This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including:
1. TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
2. The DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) strategy is a cost-effective worldwide approach to TB control that doubles diagnosis accuracy, achieves treatment success up to 95%, prevents spread, and improves healthcare quality.
3. India has the highest TB burden globally with 20% of all cases. Case finding tools like sputum smear microscopy are important for diagnosis. Chemotherapy using multiple antibiotics over 6-9 months is needed to cure TB.
Clinical Approach To Aseptic Meningitis and Encephalitis
Virology Rotation (R2) , Clinical Microbiology Residency
King Fahd Hospital of The University
23/4/2019
Clinical Approach To Aseptic Meningitis and Encephalitis
Virology Rotation (R2) , Clinical Microbiology Residency
King Fahd Hospital of The University
23/4/2019
Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). AOM is an infection of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain.
Pneumonia (Pathophysiology and management) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Pneumonia . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). AOM is an infection of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain.
Pneumonia (Pathophysiology and management) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Pneumonia . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
My Powerpoint on Tuberculosis, includes:
What is the incidence and prevalence?
What are the symptoms?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
What are the treatment guidelines?
Pneumonia lecture,Describe the common pathogenesis and pathogens of pneumonia
Discuss diagnosis and initial management of community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Understand features of the Pneumonia PORT Severity Index
Discuss the IDSA/ATS guidelines and recommendations for final antibiotic choice
Understand issues in basic management for pneumonia in children, nursing home patients, and immunocompromised patients.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. • Infectious d/s by M.TB affecting:
• Lungs –pulmonary
• Intestine, bones &joints, skin, meninges, lymph glands.
• PROBLEM STATEMENT:
• Worldwide health problem
• DOTs-cost effective approach against TB.
• Advantages of DOTS are:
• Accuracy of Δsis doubled
• Rx success is upto 95%
• Prevents TB spread-decrease incidence & prevalence
• Improve quality of health care
• Prevent Rx failure by ensuring patient adherence
3. • INDIA- highest TB burden country with 20% of global cases
• EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INDICES
• Prevalence of infection
• Incidence of infection
• Prevalence of d/s
• Incidence of new cases
• Prevalence of suspect cases
• CDR
• Prevalence of drug resistant cases
4. DEFINITIONS
• CASE of TB: TB confirmed by bacteriology or diagnosed by
clinician
• Sputum smear exmntn: lab technique of sputum smear
examntn-AFB
• Smear + :atleast one + sputum smear
• Smear -: atleat 2 – sputum smears but Xray abnl or culture+
• Adherence: pt. compliance
• New Case: sputum + pul TB, not taken Rx or taken Rx for
<4weeks
• Failure case: initially SSP, began Rx, remained/ became + at 5
months or during Rx
• Return after default: return SSP, after Rx for atleast 2 mnths
• Cured: completed Rx, and – result on 2 occ.
5. AGENT FACTORS
• AGENT: M.TB, classified into 4 grps- photo, scoto, non photo &
rapid growers.
• SOURCE OF INFECTn: Human source and bovine source.
• COMMUNICABILITY: Pts infective as long as untreated
7. SOCIAL FACTORS
• Barometer of social welfare
• Poor quality of life, overcrowding, poor housing, population
explosion, undernutrition, lack of education, large families
• West: decreased when quality of life inc
9. MOT
• Droplet nuclei from SSP patients with pul TB
• Coughing
• NOT THRO FOMITES
• IP is 3-6 weeks
10. CONTROL OF TB
• WHO: prevalence of natural infection in the age group 0-14 is
1%.
• CONTROL has CURATIVE & PREVENTIVE component
• CURATIVE: CASE FINDING & Rx
• PREVENTIVE: BCG vaccination
11. CASE FINDING
• The Case: SSP for tubercle bacilli-targets
• Target Group: pts with chest symptoms.
• Case Finding Tools:
• 1. Sputum Smear Exmntn by DM=method of choice
• Reliable, cheap, easy
12. COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
• Pt has to submit 2 samples of sputum
• 1. On The Spot Sample: Pt. provides it under supervision when
presenting to a health facility. Give a container for next morning
sample
• 2. Early Morning Sample: bring the next day
• SLIDE REPORTING
• NO AFB per 100 OIF-0
• 1-9 AFB per 100 OIF-scanty
• 10-99 AFB per 100 OIF- 1+
• 1-10 AFB per OIF- 2+
• >10 AFB per OIF- 3+
• SSM is + when there are atleast 10,000 bcacilli per ml of sputum
• 1 smear is enough to declare Smear + TB ( New or retrearment
cases)
13. • False positive results:
• red stain on slide
• Accidental transfer of + slide
• Contamination by envmntl bac
• Other AFB + particles: food particles, ppt
• False negative results:
• Collecting- sample
• Processing- smear pptn & staining
• Interpreting- inadequate attentn or time
• Administrative errors: misidentification
• Chest symptoms- persistent cough, chest pain, hemoptysis,
fever-cont
15. MMR
• Stopped
• Lack of definitiveness
• High cost
• High erroneous rate, low yield of cases
• TUBERCULIN TEST:
• Little value for case finding
16. CHEMPTHERAPY
• Indicated for every active case
• For cure and elimination of fast & slowly multiplying tubercle
bacilli-CURE
• Patient compliance is imp to prevent relapse
• ATD:6
• Highly effective, cheap, easy to administer
• BACTERIOCIDAL AND STATIC
20. 2 PHASE CHEMOTHERAPY
• 1st is intensive phase (1-3m) to kill rapidly Xing bacilli
• 2nd is continuous phase (6-9m) to kill persisters
• DOMICILIARY Rx: HOME Rx ( same effect as hosp Rx)
21. DOTS
• Effective worldwide
• During IP, HW watches the patient as he swallows the drug in
his presence
• During CP, pt is issued 1 wk medicine & 1st dose is swallowed
in presence of HW.
Consumption is chkd by return of empty blisterpack when he
comes to collect medicine for next week. Patient wise boxes
with long shelf life are used.
22. PREGNANCY & TB
• Streptomycin- cause deafness in baby……replaced by
ethambutol.
• 2nd line drugs never used
23. CHILDHOOD TB
• Symptomatic child with + Mantoux test (10mm or >) is a case.
• Dosages
• H 10-15mg
• R 10 mg
• Z 35 mg
• E 30mg (not given if <6yrs)
S 15mg
• For infants, any member of house is SSP, chemoprophylaxis for
3m.
• After it, if mantoux is –ve, stop and give BCG
• If mantoux is +ve, chemoprof for 6m
