase in the size of the quake!
How is the Magnitude of Earthquakes Measured?
15. Seismic waves cause the seismograph’s drum to vibrate. But
the suspended weight with the pen attached moves very
little. Therefore, the pen stays in place and records the drum’s
vibrations.
What is a Seismograph
16.
17. 1) Magnitude: Richter Scale
• Measures the energy released by fault movement
• related to the maximum amplitude of the S wave
measured from the seismogram
• Logarithmic-scale; quantitative measure
• For each whole number there is a 31.5 times increase in
energy
eg. an increase from 5 to 7 on the Richter scale = an
increase in energy of 992 times!!
Earthquake Effects : two ways to measure
18. 2) Intensity: Mercalli Scale:
•Assigns an intensity or rating to measure an
earthquake at a particular location (qualitative)
•I (not felt) to XII (buildings nearly destroyed)
•Measures the destructive effect
•It is a linear scale
Intensity is a function of:
• Energy released by fault
• Geology of the location
• Surface substrate: can magnify shock waves e.g. Mexico City
(1985) and San Francisco (1989)
19. Largest earthquake in the world
Chile : 1960 May 22
Magnitude 9.5
More than 2,000 killed, 3,000 injured, 2,000,000
homeless, and $550 million damage in southern Chile
tsunami caused 61 deaths
$75 million damage in Hawaii;
138 deaths and $50 million damage in Japan;
32 dead and missing in the Philippines;
and $500,000 damage to the west coast of the United
States.
21. Preferred by scientists and seismologists to the Richter scale
because moment magnitude is more precise.
not based on instrumental recordings of a quake, but is based
on the area of the fault that ruptured in the quake.
• calculated by multiplying the area of the fault's rupture surface
by the distance the earth moves along the fault….this
calculation is more precise than a tool or scientist opinion!
Moment Magnitude Scale
22. Comparison between the Richter and Moment Magnitude Scales
Earthquake Richter Scale Moment
Magnitude
Scale
New Madrid,
MO, 1812
8.7 8.1
San Francisco,
CA, 1906
8.3 7.7
Prince William,
AK, 1964
8.4 9.2
Northridge, CA,
1994
6.4 6.7
23. Shaking and ground rupture
Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created
by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less
severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures.
The severity of the local effects depends on the complex
combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance
from the epicenter, and the local geological and
geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or
reduce wave propagation.
How Earthquakes Cause Damage
24. Landslides and avalanches
A landslide is a geological phenomenon that includes
a wide range of ground movements.
Rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and
shallow debris flows were common.
Although the action of gravity is the primary driving
force for a landslide to occur, there are other
contributing factors affecting the original slope stability.
Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-
surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to
failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a
trigger before being released.
25. Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging
electrical power or gas lines.
In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss
of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the
spread of a fire once it has started.
Fires of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake
Fires
26. Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking,
water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily
loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil
liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and
bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. For example,
in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefaction caused many
buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon
themselves.
Soil liquefaction
27. Tsunami
Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced
by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water.
Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide
can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes.
Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open
ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the
earthquake that generated them.
Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the
Richter scale do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of
this have been recorded.
Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of
magnitude 7.5 or more.
28. A flood is an overflow of any amount of
water that reaches land.
Floods occur usually when the volume of
water within a body of water, such as a river or
lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation,
and as a result some of the water flows or sits
outside of the normal perimeter of the body.
However, floods may be secondary effects of
earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes
may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse
and cause floods.
Floods
29. Base-isolated buildings can sway back and
forth.
Fixed-base building absorb the energy of
seismic waves
Construction Methods
30. Gas and water pipes should be flexible so they don’t break open.
Construction Methods
31. Drop, cover, and hold
Cover your head and
things that could break
or fall over.
Protecting Yourself
32. When outdoors, move to open areas without trees and sit down.
Put together an earthquake kit with food and first aid supplies.
Protecting Yourself